Search

International audience; Oscillations in the beta/low gamma range (10-45 Hz) are recorded in diverse neural structures. They have successfully been modeled as sparsely synchronized oscillations arising from reciprocal interactions between randomly connected excitatory (E) pyramidal cells and local interneurons (I). The synchronization of spatially distant oscillatory spiking E-I modules has been well studied in the rate model framework but less so for modules of spiking neurons. Here, we first show that previously proposed modifications of rate models provide a quantitative description of spiking E-I modules of Exponential Integrate-and-Fire (EIF) neurons. This allows us to analyze the dynamical regimes of sparsely synchronized oscillatory E-I modules connected by long-range excitatory interactions, for two modules, as well as for a chain of such modules. For modules with a large number of neurons (> 10 5 ), we obtain results similar to previously obtained ones based on the classic deterministic Wilson-Cowan rate model, with the added bonus that the results quantitatively describe simulations of spiking EIF neurons. However, for modules with a moderate (~ 10 4 ) number of neurons, stochastic variations in the spike emission of neurons are important and need to be taken into account. On the one hand, they modify the oscillations in a way that tends to promote synchronization between different modules. On the other hand, independent fluctuations on different modules tend to disrupt synchronization. The correlations between distant oscillatory modules can be described by stochastic equations for the oscillator phases that have been intensely studied in other contexts. On shorter distances, we develop a description that also takes into account amplitude modes and that quantitatively accounts for our simulation data. Stochastic dephasing of neighboring modules produces transient phase gradients and the transient appearance of phase waves. We propose that these stochastically-induced phase waves provide an explanative framework for the observations of traveling waves in the cortex during beta oscillations.

International audience; The dynamics of several mesoscopic biological structures depend on the interplay of growth through the incorporation of components of different sizes laterally diffusing along the cell membrane, and loss by component turnover. In particular, a model of such an out-of-equilibrium dynamics has recently been proposed for postsynaptic scaffold domains, which are key structures of neuronal synapses. It is of interest to estimate the lifetime of these mesoscopic structures, especially in the context of synapses where this time is related to memory retention. The lifetime of a structure can be very long as compared to the turnover time of its components and it can be difficult to estimate it by direct numerical simulations. Here, in the context of the model proposed for postsynaptic scaffold domains, we approximate the aggregation-turnover dynamics by a shot-noise process. This enables us to analytically compute the quasistationary distribution describing the sizes of the surviving structures as well as their characteristic lifetime. We show that our analytical estimate agrees with numerical simulations of a full spatial model, in a regime of parameters where a direct assessment is computationally feasible. We then use our approach to estimate the lifetime of mesoscopic structures in parameter regimes where computer simulations would be prohibitively long. For gephyrin, the scaffolding protein specific to inhibitory synapses, we estimate a lifetime longer than several months for a scaffold domain when the single gephyrin protein turnover time is about half an hour, as experimentally measured. While our focus is on postsynaptic domains, our formalism and techniques should be applicable to other biological structures that are also formed by a balance of condensation and turnover.

The capabilities and physics models implemented inside the FLUKA code are briefly described, with emphasis on hadronic interaction. Examples of the performances of the code are presented including basic (thin target) and complex benchmarks, and radiation detector specific applications. In particular the ability of FLUKA in describing existing calorimeter performances and in predicting those of future ones, as well as the use of the code for neutron and mixed field radiation detectors will be demonstrated with several examples.

The formation and stability of synapses are key questions in neuroscience. Post-synaptic domains have been classically conceived as resulting from local insertion and turnover of proteins at the synapse. However, insertion is likely to occur outside the post-synaptic domains and advances in single-molecule imaging have shown that proteins diffuse in the plane of the membrane prior to their accumulation at synapses. We quantitatively investigated this scenario using computer simulations and mathematical analysis, taking for definiteness the specific case of inhibitory synapse components, i.e., the glycine receptor (GlyR) and the associated gephyrin scaffolding protein. The observed domain sizes of scaffold clusters can be explained by a dynamic balance between the aggregation of gephyrin proteins diffusing while bound to GlyR and their turnover at the neuron membrane. We also predict the existence of extrasynaptic clusters with a characteristic size distribution that significantly contribute to the size fluctuations of synaptic domains. New super-resolution data for gephyrin proteins established the existence of extrasynaptic clusters the sizes of which are consistent with the model predictions in a range of model parameters. At a general level, our results highlight aggregation with removal as a non-equilibrium phase separation which produces structures of tunable size., Author summary Synapses mediate information transmission between neurons and are the physical support of memory. It has been realized that synapses are dynamic biological structures. Neurotransmitter receptors diffuse in the neuron membrane and synaptic scaffolding proteins are constantly renewed. We propose a biophysical model that links these different measured quantities for inhibitory synapse components and show how they determine the size of postsynaptic domains. The model predicts that synaptic scaffolds also exist extrasynaptically and that they contribute to fluctuations of synaptic sizes. We confirm by super-resolution microscopy the existence of extrasynaptic scaffolds. Their measured size distribution agrees with the model predictions for specific parameters. The model should be helpful to better understand the dynamics of synapses and their possible levels of regulation.

