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While the dopaminergic system is important for cognitive processes, it is also sensitive to the influence of physical activity (PA). We summarize current evidence on whether PA-related changes in the human dopaminergic system are associated with alterations in cognitive performance, discuss recent advances, and highlight challenges and opportunities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the heightened risk of developmental challenges associated with preterm birth, it is crucial to explore interventions that may ameliorate potential adverse outcomes. This study aimed to examine whether meeting the 24-h movement behavior (24-HMB) guidelines, which include recommendations on physical activity (PA), screen time (ST), and sleep (SL), is related to indicators of cognitive difficulties, internalizing problems (e.g. depression and anxiety), and externalizing problems (e.g. difficulties in making friends and arguing) in a sample of preterm youth (children and adolescents born preterm). Method: In this cross-sectional study, data from 3410 preterm youth (aged 6 to 17 years) were included for data analyses. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate associations between meeting the 24-HMB guidelines and the above-mentioned health outcomes, while controlling for sociodemographic and health-related factors. Results: The prevalence of meeting 24-HMB guidelines varied across independent and integrated components of the 24-HMB guidelines. Meeting the ST guideline alone (p < 0.05) and integrated guidelines (i.e. ST + SL and ST + SL + PA) were associated with fewer cognitive difficulties and reduced internalizing and externalizing problems (p < 0.05). Specifically, meeting the SL guideline alone and integrated guidelines (i.e. SL + ST) were associated with lower odds of depression and anxiety (p < 0.01). Additionally, meeting independent, and integrated (PA and/or ST) guidelines were associated with less pronounced difficulties in making friends and arguing (p < 0.05). Meeting 24-HMB guidelines in an isolated and integrated manner are linked to better cognitive performance and fewer internalizing and externalizing problems in preterm youth. Conclusion: Results suggest that advocating for the implementation of the 24-HMB guidelines may reduce cognitive challenges and behavioral issues, which is of high relevance for improving public health. Future longitudinal studies in preterm youth should investigate how modifying specific 24-HMB behaviors, especially ST, influence cognitive difficulties, internalizing and externalizing problems in this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preserving health and physical fitness is critical to ensure independent living across the lifespan. Lower levels of physical fitness are associated with age-related cognitive decline and a higher prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Thus, this study investigates the influence of a six-month dance intervention on selected measures of physical fitness in older adults with MCI. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 55 patients with MCI were randomized into a sportive dance training (IG; n = 26; age: 70.7 ± 5.6 years; 62% female) or an inactive control group (CG; n = 24; age: 69.1 ± 6.8 years; 46% female). The dance group received two 90 min dance training sessions per week over a duration of six-months, which focused on learning dance movement patterns. During the training sessions, heart rate was measured to control exercise intensity. Physical fitness was assessed using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), lower limb functional fitness via sit-to-stand test, handgrip strength, and heart rate variability (HRV). Results: We observed that the dance intervention preserved the cardiorespiratory fitness as measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during CPET, which decreased in the CG. Furthermore, participants in the IG demonstrated increases in leg and handgrip strength, although these were not statistically significant. HRV displayed a non-significant decrease following the intervention. Conclusions: The results of this randomized controlled trial suggest that sportive dance training can preserve elements of physical fitness (i.e., cardiorespiratory fitness) in older adults with MCI. Although improvements in the other parameters (i.e., leg and handgrip strength) were statistically non-significant, likely due to the small sample size, stabilizing muscular fitness and preventing age-related decline in older adults with MCI is important for maintaining functional independence. For future studies, we recommend a longer training duration paired with precise control of regular physical activity levels, an important confounding factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This systematic review summarized the current state of the literature on the effects of digital and home-based physical training interventions on adults' cognitive performance. • The overall evidence concerning the effectiveness of digital and home-based physical training interventions on measures of cognitive performance is currently rather mixed. • A detailed analysis suggests that especially home-based interventions using online classes and technology-based exercise devices (i.e., step-based