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A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated BPTF-M20T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment in the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea. Strain BPTF-M20T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BPTF-M20T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Pseudoruegeria species. Strain BPTF-M20T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.4–98.3 % to the type strains of Pseudoruegeria haliotis , Pseudoruegeria lutimaris , ‘ Pseudoruegeria litorisediminis’ and Pseudoruegeria sabulilitoris and 96.4–96.9 % to the type strains of the other Pseudoruegeria species. Strain BPTF-M20T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain BPTF-M20T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain BPTF-M20T was 63.2 mol%. Mean DNA–DNA relatedness values of strain BPTF-M20T with the type strains of P. haliotis , P. lutimaris , P. sabulilitoris and ‘P. litorisediminis’ were 18–27 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic data, revealed that strain BPTF-M20T was separated from recognized Pseudoruegeria species. On the basis of the data presented here, strain BPTF-M20T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pseudoruegeria , for which the name Pseudoruegeria insulae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BPTF-M20T (=KACC 19614T=KCTC 62422T=NBRC 113188T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated MYP2-2T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of a squid (Todarodes pacificus) collected from the East Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain MYP2-2T grew optimally at 30–35 °C and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain MYP2-2T belonged to the genus Vitellibacter . Strain MYP2-2T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 95.4–96.6 % to the type strains of Vitellibacter species and of less than 94.5 % to the type strains of other recognized species examined. Strain MYP2-2T contained menaquinone MK-6 as the predominant respiratory quinone and iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain MYP2-2T were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain MYP2-2T was 41.6 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain MYP2-2T is separated from recognized species of the genus Vitellibacter . On the basis of the data presented, strain MYP2-2T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Vitellibacter , for which the name Vitellibacter todarodis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MYP2-2T (=KCTC 62141T=NBRC 113025T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, DBTF-13T, which was isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea in South Korea, was characterized taxonomically. Strain DBTF-13T grew optimally at 25–30 °C and pH 7.0–8.0, and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain DBTF-13T formed an evolutionary lineage independent of other genera, including the genera Pseudooctadecabacter and Octadecabacter . Strain DBTF-13T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 96.9 % to the type strain of Pseudooctadecabacter jejudonensis , and of 95.8–96.5 % to the type strains of Octadecabacter species. Strain DBTF-13T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1 ω7c and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain DBTF-13T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain DBTF-13T was 61.6 mol%. The chemotaxonomic data and other differential phenotypic properties made it reasonable to differentiate strain DBTF-13T from the genera Pseudooctadecabacter and Octadecabacter . On the basis of the data presented, strain DBTF-13T constitutes a new genus and species within the class Alphaproteobacteria , for which the name Aestuariibius insulae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DBTF-13T (=KACC 19432T=NBRC 113038T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, DBTF-15T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment on the Yellow Sea in South Korea. Strain DBTF-15T grew optimally at 25–30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain DBTF-15T joined the cluster comprising the type strains of species of the genus Palleronia . Strain DBTF-15T exhibited higher 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values to the type strains (96.5–96.7 %) of Maribius pelagius and Maribius salinus than to those (94.6–96.1 %) of the three species of the genus Palleronia . It exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of less than 93.9 % to the type strains of the other recognized species. Strain DBTF-15T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain DBTF-15T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain DBTF-15T was 68.7 mol%. The chemotaxonomic data and other differential phenotypic properties made it possible to distinguish strain DBTF-15T from the genera Maribius and Palleronia . On the basis of the data presented, strain DBTF-15T constitutes a novel genus and species within the class Alphaproteobacteria , for which the name Pseudomaribius aestuariivivens gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DBTF-15T (=KACC 19431T=NBRC 113039T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated AH-MY3T, was isolated from a tidal flat on Aphae island of the south-western sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain AH-MY3T grew optimally at 35 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AH-MY3T joined the cluster comprising the type strains of Yeosuana aromativorans, Snuella lapsa and Meridianimaribacter flavus, showing sequence similarities of 93.9, 93.7 and 92.6 %, respectively. Strain AH-MY3T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.0–94.7 % to the type strains of ‘Aestuariibaculum scopimerae’, Winogradskyella aquimaris, Winogradskyella poriferorum and Gaetbulibacter aestuarii. Strain AH-MY3T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone. The fatty acid and polar lipid profiles of strain AH-MY3T could be distinguished from those of the type strains of phylogenetically related taxa. The DNA G+C content of strain AH-MY3T was 37 mol%. The phylogenetic data and differential chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties revealed that strain AH-MY3T represents a novel genus and species within the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Aestuariivivens insulae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Aestuariivivens insulae is AH-MY3T ( = KCTC 42350T = NBRC 110723T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated OITF-22T, was isolated from a tidal flat of Oido, an island of