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The completion degree of sports training can not reach the corresponding standard, and the training effect will be greatly weakened. In order to improve the effect of sports training, the evaluation method of sports training completion degree based on deep residual network is studied. The image collector based on ARM is used to collect the action images of athletes in sports training, and the collected action images are preprocessed based on spatial scale filtering and regression factors. Construct a depth residual network, learn the implicit relationship between athletes' state and the dynamic change process of sports training actions through off-line training, and train the model; In the online application process, the preprocessed action images will be input into the trained evaluation model to evaluate the athletes' sports training action completion in real time. At the same time, residual shrinkage unit and attention mechanism are used to optimize the depth residual network, which improves the training efficiency and evaluation performance of the network. The experimental results show that this method has good evaluation performance under the condition of setting parameters, and can effectively improve the effect of physical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yang X, Ji Y, Ke D, Li F. Research on the methods and means of action strength training in aerobics training. Lu S. Scientific research and training satisfaction evaluation analysis of postgraduates in science and engineering colleges based on big data. [Extracted from the article]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is being employed not only in businesses, entertainment, and academia but also in sports training to raise the level of competition among athletes. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are the brains of modern AI, and this paper examines their application in sports training's load prediction with the hope of improving athletic performance, creating scientifically efficient training programs, and increasing the accuracy of training load forecasts. First, a sports training analysis system based on Browser Server (B/S) is constructed, and the overall structure, specific function modules, and database of the system are designed and introduced. Then, the artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA)-based prediction and modeling approach of sports training's load is applied. To put it more specifically, we obtained a comprehensive index of joint acceleration in sports training by using data acquisition devices such as sensors. The independent variable in the load prediction is defined by the computational results, which are combined with other relevant features to obtain the load characteristics of sports training. The initial weights and thresholds of the ANN are optimized with the help of AFSA. To produce the final prediction result, the optimized ANN and extracted load characteristics are coupled with the prediction equation. The prediction model is applied to the sports training analysis system for realizing the application of training load prediction. Experiments show that the methods proposed in this paper can effectively improve the accuracy and efficiency of sports training and load prediction, improve the effect of athletes' training, and thus enhances the level of sports competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the different sides of 400 m sports preparation is a key factor for the proper development of sports results. Strength training is one of the most important parts of sprint running. The object of the study is sports training of athletes in the 400 m sprint, and in particular strength training. The subject is the content and volume of the annual preparation for girls under 18, specializing in 400 m sprint. We used the following methods: sports-pedagogical and technical-tactical analysis of athletes; interview; Case-study analysis; Mathematical and statistical methods. We analyzed: 16 macrocycles. Girls under 18 years have a large set of auxiliary exercises for strength training-total of 52. Volumetric characteristics must be precisely used according to age and individual qualities. We established minimum, maximum, and average volume values of the various means in macro-, meso- and microcycles. In conclusion, we can note the need for more scientific and methodological developments to help the process of applying specific volumes for the different strength exercises, during the different periods of annual preparation. With this study, we present relevant information for the volume and diversity of used athletic means used in practice and can help other coaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the performance factors identified by Olympic athletes and analyzes how they were prioritized and implemented during the 2012–2016 Olympiad. To address this issue, 28 semistructured interviews were conducted with French athletes who participated in the Olympic Games in 2016. The analysis shows that to achieve performance, only two factors were implemented by all the athletes: training and physical preparation. The other factors, namely, mental preparation, nutrition, and recovery care, were not implemented by all athletes. In addition, two main types of configurations have been identified: a minority of athletes (n = 4) for whom the choice of performance factors and their implementation are controlled by the coach and a majority (n = 24) who adopts secondary adjustments by relying on a parallel network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to improve the athletic performance of triple jumpers in special physical training. First, the triple jumper's balance board is explained with the special training method. Second, three-dimensional tracking scan image analysis is used to videotape the training process of triple jumpers. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) perform image analysis of triple jumpers performing specific training with a balance board. Finally, the training of triple jumpers is subjected to image analysis. According to the special training speed, angle, and time of triple jumpers combined with the balance board, the physical fitness changes are analyzed. The results show that triple jumpers combined with the balance board training improved the technique of step jump from the aspects of take-off speed, landing speed, all angles of step jump, and support time. The combination of the balance board and the special training significantly improves the speed of the triple jumpers, and the changes of various angles during the training process are also relatively improved, which improves the balance and coordination of the training limbs of the triple jumpers. The balance board combined with special training can significantly improve the physical fitness of triple jumpers. CNN is used to analyze and validate triple jumpers combined with balance board training images. The experimental training analysis has achieved the ideal effect. This study uses the image analysis method to analyze the training process of athletes based on deep learning and provides direction for athletes' special physical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyse the winners and errors shot in professional padel according to gender, type of point and the point duration, observing the differences between winners and losers. For this 1927 points of 14 matches (7 male and 7 female category) from the World Padel Tour Master Final 2021 were analyzed, where participated 32 padel players (16 men players and 16 women players), using an ad-hoc instrument obtaining an inter-observer reliability above 0.9. The results show that the effectiveness depending on the gender (p = .001), where the male padel players perform 12% more winners than females padel players. Attending to the importance of the point, winning pairs perform 10% more winner shots than lossers, both in the male category (p=.002) and female (p= .004) in no key points. No differences exist in key points. Point duration affects to the shot effectiveness, specifically in medium duration points in male category (p=.026)> and short duration points in female category (p=.007), with a higher winner shot produced by winning pairs. These results have a great practical application for coaches, providing information