exergames) can be a promising approach to improve cognitive performance in healthy older adults, although this finding needs to be treated cautiously due to the limited number of available studies. • We propose a classification framework for digital and home-based physical training interventions. • We advocate for further high-quality studies evaluating the effectiveness of digital and home-based physical training interventions on cognitive performance in different cohorts. There is mounting evidence that regular physical activity is an important prerequisite for healthy cognitive aging. Consequently, the finding that almost one-third of the adult population does not reach the recommended level of regular physical activity calls for further public health actions. In this context, digital and home-based physical training interventions might be a promising alternative to center-based intervention programs. Thus, this systematic review aimed to summarize the current state of the literature on the effects of digital and home-based physical training interventions on adult cognitive performance. In this pre-registered systematic review (PROSPERO; ID: CRD42022320031), 5 electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Library) were searched by 2 independent researchers (FH and PT) to identify eligible studies investigating the effects of digital and home-based physical training interventions on cognitive performance in adults. The systematic literature search yielded 8258 records (extra 17 records from other sources), of which 27 controlled trials were considered relevant. Two reviewers (FH and PT) independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using a modified version of the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise (TESTEX scale). Of the 27 reviewed studies, 15 reported positive effects on cognitive and motor-cognitive outcomes (i.e., performance improvements in measures of executive functions, working memory, and choice stepping reaction test), and a considerable heterogeneity concerning study-related, population-related, and intervention-related characteristics was noticed. A more detailed analysis suggests that, in particular, interventions using online classes and technology-based exercise devices (i.e., step-based exergames) can improve cognitive performance in healthy older adults. Approximately one-half of the reviewed studies were rated as having a high risk of bias with respect to completion adherence (≤85%) and monitoring of the level of regular physical activity in the control group. The current state of evidence concerning the effectiveness of digital and home-based physical training interventions is mixed overall, though there is limited evidence that specific types of digital and home-based physical training interventions (e.g., online classes and step-based exergames) can be an effective strategy for improving cognitive performance in older adults. However, due to the limited number of available studies, future high-quality studies are needed to buttress this assumption empirically and to allow for more solid and nuanced conclusions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant portion of emerging adults do not achieve recommended levels of physical activity (PA). Previous studies observed associations between features of emerging adulthood and PA levels, while the potential psychological mechanisms that might explain this phenomenon are not fully understood. In this context, there is some evidence that situated decisions toward physical activity (SDPA) and exercise-intensity tolerance might influence PA level. To provide empirical support for this assumption, the current study investigated whether (i) features of emerging adulthood are linked to SDPA, which, in turn, might affect PA engagement; (ii) exercise-intensity tolerance moderate the relationship between SDPA and PA level; and (iii) SDPA is a mediator of the relationship between features of emerging adulthood and PA levels under the prerequisite that exercise-intensity tolerance moderates the link between SDPA and PA engagement. In this study a group of 1,706 Chinese college students was recruited and asked to complete a set of questionnaires assessing their SDPA, PA levels, exercise-intensity tolerance, and features associated with emerging adulthood, namely Self-exploration, Instability, and Possibility. Our results indicated that SDPA positively predicted PA levels and this relationship became stronger when exercise-intensity tolerance was used as a moderator. Furthermore, it was observed that individuals with a higher level of Instability and a lower level of Possibility during emerging adulthood exhibited a lower level of SDPA. Taken together, the results of our study provide further insights on a potential psychological mechanism linking features of emerging adulthood and physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is insufficient evidence available to make solid conclusions concerning gaze-fixation-based measures. • The current evidence on the relationships between pupillometric indices, as proxies of the noradrenergic system, acute physical exercise, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cognitive performance is mixed. • Physical training- or fitness-related changes of the cerebrovascular system (i.e., operationalized