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1. Towards understanding reactor relevant tokamak pedestals

Author

C.J. Ham, A. Bokshi, D. Brunetti, G.Bustos Ramirez, B. Chapman, J.W. Connor, D. Dickinson, A.R. Field, L. Frassinetti, A. Gillgren, J.P. Graves, T.P. Kiviniemi, S. Leerink, B. McMillan, S. Newton, S. Pamela, C.M. Roach, S. Saarelma, J. Simpson, S.F. Smith, E.R. Solano, P. Strand, A.J. Virtanen, the JET Contributors, Culham Science Centre, Institute for Plasma Research, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, University of York, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Warwick, CIEMAT, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Mhd, Pedestal, Mechanics, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Resonant magnetic perturbations, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Bootstrap current, Heat flux, law, Power Balance, 0103 physical sciences, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics
Abstract

openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion The physics of the tokamak pedestal is still not fully understood, for example there is no fully predictive model for the pedestal height and width. However, the pedestal is key in determining the fusion power for a given scenario. If we can improve our understanding of reactor relevant pedestals we will improve our confidence in designing potential fusion power plants. Work has been carried out as part of a collaboration on reactor relevant pedestal physics. We report some of the results in detail here and review some of the wider work which will be reported in full elsewhere. First, we attempt to use a gyrokinetic-based calculation to eliminate the pedestal top density as a model input for Europed/EPED pedestal predictions. We assume power balance at the top of the pedestal, that is, the heat flux crossing the separatrix must be equal to the heat source at the top of the pedestal and investigate the consequences of this assumption. Unfortunately, the transport assumptions of the EPED model mean that this method does not discriminate between different pairs of density and temperature profiles for a given pressure profile. Second, we investigate the effects of non flux surface density on the bootstrap current. Third, type I ELMs will not be tolerable for a reactor relevant regime due to the damage that they are expected to cause to plasma facing components. In recent years various methods of running tokamak plasmas without large ELMs have been developed. These include small and no ELM regimes, the use of resonant magnetic perturbations and the use of vertical kicks. We discuss the quiescent H-mode here. Finally we give a summary and directions for future work.

Published
2021
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2. Chapter 2: Plasma confinement and transport

Author

E.J. Doyle (Chair Transport Physics), W.A. Houlberg (Chair Confinement Da Modelling), Y. Kamada (Chair Pedestal and Edge), V. Mukhovatov (co-Chair Transport Physics), T.H. Osborne (co-Chair Pedestal and Edge), A. Polevoi (co-Chair Confinement Da Modelling), G Bateman, J.W Connor, J.G. Cordey (retired), T Fujita, X Garbet, T.S Hahm, L.D Horton, A.E Hubbard, F Imbeaux, F Jenko, J.E Kinsey, Y Kishimoto, J Li, T.C Luce, Y Martin, M Ossipenko, V Parail, A Peeters, T.L Rhodes, J.E Rice, C.M Roach, V Rozhansky, F Ryter, G Saibene, R Sartori, A.C.C Sips, J.A Snipes, M Sugihara, E.J Synakowski, H Takenaga, T Takizuka, K Thomsen, M.R Wade, H.R Wilson, ITPA Transport Physics Topical Group, ITPA Confinement Database and Model Group, and ITPA Pedestal and Edge Topical Group

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, Plasma confinement, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Stability (probability), law.invention, Reliability (semiconductor), Pedestal, law, Atomic physics, Magnetohydrodynamics, Scaling
Abstract

The understanding and predictive capability of transport physics and plasma confinement is reviewed from the perspective of achieving reactor-scale burning plasmas in the ITER tokamak, for both core and edge plasma regions. Very considerable progress has been made in understanding, controlling and predicting tokamak transport across a wide variety of plasma conditions and regimes since the publication of the ITER Physics Basis (IPB) document (1999 Nucl. Fusion 39 2137-2664). Major areas of progress considered here follow. (1) Substantial improvement in the physics content, capability and reliability of transport simulation and modelling codes, leading to much increased theory/experiment interaction as these codes are increasingly used to interpret and predict experiment. (2) Remarkable progress has been made in developing and understanding regimes of improved core confinement. Internal transport barriers and other forms of reduced core transport are now routinely obtained in all the leading tokamak devices worldwide. (3) The importance of controlling the H-mode edge pedestal is now generally recognized. Substantial progress has been made in extending high confinement H-mode operation to the Greenwald density, the demonstration of Type I ELM mitigation and control techniques and systematic explanation of Type I ELM stability. Theory-based predictive capability has also shown progress by integrating the plasma and neutral transport with MHD stability. (4) Transport projections to ITER are now made using three complementary approaches: empirical or global scaling, theory-based transport modelling and dimensionless parameter scaling (previously, empirical scaling was the dominant approach). For the ITER base case or the reference scenario of conventional ELMy H-mode operation, all three techniques predict that ITER will have sufficient confinement to meet its design target of Q = 10 operation, within similar uncertainties.