South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain OITF-22T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain OITF-22T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Polaribacter species. Strain OITF-22T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.2–99.4 % to the type strains of Polaribacter vadi , P. haliotis , P. atrinae , P. dokdonensis , P. litorisediminis, P. reichenbachii , P. irgensii and P. marinaquae , and of 93.0–96.9 % to the type strains of the other Polaribacter species. Strain OITF-22T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain OITF-22T were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain OITF-22T was 32.3 mol% and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of the eight phylogenetically most closely related Polaribacter species were 9–32 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain OITF-22T is separated from recognized species of the genus Polaribacter . On the basis of the data presented, strain OITF-22T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Polaribacter , for which the name Polaribacter insulae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OITF-22T (=KCTC 52658T=NBRC 112706T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated KEM-106T, was isolated from water of an estuary environment on the Yellow Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain KEM-106T grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 1.0–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KEM-106T belonged to the genus Algoriphagus , clustering with the type strains of Algoriphagus litorisediminis and Algoriphagus aquaemixtae. Strain KEM-106T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 96.5, 96.2 and 96.0 % to the type strains of Algoriphagus boritolerans , A. litorisediminis and A. aquaemixtae, respectively, and of 92.5–95.8 % to the type strains of the other Algoriphagus species. Strain KEM-106T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The DNA G+C content of strain KEM-106T was 42.7 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain KEM-106T is separated from recognized species of the genus Algoriphagus . On the basis of the data presented, strain KEM-106T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Algoriphagus , for which the name Algoriphagus marisflavi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KEM-106T (=KCTC 52979T=NBRC 112904T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, motile and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, JDTF-113T, was isolated from a tidal flat in Jindo, an island of South Korea. Strain JDTF-113T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that strain JDTF-113T fell within the clade enclosing the type strains of species of the genus Alteromonas . Strain JDTF-113T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.1–98.1 % to the type strains of Alteromonas lipolytica , Alteromonas litorea , Alteromonas mediterranea , Alteromonas confluentis , Alteromonas hispanica , Alteromonas genovensis and Alteromonas marina , and of 94.8–96.9 % to those of the other species of the genus Alteromonas . Strain JDTF-113T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain JDTF-113T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain JDTF-113T was 51.1 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of seven closely phylogenetically related species of the genus Alteromonas were was 10–23 %. The differential phenotypic properties and phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness support strain JDTF-113T being separated from species of the genus Alteromonas with validly published names . On the basis of the data presented, strain JDTF-113T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Alteromonas , for which the name Alteromonas aestuariivivens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JDTF-113T (=KCTC 52655T=NBRC 112708T).

A bacterial strain, DBTF-3T, was isolated from a tidal flat of Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic trees of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DBTF-3T belonged to the genus Polaribacter. Strain DBTF-3T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.1–98.1% to type strains of P. dokdonensis, P. haliotis, P. marinaquae, P. insulae, P. vadi, P. glomeratus, P. irgensii and P. reichenbachii, and 94.0–96.9% to those of the other Polaribacter species. DNA–DNA relatedness values of strain DBTF-3T with type strains of P. marinaquae and P. insulae were 14–19%. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain DBTF-3T and type strains of six other Polaribacter species were 76.5–83.5% and 20.9–27.1%, respectively. Strain DBTF-3T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone, and iso-C15:0, summed feature 3, iso-C15:1 G and iso-C15:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain DBTF-3T is separated from Polaribacter species. On the basis of the data presented, strain DBTF-3T (= KACC 19612T = NBRC 113191T) represents a novel species of the genus Polaribacter, for which the name Polaribacter aestuariivivens sp. nov. is proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid-, ovoid- or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated SSKS-13T, was isolated from sediment sampled at the junction between the ocean and a freshwater spring at Jeju island, Republic of Korea. Strain SSKS-13T grew optimally at 37 °C and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SSKS-13T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Altererythrobacter species, clustering with the type strains of Altererythrobacter lauratis , Altererythrobacter palmitatis and Altererythrobacter buctensis having 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.2–97.6 %. Strain SSKS-13T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of less than 97.0 % to the type strains of the other recognized species. Strain SSKS-13T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain SSKS-13T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and sphingoglycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain SSKS-13T was 64.6 mol%. The mean DNA–DNA relatedness values of strain SSKS-13T with the type strains of A. lauratis , A. palmitatis and A. buctensis were 11.7–25.3 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic data, proved that strain SSKS-13T is distinct from recognized Altererythrobacter species. On the basis of the data presented here, strain SSKS-13T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Altererythrobacter , for which the name Altererythrobacter aquimixticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SSKS-13T (=KACC 19863T=KCTC 62900T=NBRC 113545T).