via changes in retinal vasculature) are, in general, positively associated with cognitive performance improvements. • Acute and chronic physical exercises have a positive effect on oculomotor-based measures of executive function (i.e., operationalized via antisaccade tasks). • The positive association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive performance is partly mediated by the dopaminergic system operationalized via the spontaneous eye-blink rate. There is a growing interest to understand the neurobiological mechanisms that drive the positive associations of physical activity and fitness with measures of cognitive performance. To better understand those mechanisms, several studies have employed eye-based measures (e.g., eye movement measures such as saccades, pupillary measures such as pupil dilation, and vascular measures such as retinal vessel diameter) deemed to be proxies for specific neurobiological mechanisms. However, there is currently no systematic review providing a comprehensive overview of these studies in the field of exercise-cognition science. Thus, this review aimed to address that gap in the literature. To identify eligible studies, we searched 5 electronic databases on October 23, 2022. Two researchers independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using a modified version of the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise (TESTEX scale, for interventional studies) and the critical appraisal tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute (for cross-sectional studies). Our systematic review (n = 35 studies) offers the following main findings: (a) there is insufficient evidence available to draw solid conclusions concerning gaze-fixation-based measures; (b) the evidence that pupillometric measures, which are a proxy for the noradrenergic system, can explain the positive effect of acute exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness on cognitive performance is mixed; (c) physical training- or fitness-related changes of the cerebrovascular system (operationalized via changes in retinal vasculature) are, in general, positively associated with cognitive performance improvements; (d) acute and chronic physical exercises show a positive effect based on an oculomotor-based measure of executive function (operationalized via antisaccade tasks); and (e) the positive association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive performance is partly mediated by the dopaminergic system (operationalized via spontaneous eye-blink rate). This systematic review offers confirmation that eye-based measures can provide valuable insight into the neurobiological mechanisms that may drive positive associations between physical activity and fitness and measures of cognitive performance. However, due to the limited number of studies utilizing specific methods for obtaining eye-based measures (e.g., pupillometry, retinal vessel analysis, spontaneous eye blink rate) or investigating a possible dose–response relationship, further research is necessary before more nuanced conclusions can be drawn. Given that eye-based measures are economical and non-invasive, we hope this review will foster the future application of eye-based measures in the field of exercise-cognition science. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging adulthood (EA) is a critical stage of life to develop and sustain a healthy lifestyle, which is also a time of vulnerability to poor physical and mental health outcomes. In this study, we conducted a path analysis (N = 1326) to examine associations among four dimensions of EA, levels of regular physical activity (PA), self-control, MPA tendency and irrational procrastination. Results found: 1) higher levels of PA predicted both MPA tendency (β = -0.08, 95% CI: -0.11 to -0.06, p < 0.001) and irrational procrastination (β = -0.01, 95% CI: -0.17 to -0.008, p < 0.01) indirectly via self-control; 2) Instability (β = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.18, p < 0.01) and Responsibility (β = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.10 to -0.08, p = 0.03) exerted direct effects on irrational procrastination and Instability also indirectly predicted irrational procrastination via MPA tendency (β = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.05, p < 0.01). These findings proved that perceived features of EA are linked to behavioral problems and supported that regular PA plays a crucial role to protect mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence-based 24-h movement behavior (24-HMB) guidelines have been developed to integrate recommendations for the time spent on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. For children and adolescents, these 24-HMB guidelines recommend a maximum of two hours of recreational screen time (as part of sedentary behavior), a minimum of 60 min per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and an age-appropriate sleep duration (9–11 h for 5 to 13-year-olds; 8–10 h for 14 to 17-year-olds). Although adherence to the guidelines has been associated with positive health outcomes, the effects of adhering to the 24-HMB recommendations have not been fully examined in children and adolescents with attention eficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Therefore, this study examined