Published
2007
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3. Impact of the α parameter on the microstability of internal transport barriers

Author

C Bourdelle, G.T Hoang, X Litaudon, C.M Roach, T Tala, for the ITPA Topical Group on Trans Physics, and the International ITB Database Work Group

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Safety factor, fusion reactors, Magnetic confinement fusion, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Curvature, law.invention, Momentum, fusion energy, Nuclear magnetic resonance, law, JET, internal transport barriers, Microturbulence, Magnetic pressure, Pressure gradient, plasma
Abstract

In plasmas exhibiting an internal transport barrier (ITB), locally very high pressure gradient (∇P) is obtained. It induces high values of the magnetohydrodynamic α parameter (α = −q 2 βR∇P/P, with R the major radius, q the safety factor, P the pressure, ∇ the radial gradient and β the ratio between kinetic and magnetic pressure). Similarly to low or negative magnetic shear (s), high α reduces the curvature and ∇ B drifts driving curvature-type microinstabilities. Therefore, high values of α can stabilize part of the microturbulence, which leads to higher pressure gradient and to even higher α. This possibility for entering a positive feedback loop is very attractive to sustain ITBs in high performance plasmas. Indeed, α scales favourably with higher pressure and does not require any external momentum input. In this paper, after having discussed the α stabilization mechanism in detail, we report the experimental microstability analyses of ITBs from an international multi-machine database—the International Tokamak Physics Activity database, accessible on the webb. We show that α is indeed a relevant parameter of ITB physics that should be taken into account in interpretative and predictive one-dimensional transport codes.

Published
2005
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4. Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation

Author

J. Mailloux, N. Abid, K. Abraham, P. Abreu, O. Adabonyan, P. Adrich, V. Afanasev, M. Afzal, T. Ahlgren, L. Aho-Mantila, N. Aiba, M. Airila, M. Akhtar, R. Albanese, M. Alderson-Martin, D. Alegre, S. Aleiferis, A. Aleksa, A.G. Alekseev, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, J. Algualcil, M. Ali, M. Allinson, B. Alper, E. Alves, G. Ambrosino, R. Ambrosino, V. Amosov, E.Andersson Sundén, P. Andrew, B.M. Angelini, C. Angioni, I. Antoniou, L.C. Appel, C. Appelbee, S. Aria, M. Ariola, G. Artaserse, W. Arter, V. Artigues, N. Asakura, A. Ash, N. Ashikawa, V. Aslanyan, M. Astrain, O. Asztalos, D. Auld, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bairaktaris, J. Balbin, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, C. Balshaw, N. Balshaw, V.K. Bandaru, J. Banks, Yu.F. Baranov, C. Barcellona, A. Barnard, M. Barnard, R. Barnsley, A. Barth, M. Baruzzo, S. Barwell, M. Bassan, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, L. Baumane, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, P.S. Beaumont, D. Beckett, A. Begolli, M. Beidler, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, E. Belli, F. Belli, É. Belonohy, M. Ben Yaala, J. Benayas, J. Bentley, H. Bergsåker, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, H. Betar, M. Beurskens, S. Bickerton, B. Bieg, J. Bielecki, A. Bierwage, T. Biewer, R. Bilato, P. Bílková, G. Birkenmeier, H. Bishop, J.P.S. Bizarro, J. Blackburn, P. Blanchard, P. Blatchford, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, P. Bohm, T. Bohm, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, D. Bonfiglio, X. Bonnin, P. Bonofiglo, S. Boocock, A. Booth, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, C. Boulbe, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, K. Boyd, I.Božičević Mihalić, S.C. Bradnam, V. Braic, L. Brandt, R. Bravanec, B. Breizman, A. Brett, S. Brezinsek, M. Brix, K. Bromley, B. Brown, D. Brunetti, R. Buckingham, M. Buckley, R. Budny, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burgess, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, D. Butcher, E.de la Cal, G. Calabrò, L. Calacci, R. Calado, Y. Camenen, G. Canal, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, P. Card, A. Cardinali, P. Carman, D. Carnevale, M. Carr, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, J.P. Catalan, N. Catarino, F. Causa, M. Cavedon, M. Cecconello, C.D. Challis, B. Chamberlain, C.S. Chang, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, A. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, L. Chone, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, Ł. Ciupinski, M. Clark, R. Clarkson, C. Clements, M. Cleverly, J.P. Coad, P. Coates, A. Cobalt, V. Coccorese, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, A. Colangeli, L. Colas, C. Collins, J. Collins, S. Collins, D. Conka, S. Conroy, B. Conway, N.J. Conway, D. Coombs, P. Cooper, S. Cooper, C. Corradino, G. Corrigan, D. Coster, P. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, C. Crapper, D. Craven, R. Craven, M.Crialesi Esposito, G. Croci, D. Croft, A. Croitoru, K. Crombé, T. Cronin, N. Cruz, C. Crystal, G. Cseh, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, M. Curuia, T. Czarski, H. Dabirikhah, A.Dal Molin, E. Dale, P. Dalgliesh, S. Dalley, J. Dankowski, P. David, A. Davies, S. Davies, G. Davis, K. Dawson, S. Dawson, I.E. Day, M. De Bock, G. De Temmerman, G. De Tommasi, K. Deakin, J. Deane, R. Dejarnac, D. Del Sarto, E. Delabie, D. Del-Castillo-Negrete, A. Dempsey, R.O. Dendy, P. Devynck, A. Di Siena, C. Di Troia, T. Dickson, P. Dinca, T. Dittmar, J. Dobrashian, R.P. Doerner, A.J.H. Donné, S. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, D. Douai, S. Dowson, R. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, G. Drummond, Ph. Duckworth, H. Dudding, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, T. Dunatov, M. Dunne, I. Ďuran, F. Durodié, R. Dux, A. Dvornova, R. Eastham, J. Edwards, Th. Eich, A. Eichorn, N. Eidietis, A. Eksaeva, H. El Haroun, G. Ellwood, C. Elsmore, O. Embreus, S. Emery, G. Ericsson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, L.G. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, S. Esquembri, A.L. Esquisabel, T. Estrada, G. Evans, S. Evans, E. Fable, D. Fagan, M. Faitsch, M. Falessi, A. Fanni, A. Farahani, I. Farquhar, A. Fasoli, B. Faugeras, S. Fazinić, F. Felici, R. Felton, A. Fernandes, H. Fernandes, J. Ferrand, D.R. Ferreira, J. Ferreira, G. Ferrò, J. Fessey, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, A. Fil, N. Fil, P. Finburg, D. Fiorucci, U. Fischer, G. Fishpool, L. Fittill, M. Fitzgerald, D. Flammini, J. Flanagan, K. Flinders, S. Foley, N. Fonnesu, M. Fontana, J.M. Fontdecaba, S. Forbes, A. Formisano, T. Fornal, L. Fortuna, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, M. Fortune, C. Fowler, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, M. Freisinger, R. Fresa, R. Fridström, D. Frigione, T. Fülöp, M. Furseman, V. Fusco, S. Futatani, D. Gadariya, K. Gál, D. Galassi, K. Gałązka, S. Galeani, D. Gallart, R. Galvão, Y. Gao, J. Garcia, M. García-Muñoz, M. Gardener, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, D. Gear, T. Gebhart, S. Gee, M. Gelfusa, R. George, S.N. Gerasimov, G. Gervasini, M. Gethins, Z. Ghani, M. Gherendi, F. Ghezzi, J.C. Giacalone, L. Giacomelli, G. Giacometti, C. Gibson, K.J. Gibson, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, D. Gin, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, R. Glen, S. Glöggler, J. Goff, P. Gohil, V. Goloborodko, R. Gomes, B. Gonçalves, M. Goniche, A. Goodyear, S. Gore, G. Gorini, T. Görler, N. Gotts, R. Goulding, E. Gow, B. Graham, J.P. Graves, H. Greuner, B. Grierson, J. Griffiths, S. Griph, D. Grist, W. Gromelski, M. Groth, R. Grove, M. Gruca, D. Guard, N. Gupta, C. Gurl, A. Gusarov, L. Hackett, S. Hacquin, R. Hager, L. Hägg, A. Hakola, M. Halitovs, S. Hall, S.A. Hall, S. Hallworth-Cook, C.J. Ham, D. Hamaguchi, M. Hamed, C. Hamlyn-Harris, K. Hammond, E. Harford, J.R. Harrison, D. Harting, Y. Hatano, D.R. Hatch, T. Haupt, J. Hawes, N.C. Hawkes, J. Hawkins, T. Hayashi, S. Hazael, S. Hazel, P. Heesterman, B. Heidbrink, W. Helou, O. Hemming, S.S. Henderson, R.B. Henriques, D. Hepple, J. Herfindal, G. Hermon, J. Hill, J.C. Hillesheim, K. Hizanidis, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, O. Hoenen, C. Hogben, A. Hollingsworth, S. Hollis, E. Hollmann, M. Hölzl, B. Homan, M. Hook, D. Hopley, J. Horáček, D. Horsley, N. Horsten, A. Horton, L.D. Horton, L. Horvath, S. Hotchin, R. Howell, Z. Hu, A. Huber, V. Huber, T. Huddleston, G.T.A. Huijsmans, P. Huynh, A. Hynes, M. Iliasova, D. Imrie, M. Imríšek, J. Ingleby, P. Innocente, K. Insulander Björk, N. Isernia, I. Ivanova-Stanik, E. Ivings, S. Jablonski, S. Jachmich, T. Jackson, P. Jacquet, H. Järleblad, F. Jaulmes, J.Jenaro Rodriguez, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, R. Johnson, T. Johnson, J. Johnston, C. Jones, G. Jones, L. Jones, N. Jones, T. Jones, A. Joyce, R. Juarez, M. Juvonen, P. Kalniņa, T. Kaltiaisenaho, J. Kaniewski, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, D. Karkinsky, Yu Kashchuk, M. Kaufman, G. Kaveney, Ye.O. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D.L. Keeling, R. Kelly, M. Kempenaars, C. Kennedy, D. Kennedy, J. Kent, K. Khan, E. Khilkevich, C. Kiefer, J. Kilpeläinen, C. Kim, Hyun-Tae Kim, S.H. Kim, D.B. King, R. King, D. Kinna, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, T. kiviniemi, G. Kizane, M. Klas, C. Klepper, A. Klix, G. Kneale, M. Knight, P. Knight, R. Knights, S. Knipe, M. Knolker, S. Knott, M. Kocan, F. Köchl, I. Kodeli, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Kong, V. Korovin, B. Kos, D. Kos, H.R. Koslowski, M. Kotschenreuther, M. Koubiti, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, K. Koziol, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, M. Kresina, K. Krieger, N. Krishnan, A. Krivska, U. Kruezi, I. Książek, A.B. Kukushkin, H. Kumpulainen, T. Kurki-Suonio, H. Kurotaki, S. Kwak, O.J. Kwon, L. Laguardia, E. Lagzdina, A. Lahtinen, A. Laing, N. Lam, H.T. Lambertz, B. Lane, C. Lane, E.Lascas Neto, E. Łaszyńska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, G. Learoyd, Chanyoung Lee, S.E. Lee, S. Leerink, T. Leeson, X. Lefebvre, H.J. Leggate, J. Lehmann, M. Lehnen, D. Leichtle, F. Leipold, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Leon