for the design of training programs similar to competitions situations. In addition, especific strategies can be develop during the matches according to the gender and the score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential aim of this research study is to represent the effects of goal setting also that feedback on motivation and performance in sports. This research study was based on primary data analysis to determine the research study used open- ended also closed-ended questions related to the variables. Goal setting is the main independent variable; the feedback is also independent of motivation and performance. Both represent the dependent variables. For measuring, the research study used SPSS software and generated informative selective results, including descriptive statistics, the one-way ANOVA test analysis, regression analysis, and model variance analysis, also that present the chi components analysis between them. The overall research study found that goal setting shows a positive effect on motivation and performance in sports. The feedback link positively and significantly to motivation and performance in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the fuzzy neural network model is studied, the real-time regulation model of physical training intensity is analyzed and a real-time regulation system based on a fuzzy neural network is designed. The real-time, accurate and effective regulation of the physiological load intensity in the body of the exerciser is consistent with the predetermined goals of the training program. In this paper, we propose an RBF neural network, combined with the plan and demand of physical training operation situation sensing, and considering that most of the biological training operation data is fuzzy, this paper connects a fuzzy logic inference system and a neural network and proposes a network operation situation sensing model based on an RBF neural network structure. The RBF neural network and the traditional fuzzy neural network are compared. The experiments prove that this paper's fuzzy neural network model has a faster training speed. In this paper, we use time-realistic control equipment to monitor the physical training process of athletes so that we can grasp the training situation of athletes in real-time and ensure that athletes can achieve better training results by changing training methods and changing training loads in time for those athletes who cannot reach their sports goals. In the process of physical fitness training monitoring, an effective monitoring of training, time-accurate regulation monitoring has the advantage of timely feedback on the training situation. This model has a better convergence effect during exercise and a higher accuracy of posture prediction during testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports training must obey well-defined principles and rules to lead to progress in the training of practitioners. The purpose of the research is to discover those innovative methods and techniques in martial arts training that to lead to the development of physical parameters as well as technical-tactical training. The experimental research took place over a period of 6 weeks, including 12 athletes, members of the Sen Craiova Sports Club, aged between 20-35 years. Following the analysis of the obtained results, it is evident that the level of general and specific physical training contributes substantially to the increase of the training level of the athletes, an aspect that is reflected in the manifestation of the motor indices, of the change in their physical, functional and technical-tactical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of endurance training individually guided by objective (Heart Rate Variability-HRV) or self-report measure of stress (DALDA-questionnaire) in comparison to predefined endurance training prescription for improving endurance performance in recreational runners. After a 2-week preliminary baseline period to establish resting HRV and self-reported measure of stress, thirty-six male recreational runners were randomly assigned to HRV-guided (GHRV;n = 12), DALDA-guided (GD; n = 12) or predefined training (GT; n = 12) prescription groups. Before and after 5-weeks of endurance training, participants performed a track field peak velocity (Vpeak_TF), time limit (Tlim) at 100% of Vpeak_TF and 5 km time-trial (5 km TT) tests. GD lead to higher improvements in Vpeak_TF (8.4 ± 1.8%; ES = 1.41) and 5 km TT (−12.8 ± 4.2%; ES = −1.97), than GHRV (6.6 ± 1.5% and −8.3 ± 2.8%; ES = −1.20; 1.24) and GT (4.9 ± 1.5% and −6.0 ± 3.3%; ES = −0.82; 0.68), respectively, with no differences for Tlim. Self-report measures of stress may be used to individualize endurance training prescription on a daily basis leading to better performance enhancement, which may be used with HRV for a holistic understanding of daily training-induce adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality is increasingly applied to support physical training and improve athletes' performance in sports. Nevertheless, there is a research deficit in that, especially in martial arts, it has not yet been shown to what extent the response behavior of athletes in virtual reality is the same as in the real world. If this can be confirmed, a transfer of VR-adapted skills to RW can be expected and sports training in a virtual environment can be applied to improve sports performance. Since the response behavior is essential for many sports, this study compares it in karate kumite to the competition-important attack (Kizami-Zuki) of a real and a virtual opponent. Experienced karate athletes wore a head-mounted display and were asked to respond quickly and efficiently to 22 karate attacks, of which eight were Kizami Zuki's attacks. Using a video-based movement assessment, karate experts quantified the response behavior with the parameters 'time for response', 'response quality' and 'kind of response'. Results show no significant differences in 'time for response' and 'kind of response' between both conditions (virtual reality vs. real world). Only the 'response quality' was rated better in real world than in virtual reality. It is concluded that the 'time of response' and 'kind of response' for karate kumite athletes in virtual reality are similar to that in the real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletic performance data are modeled in an effort to better understand the relationship between both hours spent training and a measurement of "commitment" to that training, and improvements in performance. Both increased training time and greater commitment were predicted to produce larger increases in performance improvement, and commitment was predicted to be the more important determinant of improvement. The performance of 108 soccer players (ages 9–18) was quantified over a 10-week training program. Hours spent training ranged from 16 to 90 during the course of the study, while commitment scores ranged from 0.55 to 2.00, based on a scale from 0.00 to 2.40. A model selection approach was used to discriminate among models specifying relationships between training hours and improvement, and commitment and improvement. Despite considerable variability in the data, results provided strong evidence for an increase in performance improvement with both training hours and commitment score. The best models for hours and commitment were directly compared by computing an evidence ratio of 5799, indicating much stronger evidence favoring the model based on commitment. Results of analyses such as these go beyond anecdotal experience in an effort to establish a formal evidentiary basis for athletic training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a new technical science that studies and develops theories, methods, techniques and application systems for simulating, extending and expanding human intelligence. This paper is based on the research of AI in the auxiliary guidance function of athletes' standard training in physical education. It aims to conduct data mining from different aspects such as different joint angular speeds, motion injury screening and different parts of sports injuries and then integrate these aspects. Create a way to reduce athletes' injuries and scientific training. In order to improve the recognition efficiency of athletes' movement patterns, nonlinear auto regressive neural networks are used to recognize the movement patterns of athletes' limb surface signals. Through this research work, it can provide a certain reference basis and practice platform for the research on the auxiliary guidance role of AI in the sports standard training of athletes in physical education. Performance design and implementation include four modules: Image acquisition, preprocessing, motion detection and human motion recognition. Between them, the image acquisition module uses a memory mapping path to determine the format of the camera frame image, and the image format conversion is completed through channel conversion. Experimental data shows that athletes' strength quality, speed of action response, technical continuity, psychological stability and physical control ability have all been greatly improved. Among them, the most obvious is that with the assistance of AI technology, the psychological stability has reached 9.2; the strength quality has reached 9.