potential associations between meeting the 24-HMB guidelines and indicators of cognitive and social difficulties in children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods: Cross-sectional data on 3470 children and adolescents with ADHD aged between 6 and 17 years was extracted from the National Survey for Children's Health (NSCH 2020). Adherence to 24-HMB guidelines comprised screen time, physical activity, and sleep. ADHD-related outcomes included four indicators; one relating to cognitive difficulties (i.e., serious difficulties in concentrating, remembering, or making decisions) and three indicators of social difficulties (i.e., difficulties in making or keeping friends, bullying others, being bullied). Logistic regression was performed to determine the associations between adherence to 24-HMB guidelines and the cognitive and social outcomes described above, while adjusting for confounders. Results: In total, 44.8% of participants met at least one movement behavior guideline, while only 5.7% met all three. Adjusted logistic regressions further showed that meeting all three guidelines was associated with lower odds of cognitive difficulties in relation to none of the guidelines, but the strongest model included only screen time and physical activity as predictors (OR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.12–0.53, p <.001). For social relationships, meeting all three guidelines was associated with lower odds of difficulty keeping friends (OR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.21–0.97, p =.04) in relation to none of the guidelines. Meeting the guideline for screen time was associated with lower odds of being bullied (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.39–0.97, p =.04) in relation to none of the guidelines. While screen time only, sleep only and the combination of both were associated with lower odds of bullying others, sleep alone was the strongest predictor (OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.26–0.76, p =.003) in relation to none of the guidelines. Conclusion: Meeting 24-HMB guidelines was associated with reduced likelihood of cognitive and social difficulties in children and adolescents with ADHD. These findings highlight the importance of adhering to healthy lifestyle behaviors as outlined in the 24-HMB recommendations with regard to cognitive and social difficulties in children and adolescents with ADHD. These results need to be confirmed by longitudinal and interventional studies with a large sample size. Highlights: Meeting the combination of all three 24-HMB guidelines, or a combination of screen time and physical activity, was associated with reduced odds of serious difficulties in concentrating, remembering, or making decisions. Meeting the combination of all three 24-HMB guidelines was associated with reduced odds of difficulties making and keeping friends. Meeting the 24-HMB guideline for screen time was associated with reduced odds of being bullied. Meeting the individual guidelines for screen time or sleep duration or a combination of both was associated with reduced odds of bullying others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A focus on lifestyle interventions for improving quality of life among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder may be particularly warranted as children with autism spectrum disorder are known to engage in poorer health behaviors, including low levels of physical activity, high levels of sedentary behaviors, and inadequate sleep patterns. • Overall, 452 participants (45.34%) met 1 of the 3 recommendations, 216 (22.65%) met 2 recommendations, whereas only 39 participants (5.04%) met all 3 recommendations. • Importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle as a key factor in promoting and preserving the quality of life (greater learning interest/curiosity and adaptive ability, whereas lower odds of repeating grades, being bullied, and presenting behavioral problems) of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. The Canadian 24-hour movement behavior (24-HMB) guidelines suggest that a limited amount of screen time use, an adequate level of physical activity (PA), and sufficient sleep duration are beneficial for ensuring and optimizing the health and quality of life (QoL) of children and adolescents. However, this topic has yet to be examined for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) specifically. The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to examine the associations between meeting 24-HMB guidelines and several QoL-related indicators among a national sample of American children and adolescents with ASD. Data were taken from the 2020 U.S. National Survey of Children's Health dataset. Participants (n = 956) aged 6–17 years and currently diagnosed with ASD were included. The exposure of interest was adherence to the 24-HMB guidelines. Outcomes were QoL indicators, including learning interest/curiosity, repeating grades, adaptive ability, victimization by bullying, and behavioral problems. Categorical variables were described with unweighted sample counts and weighted percentages. Age, sex, race, preterm birth status, medication, behavioral treatment, household poverty level, and the educational level of the primary caregivers were included as covariates. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to present the strength of association between adherence to 24-HMB guidelines and QoL-related indicators. Overall, 452 participants (45.34%) met 1 of the 3 recommendations, 216 (22.65%) met 2 recommendations, whereas only 39 participants (5.04%) met all 3 recommendations. Compared with meeting none of the recommendations, meeting both sleep duration and PA recommendations (OR = 3.92, 95%CI: 1.63–9.48, p < 0.001) or all 3 recommendations (OR = 2.11, 95%CI: 1.03–4.35, p = 0.04) was associated with higher odds of showing learning interest/curiosity. Meeting both screen time and PA recommendations (OR = 0.15, 95%CI: 0.04–0.61, p < 0.05) or both sleep duration and PA recommendations (OR = 0.24, 95%CI: 0.07–0.87, p < 0.05) was associated with lower odds of repeating any grades. With respect to adaptive ability, participants who met only the PA recommendation of the 24-HMB were less likely to have difficulties dressing or bathing (OR = 0.11, 95%CI: 0.02–0.66, p < 0.05) than those who did not. For participants who met all 3 recommendations (OR = 0.38, 95%CI: 0.15–0.99, p = 0.05), the odds of being victimized by bullying was lower. Participants who adhered to both sleep duration and PA recommendations were less likely to present with severe behavioral problems (OR = 0.17, 95%CI: 0.04–0.71, p < 0.05) than those who did not meet those guidelines. Significant associations were found between adhering to 24-HMB guidelines and selected QoL indicators. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle as a key factor in promoting and preserving the QoL of children with ASD. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vision health is crucial for many aspects of life especially in developing populations such as children and adolescents. However, there is a high proportion of children and adolescents who suffer from visual impairments. Notably, accumulating evidence indicates that meeting the 24-hour movement behaviors (24-HMB) guidelines is associated with positive physical and mental health outcomes in children and adolescents. However, the relationship between being prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and meeting the 24-HMB guidelines has yet to be investigated. Thus, this study aimed to address this gap in the existing literature by using the 2021 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) dataset. In this cross-sectional study, data was retrieved from the 2021 NSCH. A total of 14,193 U.S. children and adolescents aged between 6 and 17 years were included for data analyses. We used items of the NSCH concerning the 24-HMB guidelines (i.e., physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration) and prescription of eyeglasses/contact lenses that were answered by the legal guardian of the children. Binary logistic regression was performed to investigate whether meeting the 24-HMB guidelines is associated with prescription eyeglasses/contact lenses and whether wearing eyeglasses/contact lenses predicts adherence to the 24-HMB guidelines among children and adolescents. More than half of the participants (59.53%) wore eyeglasses/contact lenses and only 8.40% of them met all three of the 24-HMB guidelines. Compared to meeting none of the 24-HMB guidelines, meeting one (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.62–0.93, p = 0.008), two (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.43–0.67, p < 0.001), and all three 24-HMB guidelines (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.34–0.64, p < 0.001) were associated with a lower risk of being prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses among children and adolescents. The findings of the current study provided evidence that the prevalence of U.S. children and adolescents aged between 6 and 17 years who wore eyeglasses/contact lenses was relatively high. Furthermore, meeting the 24-HMB guidelines was associated with a lower risk of being prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses. Future studies focusing on the effects of 24-HMB interventions on vision health among children and adolescents are needed to better inform public health actions. • Among 14,193 children and adolescents, 59.53% of the selected sample were prescribed to wear eyeglasses/contact lenses. • Meeting the 24-HMB guidelines was associated with a lower risk of being prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses among children and adolescents. • The protective effect of healthy lifestyle behaviors as recommended in the 24-HMB guidelines increased with the number of the 24-HMB recommendations met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The different responses of humans to an apparently equivalent stimulus are called interindividual response variability. This phenomenon has gained more and more attention in research in recent years. The research field of exercise-cognition has also taken up this topic, as shown by a growing number of studies published in the past decade. In this perspective article, we aim to prompt the progress of this research field by (i) discussing the causes and consequences of interindividual variability, (ii) critically examining published studies that have investigated interindividual variability of neurocognitive outcome parameters in response to acute physical exercises, and (iii) providing