Gutierrez, B. Lepiavko, J. Leppänen, E. Lerche, A. Lescinskis, J. Lewis, W. Leysen, L. Li, Y. Li, J. Likonen, Ch. Linsmeier, B. Lipschultz, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland-Smith, F. Liu, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. Lobel, B. Lomanowski, P.J. Lomas, J.M. López, R. Lorenzini, S. Loreti, U. Losada, V.P. Loschiavo, M. Loughlin, Z. Louka, J. Lovell, T. Lowe, C. Lowry, S. Lubbad, T. Luce, R. Lucock, A. Lukin, C. Luna, E.de la Luna, M. Lungaroni, C.P. Lungu, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, B. Lyons, A. Lyssoivan, M. Machielsen, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, C.F. Maggi, R. Maggiora, M. Magness, S. Mahesan, H. Maier, R. Maingi, K. Malinowski, P. Manas, P. Mantica, M.J. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, A. Manzanares, Ph. Maquet, G. Marceca, N. Marcenko, C. Marchetto, O. Marchuk, A. Mariani, G. Mariano, M. Marin, M. Marinelli, T. Markovič, D. Marocco, L. Marot, S. Marsden, J. Marsh, R. Marshall, L. Martellucci, A. Martin, A.J. Martin, R. Martone, S. Maruyama, M. Maslov, S. Masuzaki, S. Matejcik, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, A. Mauriya, F. Maviglia, M. Mayer, M.-L. Mayoral, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, R. McAdams, P.J. McCarthy, K.G. McClements, J. McClenaghan, P. McCullen, D.C. McDonald, D. McGuckin, D. McHugh, G. McIntyre, R. McKean, J. McKehon, B. McMillan, L. McNamee, A. McShee, A. Meakins, S. Medley, C.J. Meekes, K. Meghani, A.G. Meigs, G. Meisl, S. Meitner, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, S. Merriman, Ph. Mertens, S. Meshchaninov, A. Messiaen, R. Michling, P. Middleton, D. Middleton-Gear, J. Mietelski, D. Milanesio, E. Milani, F. Militello, A.Militello Asp, J. Milnes, A. Milocco, G. Miloshevsky, C. Minghao, S. Minucci, I. Miron, M. Miyamoto, J. Mlynář, V. Moiseenko, P. Monaghan, I. Monakhov, T. Moody, S. Moon, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, J. Morales, R.B. Morales, S. Mordijck, L. Moreira, L. Morgan, F. Moro, J. Morris, K.-M. Morrison, L. Msero, D. Moulton, T. Mrowetz, T. Mundy, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, N. Muthusonai, B. N’Konga, Yong-Su Na, F. Nabais, M. Naden, J. Naish, R. Naish, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M.F.F. Nave, I. Nedzelskiy, G. Nemtsev, V. Nesenevich, I. Nestoras, R. Neu, V.S. Neverov, S. Ng, M. Nicassio, A.H. Nielsen, D. Nina, D. Nishijima, C. Noble, C.R. Nobs, M. Nocente, D. Nodwell, K. Nordlund, H. Nordman, R. Normanton, J.M. Noterdaeme, S. Nowak, E. Nunn, H. Nyström, M. Oberparleiter, B. Obryk, J. O'Callaghan, T. Odupitan, H.J.C. Oliver, R. Olney, M. O’Mullane, J. Ongena, E. Organ, F. Orsitto, J. Orszagh, T. Osborne, R. Otin, T. Otsuka, A. Owen, Y. Oya, M. Oyaizu, R. Paccagnella, N. Pace, L.W. Packer, S. Paige, E. Pajuste, D. Palade, S.J.P. Pamela, N. Panadero, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, G. Papp, P. Papp, V.V. Parail, C. Pardanaud, J. Parisi, F.Parra Diaz, A. Parsloe, M. Parsons, N. Parsons, M. Passeri, A. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, C.Paz Soldan, A. Peacock, M. Pearce, E. Peluso, C. Penot, K. Pepperell, R. Pereira, T. Pereira, E.Perelli Cippo, P. Pereslavtsev, C. Perez von Thun, V. Pericoli, D. Perry, M. Peterka, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, N. Petrella, M. Peyman, M. Pillon, S. Pinches, G. Pintsuk, W. Pires de Sá, A. Pires dos Reis, C. Piron, L. Pionr, A. Pironti, R. Pitts, K.L. van de Plassche, N. Platt, V. Plyusnin, M. Podesta, G. Pokol, F.M. Poli, O.G. Pompilian, S. Popovichev, M. Poradziński, M.T. Porfiri, M. Porkolab, C. Porosnicu, M. Porton, G. Poulipoulis, I. Predebon, G. Prestopino, C. Price, D. Price, M. Price, D. Primetzhofer, P. Prior, G. Provatas, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, K. Purahoo, I. Pusztai, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, A. Quercia, E. Rachlew, G. Radulescu, V. Radulovic, M. Rainford, P. Raj, G. Ralph, G. Ramogida, D. Rasmussen, J.J. Rasmussen, G. Rattá, S. Ratynskaia, M. Rebai, D. Réfy, R. Reichle, M. Reinke, D. Reiser, C. Reux, S. Reynolds, M.L. Richiusa, S. Richyal, D. Rigamonti, F.G. Rimini, J. Risner, M. Riva, J. Rivero-Rodriguez, C.M. Roach, R. Robins, S. Robinson, D. Robson, R. Rodionov, P. Rodrigues, M.Rodriguez