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality is increasingly applied to support physical training and improve athletes' performance in sports. Nevertheless, there is a research deficit in that, especially in martial arts, it has not yet been shown to what extent the response behavior of athletes in virtual reality is the same as in the real world. If this can be confirmed, a transfer of VR-adapted skills to RW can be expected and sports training in a virtual environment can be applied to improve sports performance. Since the response behavior is essential for many sports, this study compares it in karate kumite to the competition-important attack (Kizami-Zuki) of a real and a virtual opponent. Experienced karate athletes wore a head-mounted display and were asked to respond quickly and efficiently to 22 karate attacks, of which eight were Kizami Zuki's attacks. Using a video-based movement assessment, karate experts quantified the response behavior with the parameters 'time for response', 'response quality' and 'kind of response'. Results show no significant differences in 'time for response' and 'kind of response' between both conditions (virtual reality vs. real world). Only the 'response quality' was rated better in real world than in virtual reality. It is concluded that the 'time of response' and 'kind of response' for karate kumite athletes in virtual reality are similar to that in the real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of sports game video analysis in athlete training and competition analysis feedback has attracted extensive attention, but the traditional sports human body posture estimation method has a large error between the athlete's human body posture estimation results and the actual results in the complex environment and the athlete's body parts are blocked. Therefore, this study proposes a convolutional neural network for athlete pose estimation in sports game video. Based on the improved model, multiscale model, and large perception model, a superimposed hourglass network is constructed, and the gradient disappearance problem of the convolutional neural network is solved using intermediate supervision. The experimental results show that the athlete pose estimation model based on the convolutional neural network can improve the accuracy of athlete pose estimation and reduce the negative impact of occlusion environment on athlete pose estimation to a certain extent. In addition, compared with other athletes' standing posture estimation methods, the model has competitive advantages and high accuracy under widely used standard conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes participate in competitive competitions, and the ultimate goal is to better display their personal competitive level in the competition so as to achieve the goal of defeating their opponents and winning the competition. In all types of competitions, most matches are instantaneous, and opportunities are fleeting. The instantaneous nature and fierce competition of sports competitions require athletes who participate in sports competitions to have a high psychological quality. It can be seen that the quality of the mental state directly determines the performance of the athletes in usual training and competition. In the process of sports, if athletes can obtain real-time changes in their mental states when they encounter various situations, they can formulate more targeted and effective training or competition strategies according to the athletes' states. For the opponent, by analyzing the opponent's psychological state during exercise, the game strategy can be adjusted in real time in a targeted manner, and the probability of winning the game can be provided. Based on this background, this paper proposes to use support vector machine (SVM) to identify the mental state of athletes during exercise. This paper first collects the data of body movements and facial expressions of athletes during training or competition. Use multimodal data to train an SVM model. Output the emotional state of athletes at different stages based on test data. In order to verify the applicability of the method in this paper to the athlete subjects, several comparative models were used in the experiment to verify the performance of the used models. The experimental results show that the accuracy rate of emotion recognition obtained by this method is more than 80%. This shows that the research in this paper has certain application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Track and field is a competitive sport with a long history, and it is one of the earliest sports that started scientific training. It is also the main source of many classic theories and methods of modern competitive training, and most of them are still in use today. The purpose of this paper is to study how to analyze and discuss the content system of physical fitness training for track and field athletes and some evaluation criteria of indicators based on artificial neural network. It also describes the BP neural network. This paper puts forward the problem of training content system and index evaluation standard, which is based on artificial neural network. Therefore, the concept and related algorithms are elaborated, and the case design and analysis are carried out. The experimental results show that the physical training method is mainly based on the transformation training method. The goal is to improve the athlete's training motivation, interest, and adaptability. The training method is relatively simple in design. According to the distribution of muscles, there are more core and trunk training methods, accounting for 23.64% of physical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve a quantitative analysis of the training effects of athletes, this paper combines machine learning algorithms to evaluate and analyze athletes' training effects and analyzes the evaluation algorithms based on machine learning interpretable models. Moreover, after analyzing a variety of algorithms, this paper selects an intelligent evaluation method suitable for this model and builds an intelligent evaluation system based on the current athletes' training needs. In addition, this paper verifies the effect of the system with the support of intelligent algorithms and experiments. The experimental research results show that the athlete training effect evaluation system based on the machine learning algorithm proposed in this paper has good results, and it can be applied to subsequent athletes' sports training evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the problem of athletes' training in sports, exploring the methods and means by which athletes can perform difficult movements in which they normally make minor training errors in order to achieve better competition results and placements. To this end, we test the explanatory and predictive effects of a theoretical model starting with planned behaviour and then use exercise planning, self-efficacy, and support as variables to develop a partial least squares regression model of sports to improve the explanation and prediction of sporting athletes' intentions and behaviour. An improved RBF network-based method for player behaviour prediction is proposed. On the basis of the RBF analysis, the number of layers and the number of neurons in the hidden layer of the network are adjusted and optimised, respectively, to