A lipolytic, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated BPTF-M16T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment on the Yellow Sea in the Republic of Korea. Strain BPTF-M16T grew optimally at 30 °C and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BPTF-M16T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Altererythrobacter species. Strain BPTF-M16T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.0 and 97.1 % to the type strains of Altererythrobacter ishigakiensis and A ltererythrobacter marinus , respectively, and of less than 97.0 % to the type strains of the other recognized species. Strain BPTF-M16T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain BPTF-M16T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid and one unidentified glycolipid. Mean DNA–DNA relatedness values of strain BPTF-M16T with the type strains of A. ishigakiensis and A. marinus were 22 and 13 %, respectively. The average nucleotide identity value between strain BPTF-M16T and the type strain of A. ishigakiensis was 76.80 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic data, revealed that strain BPTF-M16T is separated from recognized Altererythrobacter species. On the basis of the data presented here, strain BPTF-M16T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Altererythrobacter , for which the name Altererythrobacter insulae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BPTF-M16T (=KCTC 62421T=KACC 19609T=NBRC 113190T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, motile by gliding and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated YKTF-7T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment on the Yellow Sea, South Korea. Strain YKTF-7T grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0, at 30-37 °C and in the presence of 0.5-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YKTF-7T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Pontibacter, clustering with the type strains of Pontibacterodishensis and Pontibacterkorlensis with which it exhibited 98.0-98.7 % sequence similarity. Strain YKTF-7T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 94.7-96.8 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Pontibacter and of less than 91.7 % to those of other recognized species. Strain YKTF-7T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B) and iso-C15 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain YKTF-7T was 54.0 mol%, and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of P. odishensis and P. korlensis were 25 and 14 %, respectively. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain YKTF-7T is separated from recognized species of the genus Pontibacter. On the basis of the data presented, strain YKTF-7T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pontibacter, for which the name Pontibacterlitorisediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YKTF-7T(=KCTC 52252T=NBRC 112298T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, non-spore-forming bacterial strain motile by gliding, designated RSS1-6T, was isolated from a golden sea squirt Halocynthia aurantium and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain RSS1-6T grew optimally at 30-37 °C and in the presence of 1.0-4.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RSS1-6T fell within the clade comprising species of the genus Tenacibaculum, clustering with the type strains of Tenacibaculum discolor, Tenacibaculum litoreum and Tenacibaculum gallaicum with which it exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.5-99.5 %. Strain RSS1-6T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain RSS1-6T were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified lipids, one unidentified aminophospholipid and one unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content was 32.5 mol% and the mean DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of T. discolor, T. litoreum and T. gallaicum were 17.3-25.2 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain RSS1-6T is separated from other recognized species of the genus Tenacibaculum. On the basis of the data presented, strain RSS1-6T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tenacibaculum, for which the name Tenacibaculum ascidiaceicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RSS1-6T ( = KCTC 42702T = NBRC 111225T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, RA1-3T, was isolated from a sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) collected from the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Strain RA1-3T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RA1-3T clustered with the type strains of three species of the genus Octadecabacter, showing 97.54-98.41 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Sequence similarities to other recognized species were less than 96.97 %. Strain RA1-3T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain RA1-3T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain RA1-3T was 56 mol% and DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of Octadecabacter temperatus, Octadecabacter antarcticus and Octadecabacter arcticus were 13-24 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain RA1-3T is separated from other recognized species of the genus Octadecabacter. On the basis of the data presented, strain RA1-3T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Octadecabacter, for which the name Octadecabacter ascidiaceicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RA1-3T ( = KCTC 42605T = CECT 8868T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated MA4-5T, was isolated from ark shell (Scapharca broughtonii) collected from the South Sea, South Korea. The novel strain grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MA4-5T forms a coherent cluster with the type strains of Roseovarius albus, Roseovarius aestuarii and Roseovarius nubinhibens, sharing 97.0–99.2 % sequence similarity. It exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 93.1–96.1 % to the type strains of other Roseovarius species. Strain MA4-5T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain MA4-5T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain MA4-5T was 53.8 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of R. albus, R. aestuarii and R. nubinhibens were 11–26 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, indicated that strain MA4-5T is separate from recognized species of the genus Roseovarius. On the basis of the data presented, strain MA4-5T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Roseovarius, for which the name Roseovarius scapharcae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MA4-5T ( = KCTC 42703T = NBRC 111226T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated SSK3-2T, was isolated from the locality where the ocean and a freshwater spring meet at Jeju island, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain SSK3-2T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SSK3-2T clustered with the type strain of Primorskyibacter sedentarius, with which it exhibited 97.3 % sequence similarity. Strain SSK3-2T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain SSK3-2T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain SSK3-2T was 60.6 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness value with P. sedentarius JCM 16874T was 19 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain SSK3-2T is separated from P. sedentarius. On the basis of the data presented, strain SSK3-2T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Primorskyibacter, for which the name Primorskyibacter insulae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SSK3-2T ( = KCTC 42602T = CECT 8871T).

A lipolytic bacterial strain, designated BPTF-M5T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea in Republic of Korea, and identified by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. It was Gram negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod shaped. Strain BPTF-M5T grew optimally at 30 °C and in the presence of 2.0–3.0% (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BPTF-M5T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Pseudoruegeria species. The novel strain exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value (98.6%) to Pseudoruegeria marinistellae SF-16T. Strain BPTF-M5T exhibited sequence similarities of 97.0–98.5% to the type strains of five other Pseudoruegeria species and of less than 96.1% to other recognized species. Strain BPTF-M5T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. Phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified glycolipid were detected as major polar lipids in the novel strain. The DNA G + C content of strain BPTF-M5T was 63.3 mol%. DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain BPTF-M5T and the type strains of the six Pseudoruegeria species were 11.0–24.3%. The phenotypic properties of strain BPTF-M5T were clearly distinguished from those of the type strains of the six Pseudoruegeria species. Based on the polyphasic data presented, strain BPTF-M5T represents a novel species of the genus Pseudoruegeria, for which the name Pseudoruegeria litorisediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BPTF-M5T (= KCTC 62420T = KACC 19613T = NBRC 113189T).

