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Context: Resistance exercise training (strength training) and aerobic exercise training are both recommended for people with type 1 diabetes, but it is unknown whether adding resistance exercise provides incremental benefits in people with this condition who already perform aerobic exercise regularly. Objective: This work aimed to evaluate the incremental effect of resistance training on glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fitness, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors in aerobically active people with type 1 diabetes. Methods: The Resistance Exercise in Already-active Diabetic Individuals (READI) trial (NCT00410436) was a 4-center, randomized, parallel-group trial. After a 5-week run-in period with diabetes management optimization, 131 aerobically active individuals with type 1 diabetes were randomly assigned to resistance exercise (n= 71, intervention—INT) or control (n=60, CON) for 22 additional weeks. Both groups maintained their aerobic activities and were provided dietary counseling throughout. Exercise training was 3 times per week at community-based facilities. The primary outcome was HbA1c, and secondary outcomes included fitness (peak oxygen consumption, muscle strength), body composition (anthropometrics, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, computed tomography), and cardiometabolic risk markers (lipids, apolipoproteins). Assessors were blinded to group allocation. Results: There were no significant differences in HbA1c change between INT and CON. Declines in HbA1c (INT: 7.75±0.10% [61.2±1.1 mmol/ mol] to 7.55 ±0.10% [59±1.1 mmol/mol]; CON: 7.70±0.11% [60.7±1.2 mmol/mol] to 7.57±0.11% [59.6±1.3 mmol/mol]; intergroup difference in change −0.07 [95% CI, −0.31 to 0.18]). Waist circumference decreased more in INT than CON after 6 months (P=.02). Muscular strength increased more in INT than in CON (P<.001). There were no intergroup differences in hypoglycemia or any other variables. Conclusion: Adding resistance training did not affect glycemia, but it increased strength and reduced waist circumference, in aerobically active individuals with type 1 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes is associated with hypertension and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In adults, blood pressure (BP) responses to exercise are predictive of these complications. To determine if the hemodynamic response to exercise is exaggerated in youth with dysglycemia (DG) compared with normoglycemic overweight/obese (OB) and healthy weight (HW) controls a cross-sectional comparison of BP and heart rate (HR) responses to graded exercise to exhaustion in participants was performed. DG and OB youth were matched for age, BMI z-score, height and sex. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured every 2 min, and HR was measured every 1 min. SBP was higher in OB and DG compared with HW youth at rest (p < .001). Despite working at lower relative workloads compared with HW, the BP response was elevated during exercise in OB and DG. For similar HR and oxygen consumption rates, BP responses to exercise were slightly higher in OB and DG compared with HW. OB and DG youth both display elevated resting and exercise BP relative to HW peers. Obesity may play a greater role than dysglycemia in the exaggerated BP response to exercise in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fear of hypoglycemia is a common barrier to exercise and physical activity for individuals with type 1 diabetes. While some of the earliest studies in this area involved only one or two participants, the link between exercise, exogenous insulin, and hypoglycemia was already clear, with the only suggested management strategies being to decrease insulin dosage and/or consume carbohydrates before and after exercise. Over the past 50 years, a great deal of knowledge has been developed around the impact of different types and intensities of exercise on blood glucose levels in this population. Recent decades have also seen the development of technologies such as continuous glucose monitors, faster-acting insulins and commercially available insulin pumps to allow for the real-time observation of interstitial glucose levels, and more precise adjustments to insulin dosage before, during and after activity. As such, there are now evidence-based exercise and physical activity guidelines for individuals with type 1 diabetes. While the risk of hypoglycemia has not been completely eliminated, therapy recommendations have evolved considerably. This review discusses the evolution of the knowledge and the technology related to type 1 diabetes and exercise that have allowed this evolution to take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Closed-loop systems for patients with type 1 diabetes are progressing rapidly. Despite these advances, current systems may struggle in dealing with the acute stress of exercise. Algorithms to predict exercise-induced blood glucose changes in current systems are mostly derived from data involving relatively young, fit males. Little is known about the magnitude of