improve its generalisation and learning abilities, and the athlete behaviour prediction model is given. The results demonstrate the advantages of the improved algorithm, which in turn provides a more scientific approach to the current basketball training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of computer technology, people have begun to combine virtual reality and other technologies to achieve scientific sports auxiliary training, to get rid of the state of traditional sports training purely relying on experience. The article proposes a deep learning BP neural network human body posture recognition algorithm and briefly introduces the human body motion posture. The purpose of this research was to use the powerful data processing, mining, and analysis functions of deep learning to train the massive data generated in competitive sports training and apply it to competitive sports training. It is committed to promoting the accuracy and analysis of competitive sports training. Refinement provides technical guidance for athletes' training, promotes the scientific and informatized development of competitive sports training in China, and provides some reference methods for the research and application of deep learning in competitive sports training. The article's research results show that (1) taking a rural area as an example, we recorded the exercise postures of rural athletes in five different states: static, upstairs, downstairs, walking, and running. Comparing the recognition rate and training time of The BP neural network algorithm, ABC-BP algorithm, AFS-BP algorithm, and ABC-AFS-BP algorithm, it can be found that in terms of recognition rate, ABC-AFS-BP algorithm, AFS-BP algorithm, and ABC-BP algorithm are better than traditional BP algorithm. Among them, the recognition rate of the ABC-AFS-BP algorithm is higher than that of the ABC-BP algorithm, but it takes slightly more time than the ABC-BP algorithm. In terms of training time, the ABC-BP algorithm takes less time, but the accuracy is lower than the ABC-AFS-BP algorithm; the ABC-AFS-BP algorithm has a greater improvement in time consumption than the AFS-BP model and can guarantee the recognition rate and accuracy, and the error rate curves of the four algorithms show that after 500 iterations of the training part, the iteration error value of the ABC-AFS-BP algorithm is the smallest. (2) We evaluated sports postures of athletes from a certain rural team and concluded that bad postures will have a certain impact on the body. Among them, more than 85% of athletes in football and basketball have pelvic rotation. The problem is that football players have reached 90% of the test sample. 60% of football players and basketball players have the problem of collapsed foot. The main problem of aerobic athletes is flat back and collapsed foot. More than 90% of badminton players have high and low shoulder problems, and more than 80% of them have neck problems, which is a very serious body posture problem. (3) Detecting the flexibility experiment of the BP posture detection algorithm, compared with the traditional motion posture recording method, we tested from the three aspects of recording motion accuracy, missed detection rate, and recording time. The result shows BP posture detection. The missing detection rate of the algorithm is low, basically maintained at about 2.0, the accuracy of recording actions is relatively high, generally maintained above 98%, and the highest is 99.15%, and the recording time is short, maintained at 3–4 minutes; comparing traditional posture detection with the BP attitude detection algorithm, the missed detection rate of the algorithm is relatively high, kept at 4–6, the action accuracy is lower than that of the BP attitude detection algorithm, generally kept at about 95%, and the recording time is kept at 5–6 minutes. The posture detection algorithm is more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose is to optimize the training methods of athletes and improve their competitive ability. First, the corresponding research model is established by analyzing the influencing factors of the athlete training system and combining with the dynamic nonlinear theory. Next, based on the deterministic learning theory, the dynamic nonlinear state identification model of athletes is established to obtain the state information of athletes in the process of competitive sports training and competition. Then, based on the established nonlinear state model, the nonlinear staged athlete training mode is designed. The experimental results show that the designed gait recognition algorithm based on deterministic learning can effectively collect the nonlinear signals generated by the movement process; the accuracy of gait recognition is about 90%, and it is less affected by the training and test datasets. The nonlinear staged training mode can effectively improve the overall index of maximum strength and strength endurance of tennis players, and effectively improve the training effect of players. This exploration provides a reference for the study of nonlinear competitive ability training mode of sports athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on multilayer neural network theory has developed rapidly in recent years. It has parallel processing capabilities and fault tolerance and has aroused the interest of many researchers. The neural network has made great progress in the field of control, especially in model identification and control. It has been quickly applied in the fields of device design, optimized operation, and fault analysis and diagnosis. Neural network control, as an automated control technology in the 21st century, has been fully proved by theories and practices at home and abroad, and it is very useful in complex process control. Sports psychology is a discipline that studies the psychological characteristics and laws of people engaged in sports, and it is also a new development in sports science. The main task of sports psychology is to study people's psychological processes when participating in sports, such as feeling, perception, appearance, thinking, memory, emotion, and characteristics of will and its role and significance in sports. An important feature of multilayer neural networks is to achieve results that match the expected output through network learning. It has strong self-learning, self-adaptability, and fault tolerance. The multilayer neural network system evaluation method is unique with its extraordinary ability to deal with complex nonlinear problems and does not involve human intervention. This article presents a multilayer neural network algorithm, which classifies the samples of athletes, and studies the physical education training process, the psychological characteristics of related personnel in sports competitions, such as the psychological characteristics of the formation of sports skills, and the psychological training of athletes before the game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injuries caused by falls are common among athletes. The field of sports mechanics and training are moving towards implementing green technology to evaluate the performance and training of the athletes. There is a need to understand the gait pattern of an individual for better understanding and planning. Gait analyses performed within a laboratory imposes restriction over an individual's performance, which can influence the gait pattern intended to study. A shoe-integrated sensor system provides the freedom to move the subject freely, while at the same time provides information related to the gait pattern and fall events occur. MEMS sensors integrated shoes are developed to study the gait pattern for wellness monitoring among elders. The fall is detected by comparing the amount of the pressure distribution in the respective sensors with the accelerometer placed around the ankle. In this work, the presence of the abnormality in the gait pattern and the abnormal point are analysed. A shoe system with sensor design and interface with LabVIEW are developed. In case 1, the heel pressure is 35mV, the toe pressure is 9.2mV, acceleration value is 1.3mV and fall is no fall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to bring to the fore the importance of physical training in the youth segment. Starting from the idea that physical training has an essential role