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Absorption and emission spectra and emission quantum yields are given for free-base (H/sub 2/), Zn, Cu, and Pd derivatives of tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)porphyrin (TFPP). The four-orbital model is used to rationalize differences in the optical properties among the derivatives of TFPP and the same derivatives of porphine (P), octaethylporphyrin (OEP), and tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP). It is concluded from absorption data that the energy difference between the two excited singlets, i.e., /sup 1/E(a/sub 2u/,e/sug g/) - /sup 1/E(a/sub 1u/,e/sub g/), decreases along the series Pd > Cu > Zn > H/sub 2/ and also along the series OEP > P > TFPP > TPP. The theory and date are reviewed, and it is concluded that the energy difference between the two excited triplets, i.e., /sup 3/E(a/sub 2u/,e/sub g/) - /sup 3/E(a/sub 1u/,e/sub g/), also decreases along these series. However the condition of degeneracy, e.g., /sup 1/E(a/sub 2u/,e/sub g/) - /sup 1/E(a/sub 1u/,e/sub g/) = 0, occurs for different molecules in the singlet and triplet cases. Theory also suggests that if /sup 3/E(a/sub 2u/,e/sub g/) > /sup 3/E(a/sub 1u/,e/sub g), the molecule should form a /sup 2/A/sub 1u/ cation radical and if /sup 3/E(a/sub 2u/,e/sub g/) < /sup 3/E(a/sub 1u/,e/sub g/) the molecule should formmore » a /sup 2/A/sub 2u/ radical. 4 figures, 2 tables.« less

The absorption spectrum of single and oriented crystals of iodine has been investigated in the wavelength region 7000–3000 A. Four strongly polarized bands and one weakly polarized absorption band have been observed, all of which are polarized in the ac plane of the crystal. All of the absorption bands are approximately 1000 cm−1 wide. The crystal‐band theory for iodine given by Rosenberg has been extended, and the effects of exchange and of spin—orbit coupling have been qualitatively considered. Three models are discussed with varying relative importance of spin—orbit and crystal energies. These models are correlated, and the strong crystal force model is used to interpret the experimental observations.