A bacterial strain, designated GM-8T, which was isolated from seawater around Pohang in Republic of Korea, was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. It was lipolytic, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid, or rod-shaped. Strain GM-8T grew optimally at 30 °C and in the presence of 2.0–3.0% (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees of 16S rRNA gene sequences based on three algorithms showed that strain GM-8T joined the clade comprising the type strains of Zhongshania species. The novel strain exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value (98.6%) to Zhongshania borealis CL-AS9T and sequence similarities of 97.7–98.3% to the type strains of three other Zhongshania species. Strain GM-8T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C17:1 ω8c, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), and C18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acids. Phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine were major polar lipids found in strain GM-8T and the type strain of Zhongshania antarctica. The DNA G + C content of strain GM-8T was 50.9 mol%. Mean DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain GM-8T and the type strains of four other Zhongshania species were 13.3–20.3%. Its differential phenotypic traits, together with the phylogenetic and genetic evidences, revealed that strain GM-8T is distinct from recognized species of the genus Zhongshania. On the basis of the data presented, strain GM-8T represents a novel species of the genus Zhongshania, for which the name Zhongshania ponticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GM-8T (= KCTC 62425T = KACC 19616T = NBRC 113193T).

A lipolytic, Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile and pleomorphic bacterial strain, designated W-SW3T, was isolated from seawater around Wando, an island of South Korea, and its taxonomic position was determined using a polyphasic approach. Its optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7.0–8.0 and 2.0–4.0% (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain W-SW3T belonged to the genus Roseovarius of the family Rhodobacteraceae, by showing the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value (97.3%) to the type strain of Roseovarius nanhaiticus. Strain W-SW3T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 93.2–95.6% to the type strains of the other Roseovarius species. Ubiquinone-10 was found as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:1ω7c and C16:0 were found as the major fatty acids. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified aminolipid were major polar lipids detected. The DNA G + C content of strain W-SW3T was 63.9 mol%. Mean DNA–DNA relatedness values of strain W-SW3T with the type strains of R. nanhaiticus and R. antarcticus were 18 and 9%, respectively. The phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic data, made it possible strain W-SW3T to be separated from other recognized species of the genus Roseovarius. On the basis of the data presented, strain W-SW3T represents a novel species of the genus Roseovarius, for which the name Roseovarius ponticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is W-SW3T (= KCTC 62424T = KACC 19615T = NBRC 113186T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, OITF-57T, which was isolated from a tidal flat sediment in South Korea, was characterized taxonomically. Strain OITF-57T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0% (w/v) NaCl. Strain OITF-57T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value (94.2%) to the type strain of Pontivivens insulae forming a cluster in the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree. In the maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and the phylogenetic tress based on gyrB sequences, strain OITF-57T formed evolutionary lineages independent of those of other taxa. Strain OITF-57T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain OITF-57T were phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G + C content of strain OITF-57T was 66.0 mol%. The chemotaxonomic data and other differential phenotypic properties made it possible to distinguish strain OITF-57T from the genus Pontivivens and other phylogenetically related genera. On the basis of the data presented, strain OITF-57T constitutes a new genus and species within the class Alphaproteobacteria, for which the name Pseudopontivivens aestuariicola gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OITF-57T (= KACC 19570T = CGMCC 1.13481T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacterial strain, SSK2-2T, was isolated from the place where the ocean and a freshwater spring meet at Jeju island, South Korea. Strain SSK2-2T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SSK2-2T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Maribacter, joining the type strain of Maribacter sedimenticola with which it shared 99.4 % similarity. Sequence similarities to the type strains of other Maribacter species were 94.6–98.2 %. Strain SSK2-2T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain SSK2-2T were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain SSK2-2T was 38.2 mol% and mean levels of DNA–DNA relatedness with the type strains of four phylogenetically related species of the genus Maribacter were 11–24 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain SSK2-2T is separate from other Maribacter species. On the basis of the data presented, strain SSK2-2T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Maribacter, for which the name Maribacter confluentis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SSK2-2T ( = KCTC 42604T = CECT 8869T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated GYSW-23T, was isolated from seawater off Geoje island in the South Sea, South Korea. Strain GYSW-23T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of approximately 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain GYSW-23T forms a distinct evolutionary lineage independent of other taxa of the family Rhodobacteraceae. It exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.0, 93.5, 93.4 and 93.4 % to the type strains of Roseovarius aestuarii, Ruegeria marina, Roseovarius pacificus and Oceanicola litoreus, respectively, and 93.6 % to ‘Actibacterium atlanticum’ 22II-S11-z10. Strain GYSW-23T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain GYSW-23T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified aminolipid. The fatty acid and polar lipid profiles of strain GYSW-23T were distinguishable from those of the phylogenetically related taxa. The DNA G+C content of strain GYSW-23T was 60.6 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties, strain GYSW-23T is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Rhodobacteraceae, for which the name Pontivivens insulae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Pontivivens insulae is GYSW-23T ( = KCTC 42458T = CECT 8812T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated TYO-19T, was isolated from an oyster collected from the South Sea in South Korea, and was subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Strain TYO-19T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 1.0–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain TYO-19T belonged to the genus Winogradskyella, clustering coherently with the type strain of Winogradskyella epiphytica. Strain TYO-19T exhibited a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value of 99.7 % to W. epiphytica KMM 3906T and 94.2–96.9 % to the type strains of other species of the genus