in the training process of athletes, we conducted a sociological survey based on a questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed written and online to a number of 56 coaches and theorists from the Physical Education faculties specialized in handball. The research methods used during this study were: the method of analyzing specialized and interdisciplinary literature, the pedagogical observation method, the survey method, the statistical-mathematical method, the graphic method and the tabular method. The results highlighted the fact that the didactic strategies designed to plan the physical training represent a defining element in the training process of the athletes during their sports training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we all know, the dietary nutrition of athletes has a great influence on physical condition and exercise ability. A good diet pattern is the basis of a reasonable diet for athletes. It helps to improve the function and physical state of athletes. This article is aimed at studying the impact of nutritious food on athletes' training and physical health. This article proposes the relevant technology of medical image recognition, which is used to study the relationship between nutritious food and the health of volleyball players and athletes, and proposes methods such as weighing method, meal review method, and measurement method, and the purpose is to exercise nutritional research and provide new ideas and methods. In addition, 200 female volleyball players were randomly selected for comparative analysis. The experimental results in this paper show that the energy intake and energy consumption of the female intervention group maintained a balance after the intervention, and there was a significant change in the negative balance state before the intervention. The energy consumption changed from − 158.2 ± 156.2 to − 157.2 ± 129.6. The number of athletes whose weight is close to the ideal range has increased from 44.8% to 48.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proves the need to create an effective system of training athletes, which is the basis for ensuring higher achievements in sports and causes a certain rise in the field of scientific and pedagogical research on the problems of sports pedagogy, physical education, and education of youth. It urges one to optimize educational conditions for training future physical education teachers for physical and sports activities based on the latest neuropedagogical and didactic requirements. The research aims to experimentally verify the newly created or updated pedagogical conditions required to train future physical education teachers for sport and physical activity at secondary schools. Research methods are as follows: modelling, observations, tests, questionnaires, pedagogical experiment, tests determining the level of physical development, the PWCno test, anthropomorphological measurements (body weight, height, chest circumference, lung capacity), heart rate, respiratory rate; methods of mathematical statistics (Student's t-test, Pearson's ?2 criterion). The experimental group consisted of 180 respondents and the control group - 189 respondents. A high level increased by 16.5%, an average level - by 24.3%; a low level decreased by 40.8%. Conclusions. It has been found that the experimental group students have higher levels of readiness for sport and physical activity at secondary schools. Moreover, the indicated differences in the levels are not coincidental and are the result of the implementation of relevant pedagogical conditions. The international relevance of the article lies in expanding the formative and diagnostic instruction tools within the updated conditions, which corresponds to innovative technological and neuropedagogical approaches to developing a physical education teacher today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose is to improve sports training in gymnastics. at the stage of initial sports specialization. This stage is characterized by mastering the basic elements in artistic gymnastics, This implies raising the level of special physical preparation. This article discusses the issue of special physical preparation of gymnasts. Its planning, assessment and reporting is part of the management of the training process. AIM. On the basis of 38 tested 11 - 12 year old male gymnasts with 14 tests to design a 50-grade scale for assessment of special physical preparaton along the different tests. METHODS. The methods we used are: testing, registration, analysis, statistical methods (variation analysis, sigma method). RESULTS. The obtained results will be interesting for the specialists because they constitute a contemporary database, which was not available in the past. The normative tables allow for a short-time, effective assessment of each competitor for the respective indicator immediately after his testing. CONCLUSIONS. The normative tables will achieve a more focused and rational management of the training process by improving the system for control and evaluation of special physical preparation at each stage of athletes' training proses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, China's sports industry has achieved good development, but the efficiency of athletes in the training process is difficult to have scientific guarantee. How to use scientific algorithm and data mining technology to accurately guide the sports training process has become a hot spot. Based on this, this paper studies the gait recognition model of sports training based on convolutional neural network algorithm. First, this paper analyzes the research status of gait recognition in the process of training and optimizes and improves the deficiencies in sports training. Then, the convolutional neural network algorithm and data mining technology are optimized and analyzed in the gait recognition model. Finally, the experimental results show that the convolutional neural network algorithm can realize the recognition and model reconstruction of athletes' gait in the training process and can make the optimal strategy according to the gait differences of different athletes in the training process, and the recognition accuracy of athletes' gait can reach more than 97%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Simulated competition as a training tool has a relevant role in enhancement of exercise intensity, motivation and physical enjoyment. Including a competitive component into the agility training could represent another way to improve agility performance significantly more. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of agility training performed in the form of competitive exercising on agility performance. Methods: Twenty-two athletes were randomly assigned to an experimental or a control group. Both groups completed the same eight-week agility training, but only the experimental group performed exercises in the form of head-to-head competition. Prior to and after the training, agility time in the Agility Dual test (performed in pairs in the form of head-to-head competition) and Agility Single test (performed individually) was measured. In addition, simple and two-choice reaction time and speed of step initiation were also assessed. Results: A significant group × time interaction effect was observed for agility time in the Agility Dual test only (p = .002). This effect occurred in favor of experimental group (18%, p < .01). No further significant interactions were detected. Conclusions: Competitive agility training led to significant improvement of agility time under competitive conditions only. This training does not contribute to more pronounced improvements of other reaction and speed abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid technological advances in sports, the number of athletics increases gradually. For sports professionals, it is obligatory to oversee and explore the athletics pose in athletes' training. Key frame extraction of training videos plays a significant role to ease the analysis of sport training videos. This paper develops a sports actions' classification system for accurately classifying athlete's actions. The key video frames are extracted from the sports training video to highlight the distinct actions in sports training. Subsequently, a fully convolutional network (FCN) is used to extract the region of interest (ROI) pose detection of frames followed by the application of a convolution neural network (CNN) to estimate the pose probability of each frame. Moreover, a distinct key frame extraction approach is established to extract the key frames considering neighboring frames' probability differences. The experimental results determine that the proposed method showed better performance and can recognize the athlete's posture with an average classification rate of 98%. The experimental results and analysis validate that the proposed key frame extraction method outperforms its counterparts in key pose probability estimation and key pose extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many factors that affect athletes' sports performance in sports competitions. The traditional sports performance prediction method is difficult to obtain more accurate sports performance prediction results and corresponding data analysis in a short time, which is not conducive for coaches to formulate targeted and scientific training sprint plans for athletes' problems. Therefore, based on GA-BP neural network algorithm, this paper constructs a sports performance prediction model and carries out experiments and analysis. The experimental results show that GA-BP neural network algorithm has a faster convergence speed than BP neural network and can achieve the expected error accuracy in a shorter time, which overcomes the problems of the BP neural network. At the same time, different from the previous models, GA-BP neural network algorithm can get the athlete training model according to the relationship between quality training indicators and special sports training results, which can more intuitively show the advantages and disadvantages of athletes. In the final sports performance prediction results, GA-BP neural network prediction results have higher accuracy, better stability, better prediction effect, and higher application value than BP neural network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of methods to objectify the specific activities of athletes in training and competitions is not a problem studied to its true extent in wrestling. Measuring and evaluating the predictability components of competitive performance in this sport is even more important given the fact that in free and Greco-roman wrestling the elaboration of models has never been easy, due to the unquantifiable performance that performers have to achieve. Therefore, the issue is the most important field of research in the current stage in sports wrestling, before becoming an operational tool available to practitioners. The transformation of these components into figures allows obtaining results that can define the weight and impact they have in creating training and competitive models, selection models, planning, control and evaluation of the efficiency of training methods and especially the establishment of a battery of tests, usually validated by the method of factor analysis, to support periodic improvements by assimilating the progress in knowledge. From this point of view, we proposed the elaboration of the action strategy in order to increase the efficiency and highlight some components of the specific physical training model, whose materialization at the level of junior athletes decisively influenced the training activity, as a premise in obtaining the performance goals. Our experimental approach took place at the Dinamo Bucharest Sports Club, where the junior sports of the club and the national junior team trained. The training of the junior wrestlers from the Grecoroman style according to the parameters of the specific physical training model foreshadowed by us, demonstrated its efficiency and led to the modeling of the wrestling behavior and performance compatible with that of high-performance wrestlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of rehabilitation training methods after ligament injury has become an important factor restricting the future development of athletes. Therefore, the study of sports injuries and rehabilitation training methods for athletes in the new era still has important practical significance. This article mainly studies the effect of nano-ligament combined with sports rehabilitation training on the treatment effect of patients with ligament injury. In this paper, the experimental group received 10–15 minutes of rehabilitation training before each training, while the control group did not. Before and after the experiment, perform functional movement test (FMS) and Y-type balance test (YBT) to compare the differences between the physical functions of the two groups of athletes and the lower extremity exercise ability to test the effectiveness of the rehabilitation training method and help the athletes to recover quickly after injury restore. The score comparison between the two groups on the first day of treatment was p > 0.05, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups; the score comparison between the third day of treatment and four weeks after treatment was p < 0.05, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant, A the curative effect of the group was better than that of group B; the score comparison at eight weeks after treatment was p > 0.05, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. There was no significant difference between the FMS test results and the YBT test results of the experimental group before the experiment. The test results of the experimental group after the experiment were significantly higher than the control group (significant difference), indicating that rehabilitation training helps improve and improve physical exercise ability, especially for improvement. The athlete's lower extremity athletic ability has obvious effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-organization theory has become a hotspot in system engineering scientific theoretical research. However, there are few studies on autonomous adaptation to sports training from the perspective of self-organization theory, and the application of self-organizing neural network models in sports training is relatively rare. Guided by multidisciplinary knowledge and various scientific principles, this article uses modern scientific and technological achievements and adopts scientific training methods and means to implement optimal control over the entire process of sports training. Moreover, this article uses a self-organization theory that has the characteristics of new things and has been successfully used in other fields and neural network models to study sports training adaptation theory. The evaluation model of athletes' training adaptation status established by a self-organizing competitive neural network designed by self-organization principle also proves the feasibility of applying self-organization theory to sports training adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quantitative evaluation of athletic training is one of the most important issues in the sports science, and its optimization problem between fitness and fatigue has to be considered. Although fitness is the gain of athletic training and athletes can acquire extensive fitness by hard training, they cannot continue such training for a long time because of fatigue. After the hard training which exceeds the physical capacity of athletes, a delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) appears and they cannot continue the same training hereafter. Because DOMS impedes the progress of training, it must be avoided when the training plan is made. By continuing training for a long period, the performance capacity of athlete body has enhanced and they can endure hard and long training with which it could not tolerate before, and such performance capacity enhancement is called supercompensation. In a planning athletic training, its optimization problem between fitness and fatigue should be discussed considering, both DOMS and supercompensation by forming probabilistic models of fitness and fatigue, optimal training plans which maximize the total fitness during training periods and minimize the occurrence of DOMS are discussed analytically and numerically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High performance sport is important Analyse the effects of high intensity training on physical and functional capacities of elite kayakers by using the principal component analysis. The