FLUKA is a Monte-Carlo code able to simulate interaction and transport of hadrons, heavy ions and electromagnetic particles from few keV (or thermal neutron) to cosmic ray energies in whichever material. The highest priority in the design and development of the code has always been the implementation and improvement of sound and modern physical models. A summary of the FLUKA physical models is given, while recent developments are described in detail: among the others, extensions of the intermediate energy hadronic interaction generator, refinements in photon cross sections and interaction models, analytical on-line evolution of radio-activation and remnant dose. In particular, new developments in the nucleus–nucleus interaction models are discussed. Comparisons with experimental data and examples of applications of relevance for space radiation are also provided.

Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) models are considered viable tools to simulate the initial hot stages of heavy-ion collisions and investigate the properties of the nuclear matter equation of state. A new QMD model has been developed by scratch by our group during the last few years and recently coupled to the FLUKA fission/Fermi breakup/ evaporation module which describes the latest stage of the reactions, when slower processes leading nuclei to the equilibrium occur. Comparisons with experimental data collected both in symmetric and in asymmetric collisions are shown, covering a wide range of projectile and target masses. Reproduction of the experimental light particle (Z < 3) yields is one of the most difficult challenges to be met by QMD models, traditionally prone to underestimate a particle emission while dramatically overestimating proton and neutron emission. Our results seem to be quite satisfactory with respect to this issue, thanks to the form of the potential terms involved in the nucleon-nucleon interaction and to many refinements applied in the fragment definition scheme, based on the potential which each particle experiences because of its neighbors. Nucleon isospin is taken into account all over the simulation, as well as the experimental binding energy constraints on nuclear states. The introduction of further refinements to describe pre-equilibrium processes is under development.

The FLUKA Monte Carlo transport code is widely used for fundamental research, radioprotection and dosimetry, hybrid nuclear energy system and cosmic ray calculations. The validity of its physical models has been benchmarked against a variety of experimental data over a wide range of energies, ranging from accelerator data to cosmic ray showers in the earth atmosphere. The code is presently undergoing several developments in order to better fit the needs of space applications. The generation of particle spectra according to up-to-date cosmic ray data as well as the effect of the solar and geomagnetic modulation have been implemented and already successfully applied to a variety of problems. The implementation of suitable models for heavy ion nuclear interactions has reached an operational stage. At medium/high energy FLUKA is using the DPMJET model. The major task of incorporating heavy ion interactions from a few GeV/n down to the threshold for inelastic collisions is also progressing and promising results have been obtained using a modified version of the RQMD-2.4 code. This interim solution is now fully operational, while waiting for the development of new models based on the FLUKA hadron-nucleus interaction code, a newly developed QMD code, and the implementation of the Boltzmann master equation theory for low energy ion interactions. c2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The multi-purpose particle interaction and transport code FLUKA is integral part of all radiation protection studies for the design and operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It is one of the very few codes available for this type of calculations which is capable to calculate in one and the same simulation proton-proton and heavy ion collisions at LHC energies as well as the entire hadronic and electromagnetic particle cascade initiated by secondary particles in detectors and beam-line components from TeV energies down to energies of thermal neutrons. The present paper reviews these capabilities of FLUKA in giving details of relevant physics models along with examples of radiation protection studies for the LHC such as shielding studies for underground areas occupied by personnel during LHC operation and the simulation of induced radioactivity around beam loss points. Integral part of the FLUKA development is a careful benchmarking of specific models as well as the code performance in complex, real life applications which is demonstrated with examples of studies relevant to radiation protection at the LHC.