Winogradskyella. Strain TYO-19T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15[hairsp] :[hairsp] 1 G, iso-C17[hairsp] :[hairsp] 0 3-OH, iso-C15[hairsp] :[hairsp] 0 and anteiso-C15[hairsp] :[hairsp] 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain TYO-19T were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content was 39.0 mol% and the mean DNA–DNA relatedness value with the type strain of W. epiphytica was 59 ± 4.3 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain TYO-19T is separated from recognized species of the genus Winogradskyella. On the basis of the data presented, strain TYO-19T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Winogradskyella, for which the name Winogradskyella crassostreae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TYO-19T ( = KCTC 42462T = NBRC 110924T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain W-BA8T, was isolated from a brown algae reservoir on the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain W-BA8T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5 and in the presence of 1.0–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain W-BA8T clustered with the type strains of species of the genus Lacinutrix. Strain W-BA8T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.9–96.5 % to the type strains of Lacinutrix species and of less than 95.8 % to the type strains of other recognized species. Strain W-BA8T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as major fatty acids. The polar lipid profile of strain W-BA8T contained phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified lipids and one unidentified glycolipid as major components. The DNA G+C content of strain W-BA8T was 35 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain W-BA8T is separated from other species of the genus Lacinutrix. On the basis of the data presented, strain W-BA8T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lacinutrix, for which the name Lacinutrix undariae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is W-BA8T ( = KCTC 42176T = CECT 8671T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, non-gliding and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated TYO-8T, was isolated from an oyster collected from the South Sea in South Korea. Strain TYO-8Tgrew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that strain TYO-8Tfell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genusLutibacter, clustering coherently with the type strain ofLutibacter litoraliswith a sequence similarity of 99.3 %. Strain TYO-8Texhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 95.3–97.5 % to the type strains of other species of the genusLutibacterand of less than 92.9 % to the type strains of other species with validly published names. Strain TYO-8Tcontained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 03-OH and iso-C15 : 1G as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain TYO-8Twere phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain TYO-8Twas 33.8 mol% and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains ofL. litoralis,Lutibacter aestuariiandLutibacter flavuswere 13–27 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain TYO-8Tis distinct from other species of the genusLutibacter. On the basis of the data presented, strain TYO-8Tis considered to represent a novel species of the genusLutibacter, for which the nameLutibacter crassostreaesp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TYO-8T( = KCTC 42461T = NBRC 110923T).

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, motile and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated MA2-16T, was isolated from ark shell (Scapharca broughtonii) collected from the South Sea, South Korea. Strain MA2-16T was found to grow optimally at 30°C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0% (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain MA2-16T clustered with the type strain of Sedimentitalea nanhaiensis. The novel strain exhibited a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value of 97.1% to the type strain of S. nanhaiensis. In the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on gyrB sequences, strain MA2-16T formed an evolutionary lineage independent of those of other taxa. Strain MA2-16T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:1 ω7c and 11-methyl C18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain MA2-16T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain MA2-16T was 57.7 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of S. nanhaiensis and some phylogenetically related species of the genera Leisingera and Phaeobacter were 13–24%. On the basis of the data presented, strain MA2-16T is considered to represent a novel genus and novel species within the family Rhodobacteraceae, for which the name Aliisedimentitalea scapharcae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MA2-16T (=KCTC 42119T =CECT 8598T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated BS-W9T, was isolated from a tidal flat of the South Sea, South Korea. Strain BS-W9T grew optimally at 25–30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of approximately 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that strain BS-W9T clustered with the type strain of Halocynthiibacter namhaensis , showing a highest sequence similarity of 97.3 %. It exhibited sequence similarity values of less than 95.6 % to the type strains of other species with validly published names. Strain BS-W9T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the predominant fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain BS-W9T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The fatty acid and polar lipid profiles of strain BS-W9T were distinguished from those of the type strains of H. namhaensis and other phylogenetically related genera. The DNA G+C content of strain BS-W9T was 53.2 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness value with H. namhaensis RA2-3T was 14 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties, strain BS-W9T is considered to represent a novel genus and species within the family Rhodobacteraceae , for which the name Pseudohalocyntiibacter aestuariivivens gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Pseudohalocyntiibacter aestuariivivens is BS-W9T ( = KCTC 42348T = CECT 8726T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated BG-MY13T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment on the South Sea, South Korea. Strain BG-MY13T grew optimally at 30–35 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BG-MY13T falls within the cluster comprising the type strains of species of the genus Gramella . Strain BG-MY13T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequ4ence similarity values of 96.9–97.8 % to the type strains of Gramella echinicola , Gramella gaetbulicola , Gramella portivictoriae and Gramella marina and of 94.6–96.5 % to the type strains of other species of the genus Gramella with validly published names. Strain BG-MY13T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain BG-MY13T was 38.9 mol% and DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of G. echinicola , G. gaetbulicola , G. portivictoriae and G. marina were 12–23 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain BG-MY13T is separated from other species of the genus Gramella . On the basis of the data presented, strain BG-MY13T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Gramella , for which the name Gramella aestuariivivens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BG-MY13T ( = KCTC 42285T = NBRC 110677T).