research analysed physical load during 1 year's training cycle and used principal components analysis methods and Mann–Whitney Exact Test. The Principal component analysis approach revealed highly different adaptation of both well-trained athletes to the applied physical load. The coaches should pay more attention to individual skills of athletes, as well as to individual intensity and volume of the workout during the training sessions and the recovery time and quality. The Principal component algorithm suggested for monitoring and analysing the athletes' training programs, as well as the findings of this study may be useful for planning the training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every day, tennis becomes an increasingly physical sport due to the equipment and the technology used in their construction. The material from which tennis rackets are made, the strings and balls currently used, gives the game a much higher speed. If at first, in tennis, the main skill was coordination I tend to think that nowadays the percentage of other skills, somehow balances the balance. In this paper I want to observe the difference between classical physics training and the modern method of "tennis 10" physics training in athletes 8-10 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Mindfulness improves psychological outcomes. We examined whether greater mindfulness scores were associated with reduced injury rates in soccer players, as well as improved performance at both the individual and team level.Method: This was a parallel-group, pre- and post-test, randomised controlled pilot trial. Forty-five male amateur soccer players from Tehran, Iran, were randomly assigned into experimental (n=23) and control groups (n=22). Outcomes were scores on the mindfulness sport inventory, as well as injury rates and recovery as assessed by a physiotherapist using standardised criteria. Expert observers assessed the effect on individual and team performance. Data were analysed using mixed analysis of variance and, where indicated, its non-parametric alternative, the Friedman test.Results: Significantly greater mindfulness scores in the intervention group were associated with both reduced injury and improved performance.Conclusion: Mindfulness training shows promise in preventing injury and improving performance. The intervention could be applied to other sports and be helpful in clinical settings given the importance of exercise in promoting psychological well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To foster performance across all levels of sports practice, physical training has been integrated with various mental training practices. Recently, an integrative approach to neurocognitive enhancement tried to combine the strengths of mental practices (i.e. mindfulness) and of training with neurofeedback devices. Based on previous validation studies showing the effect of a combined mindfulness–neurofeedback program on neurocognitive efficiency and stress/anxiety levels, we aimed at testing the feasibility and potential of that intensive combined program for improving psychological well-being and attention regulation in sport contexts. 50 participants (sportspeople and volunteers not regularly involved in sports) were divided into groups undergoing experimental and active control training programs. The experimental one was based on breathing-awareness practices supported by a wearable neurofeedback, while the active control one included only breathing practices. Before and after training participants underwent standardized neuropsychological and electrophysiological assessment. Data analysis highlighted a significant reduction of response times and false alarms at computerized cognitive tasks in sportspeople who completed the training, as well as a consistent improvement of the N2 event-related potential — a marker of attention regulation processes. We have also observed a general reduction of perceived stress and increased ability to keep a non-evaluative stance. Findings extend available observations on cognitive and neural effects of combined mindfulness–neurofeedback practice by showing that it is possible to observe training effects even after a limited period of practice among sportspeople. Such early training effects might mirror optimized implicit learning curves due to peculiar sensitivity to bodily signals and awareness. • Physical and mental training could be integrated to foster performance in sports practice. • Based on previous studies, we tested an intensive combined mindfulness–neurofeedback neurocognitive enhancement program. • Sportspeople and volunteers not regularly involved in sports underwent experimental and active control training programs. • Sportspeople who completed the training showed improved behavioral and physiological markers of neurocognitive efficiency. • We observed early training effects among sportspeople, which might mirror optimized implicit learning curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-modeling involves the observation of oneself on an edited videotape to show a desired performance (Dowrick & Dove, 1980). While research has investigated the effects of self-modeling on physical performance and psychological mechanisms in relation to skill acquisition (e.g., Clark & Ste-Marie, 2007), no research to date has used a qualitative approach to examine the thought processes athletes engage in during the viewing of a self-modeling video in a competitive sport environment. The purpose of this study was to explore the self-regulatory processes of ten divers who viewed a self-modeling video during competitions. After competition, the divers were asked four questions relating to the self-modeling video. Zimmerman's (2000) self-regulation framework was adopted for deductive analysis of the responses to those questions. The results indicated that a number of self-regulatory processes were employed, and they were mainly those in the forethought (75%) and self-reflection (25%) phases of Zimmerman's model. Directions for future research in self-regulation and self-modeling are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims were to assess (a) the usefulness of RESTQ-Sport in the process of training monitoring and (b) whether a change in psychological parameters is reflected by similar changes in specific biochemical parameters. The high volume training period, in general, caused increases in stress scales and decreases in recovery scales of the RESTQ-Sport, while during recovery period, stress levels declined. Cortisol was not changed during the study period, but significant increases in creatine kinase activity were found during the high training period compared to reference period. The results of the present study demonstrate that changes in training volume were reflected by changes in the RESTQ-Sport scales. A close relationship was found between cortisol and creatine kinase activity and subjective ratings of stress and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The web service is made of a variety of complex systems, but the core part is still a web service. This service maximizes the user's demand user satisfaction, the web service can be recommended according to the user's needs, the current Web service technology Not very mature, there is also an improved point in research we extracted a model, this model is the model of Hash, in which we can join the hash layer behind the full chain, by reducing the hash layer The number of nodes is low-level feature and compared with the current programs, we propose advice to network parameters in the model, because this can be used in model training, this algorithm can be left Setting the rate of learning and speeds up the speed of the model training. This model can play a very important role in the campus life, but if this model is applied to the competitive critical project, it may generate a motion damage, which occurs in this motion damage. The reason is because the intensity of the project is high, the rhythm is fast and strong, so in order to understand the damage status and damage characteristics of college students in the exercise process, we have conducted risk factors, and some precautions we can Do our best to reduce the phenomenon of sports injuries in college athletes, which is important for students' movement development. • This service maximizes the user's demand user