Ramos, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, F. Romanelli, M. Romanelli, S. Romanelli, J. Romazanov, R. Rossi, S. Rowe, D. Rowlands, M. Rubel, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, L. Ruchko, M. Ruiz, J.Ruiz Ruiz, C. Ruset, J. Rzadkiewicz, S. Saarelma, E. Safi, A. Sahlberg, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, R. Salmon, F. Salzedas, I. Sanders, D. Sandiford, B. Santos, A. Santucci, K. Särkimäki, R. Sarwar, I. Sarychev, O. Sauter, P. Sauwan, N. Scapin, F. Schluck, K. Schmid, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, P.A. Schneider, D. Schwörer, G. Scott, M. Scott, D. Scraggs, S. Scully, M. Segato, Jaemin Seo, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, S.E. Sharapov, A. Shaw, H. Sheikh, U. Sheikh, A. Shepherd, A. Shevelev, P. Shigin, K. Shinohara, S. Shiraiwa, D. Shiraki, M. Short, G. Sias, S.A. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, J. Silva, D. Silvagni, D. Simfukwe, J. Simpson, D. Sinclair, S.K. Sipilä, A.C.C. Sips, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, N. Skinner, J. Slater, N. Smith, P. Smith, J. Snell, G. Snoep, L. Snoj, P. Snyder, S. Soare, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, A. Somers, C. Sommariva, K. Soni, E. Sorokovoy, M. Sos, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, S. Spagnolo, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, D. Spong, D. Sprada, S. Sridhar, C. Srinivasan, G. Stables, G. Staebler, I. Stamatelatos, Z. Stancar, P. Staniec, G. Stankūnas, M. Stead, E. Stefanikova, A. Stephen, J. Stephens, P. Stevenson, M. Stojanov, P. Strand, H.R. Strauss, S. Strikwerda, P. Ström, C.I. Stuart, W. Studholme, M. Subramani, E. Suchkov, S. Sumida, H.J. Sun, T.E. Susts, J. Svensson, J. Svoboda, R. Sweeney, D. Sytnykov, T. Szabolics, G. Szepesi, B. Tabia, T. Tadić, B. Tál, T. Tala, A. Tallargio, P. Tamain, H. Tan, K. Tanaka, W. Tang, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, A.S. Teimane, G. Telesca, N. Teplova, A. Teplukhina, D. Terentyev, A. Terra, D. Terranova, N. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Tholerus, J. Thomas, E. Thoren, A. Thorman, W. Tierens, R.A. Tinguely, A. Tipton, H. Todd, M. Tokitani, P. Tolias, M. Tomeš, A. Tookey, Y. Torikai, U. von Toussaint, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya, I. Turner, M. Turner, M.M. Turner, M. Turnyanskiy, G. Tvalashvili, S. Tyrrell, M. Tyshchenko, A. Uccello, V. Udintsev, G. Urbanczyk, A. Vadgama, D. Valcarcel, M. Valisa, P.Vallejos Olivares, O. Vallhagen, M. Valovič, D. Van Eester, J. Varje, S. Vartanian, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Vayakis, M. Vecsei, J. Vega, S. Ventre, G. Verdoolaege, C. Verona, G.Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, R. Vila, R. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, I. Vinyar, B. Viola, A.J. Virtanen, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, G. Vlad, M. Vlad, P. Vondráček, P.de Vries, B. Wakeling, N.R. Walkden, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, E. Wang, N. Wang, S. Warder, R. Warren, J. Waterhouse, C. Watts, T. Wauters, A. Weckmann, H.Wedderburn Maxwell, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, P. Welch, N. Wendler, A. West, M. Wheatley, S. Wheeler, A. Whitehead, D. Whittaker, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, J. Wilkinson, J.C. Williams, D. Willoughby, I. Wilson, J. Wilson, T. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, P. Wise, G. Withenshaw, A. Withycombe, D. Witts, A. Wojcik-Gargula, E. Wolfrum, R. Wood, C. Woodley, R. Woodley, B. Woods, J. Wright, J.C. Wright, T. Xu, D. Yadikin, M. Yajima, Y. Yakovenko, Y. Yang, W. Yanling, V. Yanovskiy, I. Young, R. Young, R.J. Zabolockis, J. Zacks, R. Zagorski, F.S. Zaitsev, L. Zakharov, A. Zarins, D. Zarzoso Fernandez, K.