The assessment of radiation damage to electronics is a complex process and requires a detailed description of the full particle energy spectra, as well as a clear characterization of the quantities used to predict radiation damage. FLUKA, a multi-purpose particle interaction and transport code, is capable of calculating proton-proton and heavy ion collisions at LHC energies and beyond. It correctly describes the entire hadronic and electromagnetic particle cascade initiated by secondary particles from TeV energies down to thermal neutrons, and provides direct scoring capabilities essential to estimate in detail the possible risk of radiation damage to electronics. This paper presents the FLUKA capabilities for applications related to radiation damage to electronics, providing benchmarking examples and showing the practical applications of FLUKA at CERN facilities such as CNGS and LHC. Related applications range from the study of device effects, the detailed characterization of the radiation field and radiation monitor calibration, to the input requirements for important mitigation studies including shielding, relocation or other options.

Dpmjet-III is based on the Dual Parton Model and the QCD parton model. It allows the simulation of hadron-hadron, hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions from a few GeV up to very high energies. We discuss (i) the comparison of DPMJET-III to data from RHIC and (ii) new features of the model needed to describe the data. These new features include percolation and fusion of strings.

A Dual Parton Model with a formation zone intranuclear cascade in the spectators of the projectile and target nuclei is studied. The hadrons produced in the formation zone cascade contribute to Feynman-$x_F$ and lab-$x$ distributions in the fragmentation regions of the target and projectile nuclei. We discuss the consequences of this model in the secondary cosmic ray production, by analyzing the calculated spectrum weighted moments for pion and kaon production. We show that the proposed model leads to significant differences with respect to a simple superposition model, where the nucleus-nucleus collision is replaced by a few corresponding nucleon-nucleus collisions., 25 pages, Latex, one section and one figure added, differences between the calculations based on the Dual Parton Model and those based on the superposition model are pointed out more clearly

The cross sections for the production of hadrons in quasi-real photon-photon collisions in proton-proton and heavy ion interactions are compared with the corresponding cross sections for central diffraction and for photon-pomeron collisions. The signatures, heavy ions or protons with only slightly changed momenta together with two large rapidity gaps and a cluster of produced hadrons in the central region, are nearly identical in all three processes. Therefore, it will be rather difficult to distinguish the reactions experimentally. It is found, that central diffraction is the dominant process in collisions of protons, light and medium-heavy ions. The photon-pomeron and photon-photon processes have quite similar cross sections in collisions of heavy ions like lead.

HEMAS-DPM is a Monte Carlo for the simulation of very high energy cosmic ray showers, which includes the DPMJET-II code based on the two component Dual Parton Model. DPMJET-II provides also charm production in agreement with data and, for p ⊥ exceeding 5 GeV/ c , with perturbative QCD results in proton-proton interactions. In this respect, a new scheme has been considered for the inclusive production of D mesons at large p ⊥ in hadronic collisions in the framework of perturbative fragmentation functions, allowing an analysis at the Next to Leading Order (NLO) level which goes beyond the fixed I ( α s 3 ) perturbative theory of open charm production. We have applied HEMAS-DPM to the calculation of the prompt muon component for E μ ≥ 1 TeV in air showers considering the two extreme cases of primary protons and Fe nuclei.

A formation zone intranuclear cascade model is applied to peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions. We calculate the excitation energies of prefragments, treat their further nuclear disintegration and introduce a model for nuclear deexcitation by photon emission. Results are compared to data on target associated particle production in nucleus-nucleus collisions. We discuss implications of these models to the description of particle production in the fragmentation regions. Special emphasis is put on applications for air showers induced by cosmic ray nuclei and for residual nucleus production at heavy ion colliders., 19 pages, Latex, 15 uuencoded figures

The FELIX collaboration had proposed the construction of a full-acceptance detector for the LHC. The primary mission of FELIX was the study of QCD: to provide comprehensive and definitive observations of a very broad range of strong-interaction processes. This document contains an extensive discussion of this physics menu. In a further paper the FELIX detector will be reviewed.