recommendations for future studies, based on our critical examination. The provided recommendations, which advocate for a more rigorous study design, are intended to help researchers in the field to design studies allowing them to draw robust conclusions. This, in turn, is very likely to foster the development of this research field and the practical application of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the prevalence of meeting 24-h movement behavior (24-HMB: physical activity [PA], screen time [ST], and sleep duration [SL]) guidelines in U.S. children and adolescents (youth) with prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety, followed by an investigation on its associated prevalence across specific demographic variables (e.g., ethnicity, highest level of education of household members). Youth (N = 1729) who were prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and had anxiety were included in this cross-sectional study. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine the odds ratio of meeting 24-HMB guidelines when considering specific sociodemographic factors. Most participants met some proportion of 24-HMB guidelines, with 407 participants (23.54%) meeting two guidelines (PA + ST, PA + SL, and ST + SL), while 103 participants (5.96%) met three guidelines (PA + ST + SL). Furthermore, youth with prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety demonstrated a significantly lower prevalence of meeting the combined guidelines (PA + SL, ST + SL, and PA + ST + SL) in relative to the age-matched group without prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety (ps < 0.001). Only a small percentage of the U.S. youth with prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety met the combined components of 24-HMB guidelines (especially compared with participants without prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety). Thus, there is a strong need for public health initiatives to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors in this vulnerable population including higher levels of regular physical activity, lower time spent sedentary and appropriate sleep duration. • A large percentage of youth with prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety failed to meet the integrated components of the 24-HMB guidelines. • Considering the low adherence to PA guideline and ST guideline, future public health actions should aim to reduce screen time and increase physical activity. • Encouraging youth with prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety to follow 24-HMB guidelines might support their overall healthy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, it is well recognized that both acute physical exercises and regular physical training influence brain plasticity and cognitive functions positively. However, growing evidence shows that the same physical exercises induce very heterogeneous outcomes across individuals. In an attempt to better understand this interindividual heterogeneity in response to acute and regular physical exercising, most research, so far, has focused on non-modifiable factors such as sex and different genotypes, while relatively little attention has been paid to exercise prescription as a modifiable factor. With an adapted exercise prescription, dosage can be made comparable across individuals, a procedure that is necessary to better understand the dose–response relationship in exercise–cognition research. This improved understanding of dose–response relationships could help to design more efficient physical training approaches against, for instance, cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social support is a crucial factor that can facilitate regular engagement in physical activity. To assess the influence of social factors on the level of regular physical activity, the Physical Activity and Social Support Scale (PASSS) has been developed. However, the PASSS has yet to be validated in a Chinese sample of established adults. To address this gap in the literature, this study describes the development and psychometric evaluation of a Chinese version of the PASSS (PASSS-C) for established adults. PASSS-C was validated for a Chinese sample of adults aged between 30 and 45 years old (N = 1799). Structural validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM). Spearman's correlations between the PASSS-C and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF), the Social Support Rating Scale - Chinses Version (SSRS-C), and the Affective Exercise Experience Scale - Chinese Version (AFFEXX-C) were determined to examine the criterion validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficients and McDonald's omega coefficients were used to assess the internal consistency of the total scale and sub-scales of the PASSS-C. The results of the CFA suggest that the five-factor model had an acceptable fit (CFI = 0.99, GFI = 0.99, SRMR = 0.01, RMSEA = 0.02). Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega for the PASSS-C and its sub-scales ranged from 0.81 to 0.96. The results indicate that the PASSS-C has acceptable psychometric properties. Thus, the scale can be used to assess the levels of social support for physical activity in Chinese established adults. • The Physical Activity and Social Support Scale - Chinese version (PASSS-C) is a valid tool among Chinese established adults. • PASSS-C has predicted PA levels more strongly compared to the Social Support Rating Scale - Chinese Version. • Residential status and educational level affect the perceived social support related to PA among Chinese established adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian 24-hour movement behavior (24-HMB) guidelines recommend an adequate level of physical activity (PA), a limited amount of screen time (ST), and a sufficient sleep duration (SLP) to promote the healthy development of children. Although the positive effects of adhering to the 24-HMB guidelines have been established for several health parameters, less is known about how adherence to the 24-HMB guidelines relates to the myopia risk (i.e., inability to see distant objects properly). Thus, this study investigated associations between meeting 24-HMB guidelines and myopia risk in school-aged children. Using a questionnaire survey, this cross-sectional study was conducted among parents of school-aged children (5–13 years) in China from 15th September to 15th October 2022, with a total of 1423 respondents with complete data for analysis. Parents reported their child's time spent in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), SLP, and ST. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between measures of PA, ST, and SLP alone and in combination, and the occurrence of myopia. A relatively low percentage of the children being included in the current study (4.92%) met all 24-HMB guidelines, while 32.46% had myopia. Girls had a significantly higher risk of myopia compared to boys (OR = 1.3, 1.002 to 1.68, p = 0.049). Children of parents without myopia had a lower risk of myopia (OR = 0.45, 0.34–0.59, p < 0.001). Children who lived in urban areas (OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.33 to 2.52, p < 0.001) or towns (OR = 1.60, 1.03 to 2.47, p = 0.04) had a significantly higher risk of myopia compared to those living in rural areas. Meeting SLP guidelines (OR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.82, p < 0.01), meeting ST + SLP guidelines (OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.32–0.69, <0.001), and meeting all three guidelines were associated with significantly lower risk of myopia (OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.20–0.82, p = 0.01). Meeting more 24-HMB guidelines was associated with a reduced risk of myopia. Our data suggest that adhering to SLP, ST + SLP, and ST + SLP + PA guidelines is associated with the risk of myopia. Future research investigating dose-response associations, and potential mechanisms, is necessary to achieve a more nuanced understanding of the observed associations. • A relatively low percentage of the children (4.92%) met all 24-HMB guidelines, while 32.46% had myopia. • Children of parents without myopia had a lower risk of myopia. Children who lived in urban areas or towns had a significantly higher risk of myopia compared to those living in rural areas. • Adhering to SLP, ST + SLP, and ST + SLP + PA guidelines may lower the risk of myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate the cognitive benefits of breaking up prolonged sitting by acute physical exercises. We developed a search protocol based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis checklist (PROSPERO, CRD42021224949). A systematic literature search was performed in six electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Library) to identify randomized controlled trials with a within-subjects cross-over and a pre-posttest design that examined the effects of physical exercise breaks during 3–5 h of prolonged sitting on cognitive performance (e.g., executive function, attention, and memory function). Additionally, study quality was rated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Thirteen randomized controlled trials with a total of 295 participants (171 female and 124 male) were included in this systematic review. Of these studies, nine were included in our meta-analysis. The results indicated that during prolonged sitting, acute physical exercise breaks did not affect overall cognitive performance, with small between-study heterogeneity (I2<25%). This is further supported by the subgroup analyses showing no differences in effect sizes between cognitive domains and different exercise intensities. Our findings suggest that the current evidence on interrupting prolonged sitting by acute physical exercise breaks is not univocal and that some heterogeneity exists concerning the exercise protocols exists (e.g., exercise intensity, frequency of the acute physical exercise breaks). Thus, future studies are needed to investigate whether the effectiveness of acute physical exercise breaks on cognitive performance might change as a function of different mediators (e.g., exercise characteristics, age, sleep patterns). In summary, acute physical exercise breaks during prolonged sitting allow the integration of regular physical activity in daily routines (i.e., through acute physical exercise breaks) without compromising the performance of cognitively demanding tasks. • We summarized the existing literature on the effects of acute physical exercise breaks on cognition during prolonged sitting. • The evidence concerning the effects of interrupting