-D. Zastrow, Y. Zayachuk, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, Y. Zhou, M. Zlobinski, A. Zocco, A. Zohar, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, V.K. Zotta, I. Zoulias, W. Zwingmann, I. Zychor, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Culham Science Centre, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Uppsala University, European Commission, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Universidade Lisboa, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Milan - Bicocca, General Atomics, ITER, University of Toyama, CEA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Technical University of Madrid, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Royal Military Academy, Seoul National University, Chalmers University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, JET Contributor, Mailloux, Joelle, Chiariello, Andrea, Martone, Raffaele, Formisano, Alessandro, Mattei, Massimiliano, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. 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Bufferand, H, Buratti, P, Burgess, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butcher, D, de la Cal, E, Calabro, G, Calacci, L, Calado, R, Camenen, Y, Canal, G, Cannas, B, Cappelli, M, Carcangiu, S, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carman, P, Carnevale, D, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P, Casiraghi, I, Casson, F, Castaldo, C, Catalan, J, Catarino, N, Causa, F, Cavedon, M, Cecconello, M, Challis, C, Chamberlain, B, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, B, Chernyshova, M, Chiariello, A, Chmielewski, P, Chomiczewska, A, Chone, L, Ciraolo, G, Ciric, D, Clark, M, Clarkson, R, Clements, C, Cleverly, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Cobalt, A, Coccorese, V, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colangeli, A, Colas, L, Collins, C, Collins, J, Collins, S, Conka, D, Conroy, S, Conway, B, Conway, N, Coombs, D, Cooper, P, Cooper, S, Corradino, C, Corrigan, G, Coster, D, Cox, P, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Crapper, C, Craven, D, Craven, R, Esposito, M, Croci, G, Croft, D, Croitoru, A, Crombe, K, Cronin, T, Cruz, N, 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Michling, R, Middleton, P, Middleton-Gear, D, Mietelski, J, Milanesio, D, Milani, E, Militello, F, Asp, A, Milnes, J, Milocco, A, Miloshevsky, G, Minghao, C, Minucci, S, Miron, I, Miyamoto, M, Mlynar, J, Moiseenko, V, Monaghan, P, Monakhov, I, Moody, T, Moon, S, Mooney, R, Moradi, S, Morales, J, Morales, R, Mordijck, S, Moreira, L, Morgan, L, Moro, F, Morris, J, Morrison, K, Msero, L, Moulton, D, Mrowetz, T, Mundy, T, Muraglia, M, Murari, A, Muraro, A, Muthusonai, N, Na, Y, Nabais, F, Naden, M, Naish, J, Naish, R, Napoli, F, Nardon, E, Naulin, V, Nave, M, Nedzelskiy, I, Nemtsev, G, Nesenevich, V, Nestoras, I, Neu, R, Neverov, V, Ng, S, Nicassio, M, Nielsen, A, Nina, D, Nishijima, D, Noble, C, Nobs, C, Nocente, M, Nodwell, D, Nordlund, K, Nordman, H, Normanton, R, Noterdaeme, J, Nowak, S, Nunn, E, Nystrom, H, Oberparleiter, M, Obryk, B, O'Callaghan, J, Odupitan, T, Oliver, H, Olney, R, O'Mullane, M, Ongena, J, Organ, E, Orsitto, F, Orszagh, J, Osborne, T, Otin, R, Otsuka, T, Owen, A, 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Subjects
Technology, TOKAMAKS, PLASMAS, overview, CONFINEMENT, plasma facing components (PFC), ILW, tritium operations, d-t preparation, deuterium, D–T preparation, nuclear technology, JET with ITER-like wall, isotope, Física::Física de fluids::Física de plasmes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Settore FIS/01, GAS HANDLING-SYSTEM, JET, Overview, ITER-like wall (ILW), D-T preparation, energetic particles, scenario development, Shattered Pellet Injection (SPI), plasma-wall interactions (PWI), tritium, Physics, Settore ING-IND/18 - Fisica dei Reattori Nucleari, shutdown dose-rate, gas handling-system, Condensed Matter Physics, simulation, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, ilw, confinement, Physical Sciences, SIMULATION, JET with ITER-like wallisotope, ddc:620, performance, plasma facing components (pfc), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, DEUTERIUM, jet with iter-like wall, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Physics, Fluids & Plasmas, BERYLLIUM, divertor, TRITIUM, Science & Technology, Reactors de fusió, tritium operation, Nuclear energy, PERFORMANCE, beryllium, SHUTDOWN DOSE-RATE, Fusion reactors, Physics and Astronomy, JET programme, Energia nuclear, DIVERTOR, ddc:600
Abstract