The dual parton model for hadron-hadron, hadron-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions is studied in the fragmentation region up to the cosmic ray energy region. Because of the excellent Feynman scaling behavior of the model outside the regions around [ital x][sub [ital F]]=1 and [ital x][sub [ital F]]=0, it is found that accelerator data in the fragmentation region are indeed relevant for the cosmic ray energy region. However, not enough data are available in the fragmentation region of hadron collisions with light target nuclei. Therefore many features of hadron production in collisions involving nuclei can only be extracted from the study of models.

Single diffractive hadron-nucleus interactions are studied within the framework of the dual parton model. Introducing a diffractive component into the Monte-Carlo event generator DTUNUC we investigate particle production and the dependence of the diffractive cross section on the atomic number of the target nucleus. A comparison of the numerical results with recent experimental data is presented. We furthermore introduce hadronic cross section fluctuations and discuss their influence on diffractive proton-nucleus cross sections.

Hyperon production is studied in a Monte Carlo Dual Parton model with standard strangeness suppression in the chain fragmentation and enhanced strangeness at the sea chain ends. Additionally,( qq) q q production from the sea was introduced into the chain formation process with the same probability as for the q→ qq branching within the chain decay process. With these assumptions we find rapidity distributions and multiplicity ratios in reasonable agreement with new experimental data.

Production of strange mesons and baryons is studied in a Monte Carlo Dual Parton model for hadron-hadron, hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions with standard strangeness suppression in the chain fragmentation and enhanced strangeness (up to a SU(3) symmetric sea) at the sea chain ends. Additionally, (qq)-( q q ) production from the sea has been introduced into the chain formation process with the same probability as for the q → qq branching within the chain fragmentation. Rapidity distributions and multiplicity ratios are in reasonable agreement with recent experimental data.

The single diffractive component in hadronhadron interactions is studied in the two-component Dual Parton Model. We distinguish high mass single diffraction represented by a triple-Pomeron exchange and low mass single diffraction described via a two channel eikonal method. The calculated single diffractive cross sections, and the distributions agree quite well with data from collider and fixed target experiments. The fit of the model parameters to cross section data gives a extrapolation of the total, elastic, and single diffractive cross sections to supercollider energies which depends on the parton structure functions used for the minijet component.

In the framework of a two-component dual parton model we perform a fit to $p\overline{p}$ total, elastic, inelastic, and single-diffractive cross-section data at collider energies. The fit including diffractive data gives better results using the supercritical soft Pomeron instead of the critical one. Because of the different structure function parametrizations the predictions of cross sections at supercollider energies are subject to large uncertainties.

Models which contain a semihard component sensitively depend on the smallx region of the structure functions. Within the framework of a two component dual parton model the effect of recently proposed steeper structure functions is investigated. Drastic changes which appear in the bare scattering amplitudes get significantly reduced by unitarization. For presently available energies the semihard component seems still too small to allow for clear cut conclusions about the correctness of the various proposed structure functions. However, the predictions for SSC or LHC energies depend on the choice of the structure function quite decisively, resulting in a substantial uncertainty in the extrapolations. The uncertainty is reduced to a less worrisome level if the consideration is restricted to the strongly shadowed parton distribution.

We present a Monte Carlo version of the Dual Parton Model for the description of particle production in hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions with a complete formation zone intranuclear cascade. Each nucleon nucleon collision is described by the two component Dual Parton Model. Soft hadronic collisions and hard perturbative collisions (minijets) are the two components included in the unitarization scheme. Depending on the transverse momentum cut off we find up to several thousand minijets in collisions of heavy ions at the TeV energies of the future LHC collider. The model is compared with rapidity distributions and grey-particle production in hadron-nucleus interactions as well as with results from nucleus-nucleus collisions. We present predictions for the rapidity and transverse momentum distributions as well as for the hadronic energy density at LHC energies. We also study the cascade of the partons from the perturbative component.

We study the evolution of the hadronic energy and particle density during central nucleus-nucleus collisions at various energies with a Monte Carlo version of the dual parton model. We find at RHIC and at LHC energies energy densities well in the range where the formation of quark gluon plasma is expected.

The possibility of string fusion in the dual parton model is studied using the Monte Carlo code DTUJET. It is shown that the introduction of these interactions among strings can explain the large rise of the average transverse momentum of p at high multiplicity seen at Fermilab, without spoiling the agreement of the model with the rest of the observables. Also, an increase of the ratio Λ/π at high multiplicity is produced. The strong interaction of strings can be regarded as an interplay between independent fragmentation of strings and the formation of a quark-gluon plasma.