prolonged sitting by acute physical exercise breaks on cognition is mixed. • Future trials investigating the effects of acute physical exercise breaks on cognition during prolonged sitting are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: the current study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity (PA) level and inhibitory control performance and then to determine whether this association was mediated by multiple sleep parameters (i.e., subjective sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep disturbance). Methods: 180 healthy university students (age: 20.15 ± 1.92 years) from the East China Normal University were recruited for the present study. PA level, sleep parameters, and inhibitory control performance were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale (PSQI), and a Stroop test, respectively. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: A higher level of PA was linked to better cognitive performance. Furthermore, higher subjective sleep quality and sleep efficiency were associated with better inhibitory control performance. The mediation analysis revealed that subjective sleep quality and sleep efficiency mediated the relationship between PA level and inhibitory control performance. Conclusion: our results are in accordance with the literature and buttress the idea that a healthy lifestyle that involves a relatively high level of regular PA and adequate sleep patterns is beneficial for cognition (e.g., inhibitory control performance). Furthermore, our study adds to the literature that sleep quality and sleep efficiency mediates the relationship between PA and inhibitory control performance, expanding our knowledge in the field of exercise cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For cognitive processes to function well, it is essential that the brain is optimally supplied with oxygen and blood. In recent years, evidence has emerged suggesting that cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics can be modified with physical activity. To better understand the relationship between cerebral oxygenation/hemodynamics, physical activity, and cognition, the application of state-of-the art neuroimaging tools is essential. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is such a neuroimaging tool especially suitable to investigate the effects of physical activity/exercises on cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics due to its capability to quantify changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb) non-invasively in the human brain. However, currently there is no clear standardized procedure regarding the application, data processing, and data analysis of fNIRS, and there is a large heterogeneity regarding how fNIRS is applied in the field of exercise–cognition science. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current methodological knowledge about fNIRS application in studies measuring the cortical hemodynamic responses during cognitive testing (i) prior and after different physical activities interventions, and (ii) in cross-sectional studies accounting for the physical fitness level of their participants. Based on the review of the methodology of 35 as relevant considered publications, we outline recommendations for future fNIRS studies in the field of exercise–cognition science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate associations of meeting 24-h movement behavior (24-HMB: physical activity [PA], screen time [ST] in the school-aged youth, and sleep) guidelines with indicators of academic engagement, psychological functioning, and cognitive function in a national representative sample of U.S. youth. In this cross-sectional study, 1794 participants aged 6 to 17 years old were included for multivariable logistic regression to determine the above-mentioned associations, while adjusting for sociodemographic and health covariates. The proportion of participants who met 24-HMB guideline(s) varied greatly (PA+ ST+ sleep = 34 [weighted 1.17 %], PA + ST = 23 [weighted 1.72 %], PA + sleep = 52 [weighted 2.15 %], PA = 34 [weighted 2.88 %], ST = 142 [weighted 7.5 %], ST+ sleep = 209 [weighted 11.86 %], sleep = 725 [weighted 35.5 %], none = 575 [weighted 37.22 %]). Participants who met ST guideline alone and integrated (ST + Sleep and ST + sleep + PA) guidelines demonstrated the consistently beneficial associations with learning interest/curiosity, caring for school performance, completing required homework, resilience, cognitive difficulties, self-regulation (ps < 0.05). Meeting 24-HMB guidelines in an isolated or integrative manner was associated with improved academic engagement, psychological functioning, and reduced cognitive difficulties. These findings highlight the importance of the promotion of 24-HMB guidelines in youth with internalizing problems. Future longitudinal studies are needed to investigate whether changes or modifications of meeting specific 24-HMB guidelines (especially ST) is beneficial for youth with internalizing problems. • A low number of them meets the 24-HMB guidelines. • Those who meet more components of the 24-HMB guidelines have better academic performance and psychological functioning. • ST is an important factor influencing measures of mental health and academic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]