The JET 2019–2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019–2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle (a) physics in the coming D–T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D–T benefited from the highest D–D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 1223 autors/autores: J. Mailloux1, N. Abid1, K. Abraham1, P. Abreu2, O. Adabonyan1, P. Adrich3, V. Afanasev4, M. Afzal1, T. Ahlgren5, L. Aho-Mantila6, N. Aiba7, M. Airila6, M. Akhtar1, R. Albanese8, M. Alderson-Martin1, D. Alegre9, S. Aleiferis10, A. Aleksa1, A.G. Alekseev11, E. Alessi12, P. Aleynikov13, J. Algualcil14, M. Ali1, M. Allinson1, B. Alper1, E. Alves2, G. Ambrosino8, R. Ambrosino8, V. Amosov15, E.Andersson Sunden16, P. Andrew13, B.M. Angelini17, C. Angioni18, I. Antoniou1, L.C. Appel1, C. Appelbee1, S. Aria1, M. Ariola8, G. Artaserse17, W. Arter1, V. Artigues18, N. Asakura7, A. Ash1, N. Ashikawa19, V. Aslanyan20, M. Astrain21, O. Asztalos22, D. Auld1, F. Auriemma23, Y. Austin1, L. Avotina24, E. Aymerich25, A. Baciero9, F. Bairaktaris26, J. Balbin27, L. Balbinot23, I. Balboa1, M. Balden18, C. Balshaw1, N. Balshaw1, V.K. Bandaru18, J. Banks1, Yu.F. Baranov1, C. Barcellona28, A. Barnard1, M. Barnard1, R. Barnsley13, A. Barth1, M. Baruzzo17, S. Barwell1, M. Bassan13, A. Batista2, P. Batistoni17, L. Baumane24, B. Bauvir13, L. Baylor29, P.S. Beaumont1, D. Beckett1, A. Begolli1, M. Beidler29, N. Bekris30,31, M. Beldishevski1, E. Belli32, F. Belli17, É. 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Sipilä59, A.C.C. Sips75, P. Siren5, A. Sirinelli13, H. Sjöstrand16, N. Skinner1, J. Slater1, N. Smith1, P. Smith1, J. Snell1, G. Snoep60, L. Snoj65, P. Snyder32, S. Soare63, E.R. Solano9, V. Solokha59, A. Somers67, C. Sommariva40, K. Soni33, E. Sorokovoy71, M. Sos39, J. Sousa2, C. Sozzi12, S. Spagnolo23, T. Spelzini1, F. Spineanu63, D. Spong29, D. Sprada1, S. Sridhar27, C. Srinivasan1, G. Stables1, G. Staebler32, I. Stamatelatos10, Z. Stancar65, P. Staniec1, G. Stankunas116, M. Stead1, E. Stefanikova34, A. Stephen1, J. Stephens1, P. Stevenson1, M. Stojanov1, P. Strand74, H.R. Strauss117, S. Strikwerda1, P. Ström34, C.I. Stuart1, W. Studholme1, M. Subramani1, E. Suchkov88, S. Sumida7, H.J. Sun1, T.E. Susts24, J. Svensson36, J. Svoboda39, R. Sweeney20, D. Sytnykov71, T. Szabolics22, G. Szepesi1, B. Tabia1, T. Tadic´46, B. Tál18, T. Tala6, A. Tallargio1, P. Tamain27, H. Tan1, K. Tanaka19, W. Tang43, M. Tardocchi12, D. Taylor1, A.S. Teimane24, G. Telesca58, N. Teplova4, A. Teplukhina43, D. Terentyev83, A. Terra44, D. Terranova23, N. Terranova17, D. Testa40, E. Tholerus1,34, J. Thomas1, E. Thoren113, A. Thorman1, W. Tierens18, R.A. Tinguely20, A. Tipton1, H. Todd1, M. Tokitani19, P. Tolias113, M. Tomes39, A. Tookey1, Y. Torikai118, U. von Toussaint18, P. Tsavalas10, D. Tskhakaya39,119, I. Turner1, M. Turner1, M.M. Turner67, M. Turnyanskiy1,69, G. Tvalashvili1, S. Tyrrell1, M. Tyshchenko82, A. Uccello12, V. Udintsev13, G. Urbanczyk27, A. Vadgama1, D. Valcarcel1, M. Valisa23, P.Vallejos Olivares34, O. Vallhagen73, M. Valovicˇ1, D. Van Eester51, J. Varje59, S. Vartanian27, T. Vasilopoulou10, G. Vayakis13, M. Vecsei22, J. Vega9, S. Ventre8, G. Verdoolaege64, C. Verona53, G.Verona Rinati53, E. Veshchev13, N. Vianello23, E. Viezzer79, L. Vignitchouk113, R. Vila9, R. Villari17, F. Villone8, P. Vincenzi23, I. Vinyar94, B. Viola17, A.J. Virtanen59, A. Vitins24, Z. Vizvary1, G. Vlad17, M. Vlad63, P. Vondrácek39, P.de Vries13, B. Wakeling1, N.R. Walkden1, M. 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Zychor3 // 1 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal 3 National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland 4 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russia 5 University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 6 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland 7 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan 8 Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy 9 Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain 10 NCSR ‘Demokritos’ 153 10, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece 11 NRC Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russia 12 Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, CNR, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy 13 ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France 14 Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Dept Ingn Energet, Calle Juan del Rosal 12, E-28040 Madrid, Spain 15 Troitsk Insitute of Innovating and Thermonuclear Research (TRINITI), Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia 16 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden 17 Dip.to Fusione e Tecnologie per la Sicurezza Nucleare, ENEA C. R. Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy 18 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching, Germany 19 National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan 20 MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America 21 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Grupo I2A2, Madrid, Spain 22 Centre for Energy Research, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary 23 Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy 24 University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia 25 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi 09123 Cagliari, Italy 26 National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 157 73 Zografou, Athens, Greece 27 CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France 28 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy 29 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, TN, United States of America 30 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Culham Science Centre, Culham, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 31 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 32 General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, United States of America 33 Department of Physics, University of Basel, Switzerland 34 Fusion Plasma Physics, EECS, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden 35 Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France 36 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Teilinsitut Greifswald, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany 37 Maritime University of Szczecin Faculty of Marine Engineering, Waly Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland 38 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland 39 Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic 40 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 41 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America 42 Magnetic Sensor Laboratory, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine 43 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08543, NJ, United States of America 44 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany 45 Université Cote d’Azur, CNRS, Inria, LJAD, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France 46 Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 47 The National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania 48 Mechanics, SCI, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 49 Fourth State Research, 503 Lockhart Dr, Austin, TX, United States of America 50 University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Fusion Studies, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America 51 Laboratory for Plasma Physics LPP-ERM/KMS, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium 52 University of Tuscia, DEIM, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy 53 Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, Italy 54 Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, PIIM, UMR 7345, 13013 Marseille, France 55 Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua do Mat˜ao Travessa R Nr.187, CEP 05508-090 Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, Brasil 56 University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy 57 Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 58 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland 59 Aalto University, PO Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland 60 FOM Institute DIFFER, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 61 Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland 62 Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 63 The National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania 64 Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 65 Slovenian Fusion Association (SFA), Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 66 The National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Ramnicu Valcea, Romania 67 Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland 68 University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America 69 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany 70 UNED, Dpto. Informática y Automática, Madrid, Spain 71 National Science Center ‘Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology’, Akademichna 1, Kharkiv 61108, Ukraine 72 York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 73 Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 74 Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 75 European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium 76 University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, TN, United States of America 77 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 78 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain 79 Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain 80 Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IUSTI, UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France 81 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Astronautica, Elettrica ed Energetica, SAPIENZA Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy 82 Institute for Nuclear Research, Prospekt Nauky 47, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine 83 Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie—Centre d’Etude de l’Energie Nucléaire, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium 84 University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan 85 University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States of America 86 Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Bldg 309, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark 87 Institution ‘Project Center ITER’, Moscow, 123182, Russia 88 Faculty of Mathematics, Department of Experimental Physics, Physics and Informatics Comenius University Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia 89 University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland 90 Institute of Physics, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland 91 Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-174, Republic of Korea 92 Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 93 Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, Josep Pl. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019, Barcelona, Spain 94 PELIN LLC, 27a, Gzhatskaya Ulitsa, Saint Petersburg, 195220, Russia 95 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America 96 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy 97 ICREA and Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain 98 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 99 Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi—CNR and Dipartimento di Energia—Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy 100 Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands 101 Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America 102 Department of Material Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan 103 Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehová 78/7, 115 19 Praha 1, Czech Republic 104 College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America 105 University of California, 1111 Franklin St., Oakland, CA 94607, United States of America 106 University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 107 Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan 108 Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan 109 Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 110 Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America 111 Dipartimento di Fisica ‘G. Galilei’, Universita’ degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy 112 Space and Plasma Physics, EECS, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 113 University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupoli Ioanninon, PO Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece 114 Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal 115 The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan 116 Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos g. 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania 117 HRS Fusion, West Orange, NJ, United States of America 118 Ibaraki University Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan 119 Technische Universität Wien, Fusion@ÖAW Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Austria

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