confounding variables such as sex, age, and fitness level—underlying, uncontrollable factors that might influence blood glucose control during exercise. Sex-related differences in hormonal responses to physical exercise exist in studies involving individuals without diabetes, and result in altered fuel metabolism during exercise. Increasing age is associated with attenuated catecholamine responses and lower carbohydrate oxidation during activity. Furthermore, higher fitness levels can alter hormonal and fuel selection responses to exercise. Compounding the limited research on these factors in the metabolic response to exercise in type 1 diabetes is a limited understanding of how these variables affect blood glucose levels during different types, timing and intensities of activity in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Thus, there is currently insufficient information to model a closed-loop system that can predict them accurately and consistently prevent hypoglycemia. Further, studies involving both sexes, along with a range of ages and fitness levels, are needed to create a closed-loop system that will be more precise in regulating blood glucose during exercise in a wide variety of individuals with T1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex-related differences in metabolic and neuroendocrine response to exercise in individuals without diabetes have been well established. Men and women differ in fuel selection during exercise, in which women rely to a greater extent on fat oxidation, whereas males rely mostly on carbohydrate oxidation for energy production. The difference in fuel selection appears to be mediated by sex-related differences in hormonal (including catecholamines, growth hormone, and estrogen) response to different types and intensities of exercise. In general, men exhibit an amplified counter-regulatory response to exercise, with elevated levels of catecholamines compared with women. However, women exhibit greater sensitivity to the lipolytic action of the catecholamines and deplete less of their glycogen stores than men during exercise, which suggests that women may experience a greater defense in blood glucose control after exercise than men. Conversely, little is known about sex-related differences in response to exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A single study investigating sex-related differences in response to moderate aerobic exercise in individuals with T1D found sex-related differences in catecholamine response and fuel selection, but changes in blood glucose were not measured. To our knowledge, there are no studies investigating sex-related differences in blood glucose responses to different types and intensities of exercise in individuals with T1D. This review summarizes sex-related differences in exercise responses that could potentially impact blood glucose levels during exercise in individuals with T1D and highlights the need for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of physical activity or exercise for health management in individuals with diabetes, prediabetes and controlling blood glucose level. Topics discussed include types of exercises and their benefits, management of food and insulin and preventing exercise induced hypoglycemia through continuous glucose monitoring.

Aims Conflicting evidence exists regarding the benefits of physical activity for long-term blood glucose control in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The object of this systematic review was to determine the effects of physical activity on long-term blood glucose control in T1D adults. Methods PubMed/Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, SPORTdiscus, Global Health and ICTRP were searched up to October 2013 for randomized trials of aerobic or resistance exercise training in T1D adults. Exercises had to be performed at least twice weekly for a minimum of two months. The primary outcome was glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ). Secondary outcomes included cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin dose. Results Six randomized trials were identified (323 adults); sample sizes ranged from n = 6 to n = 148 participants receiving the intervention. Five trials had an unknown risk of bias; one trial was deemed to be at high risk of bias. Exercise frequency varied from twice weekly to daily, with intensities (50–90% VO 2peak ), and session durations (20–120 min) varying widely. Four trials reported HbA 1c , which decreased with exercise training (mean difference [MD] −0.78% (−9 mmol/mol), 95% CI −1.14 (−13 mmol/mol) to −0.41 (−5 mmol/mol); p < 0.0001; I 2 0%) compared with controls. Exercise training improved cardiorespiratory fitness by 3.45 ml/kg/min (95% CI 0.59 to 6.31, p = 0.02, I 2 0%) compared with controls. One trial reported an effect on insulin dose (MD −0.4 U/kg, 95% CI −0.53 to −0.27, p < 0.00001) compared to controls. Conclusion There are currently insufficient well-designed studies to ascertain the true effect of exercise training on HbA 1c in individuals with T1D, but current results are promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]