We present a Monte Carlo version of the dual parton model for the description of particle production in hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions with a complete formation zone intranuclear cascade. All generations of secondary interactions are considered. Furthermore, Fermi motion and Pauli's principle are introduced to control the generation of low-energy nucleons. The model is compared with rapidity distributions and grey-particle production in hadron-nucleus interactions as well as with results from nucleus-nucleus collisions. Within the DPM the number of chains with sea-quarks at their ends grows with the complexity of the target and/or projectile nuclei as well as with the collision energy. We discuss this increase of chain-end sea-quarks as a mechanism for strangeness enhancement within the model. Furthermore we study the properties of the model at the energies of future heavy ion colliders.

The dual parton model (DPM) describes soft and semihard multiparticle production. The presented version of the DPM includes soft and hard mechanisms as well as diffractive processes. The model is formulated as a Monte-Carlo event generator. We calculate, in the energy range of the hadron colliders, particle ratios as function of the transverse momentum, the rise of the average transverse momenta with the charged multiplicity, forward-backward correlations, short range correlations and factorial moments as function of the size of the pseudorapidity bins. For most of these quantities we find a reasonable agreement with experimental data.

Hiadron production in diffraction dissociation is studied in a model which includes hard diffraction and soft hadron interaction as controlled by a supercritical pomeron. Rapidity gaps between jets are obtained by soft color recombination (SCR). It was previously shown that this model is able to describe data on diffractive hadron production from the CERN-SPS collider and from the HERA lepton-proton collider. Here we present model predictions for rapidity gap events in p-p collisions at √ s = 1800 GeV and compare to TEVATRON data.

To understand baryon stopping we analyse new RHIC and Fermilab data within the framework of the multichain Monte Carlo DPMJET-III. The present consideration is restricted to to hadron-hadron and d-Au collisions., 10 pages, 19 figures. The paper is expanded in a mayor way to include more data

Primary GCR interact with the Earth's atmosphere originating atmospheric showers, thus giving rise to fluxes of secondary particles in the atmosphere. Electromagnetic and hadronic interactions interplay in the production of these particles, whose detection is performed by means of complementary techniques in different energy ranges and at different depths in the atmosphere, down to the Earth's surface. Monte Carlo codes are essential calculation tools which can describe the complexity of the physics of these phenomena, thus allowing the analysis of experimental data. However, these codes are affected by important uncertainties, concerning, in particular, hadronic physics at high energy. In this paper we shall report some results concerning inclusive particle fluxes and atmospheric shower properties as obtained using the FLUKA transport and interaction code. Some emphasis will also be given to the validation of the physics models of FLUKA involved in these calculations., 7 pages, 3 figures. Proceedings of an invited talk presented by M.V. Garzelli at CSSP07, Carpathian Summer School of Physics - Exotic Nuclei & Nuclear/Particle Astrophysics, Sinaia, Romania, August 20 - 31 2007

The dual parton model (DPM) is very successful in describing hadronic multiparticle production. The version of DPM presented includes both soft and hard mechanisms. The hard component is described according to the lowest-order perturbative QCD-parton-model cross section. The model is formulated in the form of a Monte Carlo event generator. Results obtained with this event generator are compared with data on inclusive reactions in the TeV energy range of the CERN and Fermilab hadron colliders.

In this work, charm production in the {\sc dpmjet} hadronic jet simulation is compared to experimental data. Since the major application of {\sc dpmjet} is the simulation of cosmic ray-induced air showers, the version of the code integrated in the CORSIKA simulation package has been used for the comparison. Wherever necessary, adjustments have been made to improve agreement between simulation and data. With the availability of new muon/neutrino detectors that combine a large fiducial volume with large amounts of shielding, investigation of prompt muons and neutrinos from cosmic ray interactions will be feasible for the first time. Furthermore, above $\gtrsim 100$ TeV charmed particle decay becomes the dominant background for diffuse extraterrestrial neutrino flux searches. A reliable method to simulate charm production in high-energy proton-nucleon interactions is therefore required., 10 pages, to be published in JCAP