A Gram-stain-negative, flagellated, aerobic and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated HJTF-7T, was isolated from a tidal flat on the South Sea of South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain HJTF-7T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain HJTF-7T joined the cluster comprising the type strains of species of the genera Spongiibacter and Zhongshania . Strain HJTF-7T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 90.4–92.5 % to the type strains of species of the genera Spongiibacter and Zhongshania and of less than 91.5 % to the type strains of other recognized species. Strain HJTF-7T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone. The major fatty acids were iso-C17 : 1ω9c, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, iso-C11 : 0 3-OH and C17 : 1ω8c and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The fatty acid and polar lipid profiles of strain HJTF-7T were distinct from those of members of the genera Spongiibacter and Zhongshania . The DNA G+C content of strain HJTF-7T was 55.9 mol%. The phylogenetic data and differential chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties revealed that strain HJTF-7T represents a novel genus and species within the class Gammaproteobacteria , for which the name Litorivivens lipolytica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Litorivivens lipolytica is HJTF-7T ( = KCTC 42157T = CECT 8654T).

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated W-SW2T, was isolated from seawater in the South Sea of South Korea. The novel strain grew optimally at pH 7.0–8.0, at 25 °C and in the presence of approximately 2 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain W-SW2Tfell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genusLoktanella, clustering and sharing the highest sequence similarity value (96.3 %) with the type strain ofLoktanella koreensis. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values between strain W-SW2Tand the type strains of the other species of the genusLoktanellawere in the range 93.1–96.0 %. The DNA G+C content of strain W-SW2Twas 55.9 mol%. Strain W-SW2Tcontained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7cas the predominant fatty acid. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain W-SW2Tis separated phylogenetically from other species of the genusLoktanella. On the basis of the data presented, strain W-SW2Tis considered to represent a novel species of the genusLoktanella, for which the nameLoktanella ponticolasp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is W-SW2T( = KCTC 42133T = NBRC 110409T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, aerobic and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated J-MS1T, was isolated from seashore sand in the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain J-MS1T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C and pH 7.0–8.0. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain J-MS1T belonged to the genus Rheinheimera , clustering coherently with the type strain of Rheinheimera chironomi and sharing 98.34 % sequence similarity. Strain J-MS1T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 94.26–96.98 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Rheinheimera . In the phylogenetic trees based on gyrB sequences, strain J-MS1T clustered with the type strain of R. chironomi , with which it shared the highest sequence similarity (86.97 %). Strain J-MS1T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain J-MS1T and in the type strain of R. chironomi were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain J-MS1T was 49.8 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness value with R. chironomi LMG 23818T was 12 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain J-MS1T is separated from recognized species of the genus Rheinheimera . On the basis of the data presented, strain J-MS1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Rheinheimera , for which the name Rheinheimera arenilitoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is J-MS1T ( = KCTC 42112T = CECT 8623T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated GJSW-31T, was isolated from seawater from the South Sea, South Korea. The novel strain grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that strain GJSW-31T clustered with the type strains of species of the genus Litoreibacter . Strain GJSW-31T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 95.2–98.5 % to the type strains of species of the genus Litoreibacter and sequence similarities of less than 96.18 % to type strains of the other species with validly published names. Strain GJSW-31T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain GJSW-31T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain GJSW-31T was 62.5 mol% and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of Litoreibacter albidus , Litoreibacter janthinus , Litoreibacter meonggei and Litoreibacter ascidiaceicola were 13–23 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain GJSW-31T is separate from other species of the genus Litoreibacter . On the basis of the data presented, strain GJSW-31T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Litoreibacter , for which the name Litoreibacter ponti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GJSW-31T ( = KCTC 42114T = NBRC 110379T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated JSSK-17T, was isolated from the place where the ocean and a freshwater spring meet at Jeju island, South Korea. Strain JSSK-17T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 1.0–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain JSSK-17T clustered with the type strains of Puniceibacterium antarcticum and Puniceibacterium sediminis , exhibiting sequence similarities of 98.1–98.2 %. Strain JSSK-17T and the type strains of P. antarcticum and P. sediminis contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The predominant polar lipids detected in strain JSSK-17T and the type strains of P. antarcticum and P. sediminis were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified glycolipid and one unidentified phospholipid. The DNA G+C content of strain JSSK-17T was 64.4 mol% and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of P. antarcticum and P. sediminis were 24 and 15 %, respectively. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain JSSK-17T is separated from the two reference species of the genus Puniceibacterium with validly published names . On the basis of the data presented, strain JSSK-17T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Puniceibacterium , for which the name Puniceibacterium confluentis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JSSK-17T (=KCTC 52765T=NBRC 112766T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, aerobic and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterium, designated strain KEM-10T, was isolated from water in an estuary environment in the Yellow Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain KEM-10T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KEM-10T belonged to the genus Algoriphagus , joining the type strain of Algoriphagus litorisediminis showing 97.4 % sequence similarity. Strain KEM-10T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 92.2–96.1 % to the type strains of the other Algoriphagus species. Strain KEM-10T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain KEM-10T were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The DNA G+C content of strain KEM-10T was 40.6 mol%. The mean DNA–DNA relatedness value between strain KEM-10T and the type strain of A. litorisediminis was 12 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain KEM-10T is separated from recognized species of the genus Algoriphagus . On the basis of the data presented, strain KEM-10T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Algoriphagus , for which the name Algoriphagus aquaemixtae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KEM-10T (=KCTC 52839T=NBRC 112780T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, gliding, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated RA3-2T, was isolated from the gut of an abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) collected from the sea around Jeju island, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. RA3-2T grew optimally at 20 °C and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that RA3-2T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Tenacibaculum, clustering with the type strains of Tenacibaculum soleae, Tenacibaculum ovolyticum and Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi; showing 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 96.2-96.8 %. The novel strain exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 93.5-96.9 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Tenacibaculum. RA3-2T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of RA3-2T were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified lipids, one unidentified aminophospholipid and one unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of RA3-2T was 31.7 mol%. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic data, revealed that RA3-2T is separated from other species of the genus Tenacibaculum with validly published names. On the basis of the data presented, RA3-2T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tenacibaculum, for which the name Tenacibaculum haliotis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RA3-2T (=KCTC 52419T=NBRC 112382T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated SCTF-16T, was isolated from a tidal flat on the Yellow Sea, South Korea. Strain SCTF-16T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. In the neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain SCTF-16T clustered with the type strains of two species of the genus Umboniibacter . Strain SCTF-16T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 99.6 and 97.1 % to the type strains of Umboniibacter roseus and Umboniibacter marinipuniceus , respectively, and of less than 93.4 % to the type strains of the other recognized species. Strain SCTF-16T contained Q-7 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C13 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain SCTF-16T were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strain SCTF-16T was 50.0 mol%, and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of U. roseus and U. marinipuniceus were 31 and 9 %, respectively. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain SCTF-16T is separated from the two recognized species of the genus Umboniibacter . On the basis of the data presented, strain SCTF-16T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Umboniibacter , for which the name Umboniibacter caenipelagi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SCTF-16T (=KCTC 52628T=NBRC 112760T).

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated J-MY2(T), was isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the South Sea, South Korea. Strain J-MY2(T) was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain J-MY2(T) forms a cluster with the type strains of Simiduia species. Strain J-MY2(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.62-98.77 % to the type strains of four Simiduia species and of

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated RSS4-C1T, was isolated from a golden sea squirt (Halocynthia aurantium) collected from the East Sea, South Korea. The novel strain grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 1.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RSS4-C1T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Litoreibacter . Strain RSS4-C1T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.6 %) to the type strain of Litoreibacter albidus and sequence similarities of 96.5–98.5 % to type strains of other recognized species of the genus Litoreibacter . Strain RSS4-C1T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c and 11-methyl-C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain RSS4-C1T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain RSS4-C1T was 58.0 mol% and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with type strains of four species of the genus Litoreibacter were 21–34 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain RSS4-C1T is distinct from other species of the genus Litoreibacter . On the basis of the data presented, strain RSS4-C1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Litoreibacter , for which the name Litoreibacter ascidiaceicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RSS4-C1T ( = KCTC 42050T = CECT 8539T).

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated DSSK2-3(T), was isolated from the junction between the ocean and a freshwater spring at Jeju island, South Korea. Strain DSSK2-3(T) was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0% (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain DSSK2-3(T) joins the cluster comprising the type strains of Pacificibacter maritimus and Roseovarius marinus, with which it exhibited the highest sequence similarity values of 96.04 and 95.75%, respectively. Sequence similarities to the type strains of other recognized species were95.74%. Strain DSSK2-3(T) was found to contain Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C(18:1) ω7c as the major fatty acid. The polar lipid profile of strain DSSK2-3(T) was found to contain phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified lipid and an unidentified aminolipid as major components, which distinguished the strain from those of phylogenetically related taxa. The DNA G+C content of strain DSSK2-3(T) was determined to be 60.8 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic data and the chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties, strain DSSK2-3(T) is considered to represent a new genus and species within the class Alphaproteobacteria, for which the name Aquimixticola soesokkakensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of A. soesokkakensis is DSSK2-3(T) (=KCTC 42137(T) = CECT 8620(T)). In this study, it is also proposed that R. marinus should be reclassified as a member of the genus Pacificibacter and the description of the genus Pacificibacter is emended.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated WD-2-2T, was isolated from a tidal flat of Wando, an island of South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Strain WD-2-2T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain WD-2-2T belonged to the genus Winogradskyella , clustering coherently with the type strain of Winogradskyella litorisediminis . Strain WD-2-2T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.4 % to W. litorisediminis DPS-8T and 94.5–96.6 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Winogradskyella . Strain WD-2-2T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain WD-2-2T were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content was 36.4 mol%, and DNA–DNA relatedness with W. litorisediminis DPS-8T was 13 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain WD-2-2T is separate from recognized species of the genus Winogradskyella . On the basis of the data presented, strain WD-2-2T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Winogradskyella , for which the name Winogradskyella wandonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WD-2-2T ( = KCTC 32579T = CECT 8445T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated RA4-7T, was isolated from the gut of an abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) collected from the sea around Jeju island, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. RA4-7T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5 and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that RA4-7T represented a member of the genus Polaribacter . RA4-7T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.64 and 97.23 % to Polaribacter atrinae WP25T and Polaribacter dokdonensis DSW-5T, respectively, and of 93.83–96.99 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Polaribacter . RA4-7T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in RA4-7T were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of RA4-7T was 30.5 mol% and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of P. atrinae and P. dokdonensis were 16 and 11 %, respectively. Differential phenotypic properties, in combination with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that RA4-7T is separated from species of the genus Polaribacter with validly published names. On the basis of the data presented, RA4-7T represented a novel species of the genus Polaribacter , for which the name Polaribacterhaliotis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RA4-7T (=KCTC 52418T=NBRC 112383T).

