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A novel bacterial strain, designated CSW-10 T , isolated from a freshwater pond in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed yellow-coloured colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7, and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain CSW-10 T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Sphingomonas . The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain CSW-10 T was most closely related to Sphingomonas fonticola TNR-2 T (97.6%). Strain CSW-10 T showed 69.8-70.7% average nucleotide identity and 19.0-23.0% digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with the strains of other related Sphingomonas species. The major fatty acids of strain CSW-10 T were summed feature 8 (C 18:1 ω 7 c and/or C 18:1 ω 6 c ) and C 17:1 ω 6 c . The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, one uncharacterized sphingoglycolipid, five uncharacterized aminophospholipids, one uncharacterized phospholipid and one uncharacterized lipid. The predominant polyamines were homospermidine and spermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. Genomic DNA G+C content of strain CSW-10 T was 62.0 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain CSW-10 T should represent a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas , for which the name Sphingomonas lacunae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CSW-10 T (=BCRC 81190 T =LMG 31340 T ).

A bacterial strain, designated FSY-8 T , was isolated from a freshwater mesocosm in Taiwan and characterized using the polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells of strain FSY-8 T were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and formed yellow coloured colonies on Reasoner's 2A agar. Growth occurred at 20-40 °C (optimum, 30-37 °C) and pH 5-7 (optimum, pH 6) and in the presence of 0-0.5 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %, w/v). The major fatty acids (>10 %) of strain FSY-8 T were summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1  ω 7 c and/or C 18 : 1  ω 6 c ) and summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1  ω 7 c and/or C 16 : 1  ω 6 c ). The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, sphingoglycolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, an uncharacterized aminophospholipid, an uncharacterized glycolipid and an uncharacterized lipid. The major polyamine was spermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The DNA G+C content was 64.8 mol %. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain FSY-8 T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Novosphingobium . Strain FSY-8 T showed 71.6-77.2 % average nucleotide identity and 19.9-22.8 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with the strains of other Novosphingobium species. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain FSY-8 T should be classified in a novel species of the genus Novosphingobium , for which the name Novosphingobium ovatum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FSY-8 T (=BCRC 81051 T =LMG 30053 T =KCTC 52812 T ).

A novel bacterial strain, designated TBM-1 T , isolated from a freshwater lake in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain TBM-1 T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Ideonella . Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain TBM-1 T was most closely related to Ideonella dechloratans CCUG 30898 T with 98.4 % sequence similarity. The average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain TBM-1 T and closely related strains of the genus Ideonella were 74.4-77.5 %, 69.7-75.4 % and 19.8-21.8 %, respectively, supporting that strain TBM-1 T represents a novel species of the genus Ideonella . Cells were Gram-stain-negative, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, rod-shaped and formed blue colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 6 and 0 % NaCl. The predominant fatty acids of strain TBM-1 T were summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1   ω7 c and/or C 16 : 1   ω6 c ), C 18 : 1   ω7 c and C 16 : 0 . The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, two uncharacterized aminophospholipids and two uncharacterized phospholipids. The main polyamine was putrescine. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The estimated genome size was 5.26 Mb, with an average G+C content of 70.0 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain TBM-1 T should be classified in a novel species of the genus Ideonella , for which the name Ideonella livida sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TBM-1 T (=BCRC 81199 T =LMG 31339 T ).

Bacterial strain CCP-6 T , isolated from a freshwater pond in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and an up-to-date bacterial core gene set (92 protein clusters) indicated that strain CCP-6 T is affiliated with species in the genus Rhodovarius . Strain CCP-6 T was most closely related to Rhodovarius lipocyclicus CCUG 44693 T with a 98.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed light pink-coloured colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 6 and in the absence of NaCl. The major fatty acids of strain CCP-6 T were C 18 : 1 ω 7 c , C 16 : 0 and C 19 : 0 cyclo ω 8 c . The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified aminophospholipids and an unidentified phospholipid. The predominant polyamine was spermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 69.3 mol%. Strain CCP-6 T showed 85.8% average nucleotide identity and 14.5% digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with Rhodovarius lipocyclicus CCUG 44693 T . On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain CCP-6 T represents a novel species in the genus Rhodovarius , for which the name Rhodovarius crocodyli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CCP-6 T (=BCRC 81095 T =LMG 30310 T =KCTC 62188 T ).

Haematopoiesis is an essential process that evolved in multicellular animals. At the heart of this process are haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are multipotent and self-renewing, and generate the entire repertoire of blood and immune cells throughout an animal's life 1 . Although there have been comprehensive studies on self-renewal, differentiation, physiological regulation and niche occupation in vertebrate HSCs, relatively little is known about the evolutionary origin and niches of these cells. Here we describe the haematopoietic system of Botryllus schlosseri, a colonial tunicate that has a vasculature and circulating blood cells, and interesting stem-cell biology and immunity characteristics 2-8 . Self-recognition between genetically compatible B. schlosseri colonies leads to the formation of natural parabionts with shared circulation, whereas incompatible colonies reject each other 3,4,7 . Using flow cytometry, whole-transcriptome sequencing of defined cell populations and diverse functional assays, we identify HSCs, progenitors, immune effector cells and an HSC niche, and demonstrate that self-recognition inhibits allospecific cytotoxic reactions. Our results show that HSC and myeloid lineage immune cells emerged in a common ancestor of tunicates and vertebrates, and also suggest that haematopoietic bone marrow and the B. schlosseri endostyle niche evolved from a common origin.