This writeup is a compilation of the predictions for the forthcoming Heavy Ion Program at the Large Hadron Collider, as presented at the CERN Theory Institute 'Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC - Last Call for Predictions', held from May 14th to June 10th 2007., LaTeX, 185 pages, uses iop styles; writeup of the CERN Theory Institute 'Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC - Last Call for Predictions', held from May 14th to June 10th 2007

We discuss here Quantum molecular dynamics models (QMD) and Dual Parton Models (DPM and QGSM). We compare RHIC data to DPM--models and we present a (Cosmic ray oriented) model comparison., 10 pages, 7 figures, presented at Hadronic Shower simulation workshop, FERMILAB Sept. 6-8, 2006

The physics model implemented inside the FLUKA code are briefly described, with emphasis on hadronic interactions. Examples of the capabilities of the code are presented including basic (thin target) and complex benchmarks.

FLUKA is a general purpose Monte Carlo transport and interaction code used for fundamental physics and for a wide range of applications. These include Cosmic Ray Physics (muons, neutrinos, EAS, underground physics), both for basic research and applied studies in space and atmospheric flight dosimetry and radiation damage. A review of the hadronic models available in FLUKA and relevant for the description of cosmic ray air showers is presented in this paper. Recent updates concerning these models are discussed. The FLUKA capabilities in the simulation of the formation and propagation of EM and hadronic showers in the Earth's atmosphere are shown. FLUKA is a general purpose Monte Carlo transport and interaction code used for fundamental physics and for a wide range of applications. These include Cosmic Ray Physics (muons, neutrinos, EAS, underground physics), both for basic research and applied studies in space and atmospheric flight dosimetry and radiation damage. A review of the hadronic models available in FLUKA and relevant for the description of cosmic ray air showers is presented in this paper. Recent updates concerning these models are discussed. The FLUKA capabilities in the simulation of the formation and propagation of EM and hadronic showers in the Earth's atmosphere are shown.

Quantum Molecular Dynamics models (QMD) are Monte Carlo approaches targeted at the description of nucleon-ion and ion-ion collisions. We have developed a QMD code, which has been used for the simulation of the fast stage of ion-ion collisions, considering a wide range of system masses and system mass asymmetries. The slow stage of the collisions has been described by statistical methods. The combination of both stages leads to final distributions of particles and fragments, which have been compared to experimental data available in literature. A few results of these comparisons, concerning neutron double-differential production cross-sections for C, Ne and Ar ions impinging on C, Cu and Pb targets at 290 - 400 MeV/A bombarding energies and fragment isotopic distributions from Xe + Al at 790 MeV/A, are shown in this paper., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, submitted for publication in Adv. Space Res

The full DPMJET—II model simulating hadron—hadron, hadron—nucleus and nucleus—nucleus collisions according to the two—component Dual Parton Model is presented. The model describes besides the production of hadrons also the fragmentation of the target and projectile nuclei via the formation zone intranuclear cascade and nuclear evaporation into cascade particles, evaporation particles, residual nuclei and deexcitation photons.

A description of the main features of e.m. and hadronic shower simulation models used in the FLUKA code is summarized and some recent applications are discussed. The general status of the FLUKA project is also reported.

FLUKA is a multipurpose Monte Carlo code which can transport a variety of particles over a wide energy range in complex geometries. The code is a joint project of INFN and CERN: part of its development is also supported by the University of Houston and NASA. FLUKA is successfully applied in several fields, including but not only, particle physics, cosmic ray physics, dosimetry, radioprotection, hadron therapy, space radiation, accelerator design and neutronics. The code is the standard tool used at CERN for dosimetry, radioprotection and beam-machine interaction studies. Here we give a glimpse into the code physics models with a particular emphasis to the hadronic and nuclear sector.

We present results concerning the study of reactions between light nuclei and quasi‐symmetric reactions between medium‐heavy nuclei at low energies, and relativistic quantum molecular‐dynamics calculations of heavy‐nucleus reactions at intermediate energies.

The nuclear reaction models embedded in the FLUKA code cover hadron, ion, photon and neutrino induced nuclear interactions from energies as low as few tens of MeV up to several tens of TeV. A short description of the main physics ingredients in the FLUKA nuclear models is given, with emphasis on the intermediate energy range and on “exotic” reactions. The treatment of electromagnetic dissociation as recently implemented in FLUKA is described. Examples of performances are presented for illustrative situations covering some of the most typical FLUKA applications.