satisfaction. • This algorithm can be left Setting the rate of learning and speeds up the speed of the model training. • Conducted risk factors, and some precautions to reduce the phenomenon of sports injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to monitor the training load and to evaluate the fluctuations of straight and change of direction sprinting during a 5-week of the preseason period in 17 non-professional soccer players. Straight 10-m sprint and 15-m zigzag sprint tests were applied six times: at the beginning and on each Friday. Monitoring of the internal training load has been achieved by the Edwards' TL and the session-RPE, while the external training load was measured by the GPS system. A general prevalence of low-intensity activities within training units and friendly matches were observed, with an increase in high-intensity activities during the last two weeks of the preseason. The performance of both sprint tests decreased during the first three weeks, becoming better at the end of the period, relative to a higher training load scheduled at the beginning of the preseason. Fluctuations in training load emerged along the five weeks with a continuous decrement from the first to the third week, while during the fourth and fifth week a moderate increase was achieved. Moreover, a very large correlation (r=0.71; p<.001) was evident between the Edwards' TL and the session-RPE, highlighting the usefulness of an easy and valid method to monitor the internal training load. In conclusion, combining the monitoring of training load and the administration of field tests lead to a better distribution of workload, done by the coaching staff, thus avoiding excessive athletes' overstressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise training consists of two main factors: load and load strength, there are great interaction and influence between each other. In the traditional training process, coaches pay more attention to the workload of training. However, intensity training did not get the attention. Coaches pay more attention to the load-bearing training, the training is limited to the "quantitative change only qualitative change, " which is the universal development of the law. However, with the practice of track and field and the development of sports science, as well as the current reality of large-scale and high-intensity competition, people's concepts are beginning to change. The emphasis of training has shifted to the intensity of training and has been combined with special training. This change has achieved good results in practice. Therefore, based on the track and field competition, the author briefly introduces the related basic theory of track and field training, focusing on the experiment of intermittent intensity training for 800m track and field athletics. Draw the conclusion that high-intensity intermittent training can significantly improve the performance of athletes, and finally put forward the intensity training strategy of athletics to improve athletes' performance. Finally, I hope the discussion in this article has certain reference value for the theoretical research and practical exploration on the intensity training of track and field in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The training multiannual process of female athletes is governed by training and education general laws, as well as training specific general principles. The sports training principles, used in female sport is distinguished by a specific content being determined by age biological development peculiarities of the female body and social-psychological factors. In continuous developing of the training system of young female athletes, a special place has the early stages of girls' pubertal development. The sudden variation of functional, emotional condition, physical work capacity at various phases of OMC, requires the mandatory development of governing principles of training effort in all sports samples, that women can practice them. Also, in female sport, along with general principles of sports training is necessary to take into account other theoretical and methodological guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Approximately two-thirds of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are sustained during noncontact situations when an athlete is cutting, pivoting, decelerating, or landing from a jump. Some investigators have postulated that fatigue may result in deleterious alterations in lower limb biomechanics during these activities that could increase the risk of noncontact ACL injuries. However, prior studies have noted a wide variation in fatigue protocols, athletic tasks studied, and effects of fatigue on lower limb kinetics and kinematics. Purpose: First, to determine if fatigue uniformly alters lower limb biomechanics during athletic tasks that are associated with noncontact ACL injuries. Second, to determine if changes should be made in ACL injury prevention training programs to alter the deleterious effects of fatigue on lower limb kinetics and kinematics. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review of the literature using MEDLINE was performed. Key terms were fatigue, neuromuscular, exercise, hop test, and single-legged function tests. Inclusion criteria were original research studies involving healthy participants, use of a fatigue protocol, study of at least 1 lower limb task that involved landing from a hop or jump or cutting, and analysis of at least 1 biomechanical variable. Results: Thirty-seven studies involving 806 athletes (485 female, 321 male; mean age, 22.7 years) met the inclusion criteria. General fatigue protocols were used in 20 investigations, peripheral protocols were used in 17 studies, and 21 different athletic tasks were studied (13 single-legged, 8 double-legged). There was no consistency among investigations regarding the effects of fatigue on hip, knee, or ankle joint angles and moments or surface electromyography muscle activation patterns. The fatigue protocols typically did not produce statistically significant changes in ground-reaction forces. Conclusion: Published fatigue protocols did not uniformly produce alterations in lower limb neuromuscular factors that heighten the risk of noncontact ACL injuries. Therefore, justification does not currently exist for major changes in ACL injury prevention training programs to account for potential fatigue effects. However, the effect of fatigue related to ACL injuries is worthy of further investigation, including the refinement of protocols and methods of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rugby has evolved more and more over time, thus, training requires a thoroughly monitored planning, on short, medium and long term. In rugby, the strength and conditioning coach is always communicating with the other coaches, as he is responsible for the physical training. Training has to be planned according to each player and the strength and conditioning coach has to be creative and possess the knowledge to create an effective periodization. Access to new technology and information provides a great variety of strength development means and methods, but those involved have to choose the optimal exercises for each player, in order for them to achieve their full potential. When coaches plan strength periodization, they always have to start from the principles and laws of strength periodization. By following the principles of strength periodization, we can avoid injuries, which happen very often in rugby. We consider that, in periodization, every coach should start from the theoretical aspects and continue with choosing the best methods. Specialized literature provides a lot more general aspects. Our paper is taking into consideration only those elements, determinant for strength periodization in rugby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental study took place over a period of 12 weeks, on a sample of 15 junior male handball players (15-17 years old) according to the following premise: Experimenting the plyometric mehod of physical training, associated with the execution of the technical procedures from the handball game. The overall conclusion of this study is that pliometric training is an effective training option when a number of conditions are met within the training process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]