A novel bacterial strain, designated LCJ02T, was isolated on R2A agar from donkey (Equus asinus) milk powder and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Strain LCJ02T showed a Gram-negative reaction, was non-motile, non-spore-forming and possessed rod-shaped cells and yellow-pigmented colonies. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the novel isolate formed a cluster with several uncultured bacterial clones and with cultured members of the genera Hydrotalea , Sediminibacterium and Lacibacter (family Chitinophagaceae , phylum Bacteroidetes ). The gene sequence similarities with respect to the type strains of recognized species from the above genera and other phylogenetic neighbours ranged from 89.3 to 92.9 %. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 49.2 mol%, the only isoprenoid quinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The major polar lipids of strain LCJ02T were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and five unidentified lipids. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain LCJ02T from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. On the basis of the evidence of this polyphasic study, isolate LCJ02T represents a novel genus and species in the family Chitinophagaceae for which the name Asinibacterium lactis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LCJ02T ( = KCCM 90108T = JCM 18484T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated KEM-4T, was isolated from water of an estuary environment on the Yellow Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain KEM-4T grew optimally at pH 7.0–8.0, at 30 °C and in the presence of 1.0–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KEM-4T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Altererythrobacter , clustering with the type strains of Altererythrobacter aestiaquae, Altererythrobacter gangjinensis and Altererythrobacter luteolus, showing 95.0–96.5 % sequence similarity. Sequences similarities to the type strains of the other species of the genus Altererythrobacter were 93.1–95.1 %. Strain KEM-4T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and C17 : 1ω6c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and sphingoglycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain KEM-4T was 59.5 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain KEM-4T is separated from species of the genus Altererythrobacter with validly published names. On the basis of the data presented, strain KEM-4T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Altererythrobacter , for which the name Altererythrobacter confluentissp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KEM-4T (=KCTC 52259T=NBRC 112305T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated W-WS13T, was isolated from wood falls collected around Wando, an island in the South Sea of South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain W-WS13T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.5 and in the presence of 0.5 % NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain W-WS13T belonged to the genus Pedobacter, clustering robustly with the type strain of Pedobacter arcticus, sharing 95.9 % sequence similarity. Strain W-WS13T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 90.1–95.6 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Pedobacter. Strain W-WS13T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipid detected in strain W-WS13T was phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain W-WS13T was 36.9 mol%. Phylogenetic distinctiveness and differential phenotypic properties of strain W-WS13T revealed that the novel strain is separated from recognized species of the genus Pedobacter. On the basis of the data presented, strain W-WS13T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pedobacter, for which the name Pedobacter lignilitoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is W-WS13T ( = KCTC 42500T = CECT 8725T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, DSSK2-12T, was isolated from the place where the ocean and a freshwater spring meet at Jeju island, South Korea. Strain DSSK2-12T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain DSSK2-12T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Alteromonas. Strain DSSK2-12T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.2–98.1 % to the type strains of Alteromonas litorea, Alteromonas marina, Alteromonas hispanica and Alteromonas genovensis and of 95.39–96.98 % to those of other species of the genus Alteromonas. Strain DSSK2-12T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain DSSK2-12T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain DSSK2-12T was 48.6 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of A. litorea, A. marina, A. hispanica and A. genovensis were 9–21 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain DSSK2-12T is separated from other species of the genus Alteromonas. On the basis of the data presented, strain DSSK2-12T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Alteromonas, for which the name Alteromonas confluentis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DSSK2-12T ( = KCTC 42603T = CECT 8870T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated AH-M8T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment collected from Aphae Island in the south-western sea, South Korea. Strain AH-M8T grew optimally at 35 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain AH-M8T belonged to the genus Sphingomicrobium, clustering with the type strain of Sphingomicrobium astaxanthinifaciens, with which it shared 99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Sequence similarities to the type strains of other species of the genus Sphingomicrobium were 95.4–96.0 %. Strain AH-M8T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain AH-M8T were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingoglycolipid and one unidentified glycolipid. The major polyamine is triamine sym-homospermidine. The DNA G+C content of strain AH-M8T was 66.7 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness value with S. astaxanthinifaciens JCM 18551T was 21 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain AH-M8T is separated from other species of the genus Sphingomicrobium. On the basis of the data presented, strain AH-M8T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Sphingomicrobium, for which the name Sphingomicrobium aestuariivivum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AH-M8T ( = KCTC 42286T = NBRC 110678T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated GYSW-22T, was isolated from seawater off Geoje Island in the South Sea, South Korea. Strain GYSW-22T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 1.0–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GYSW-22T and the type strains of Roseovarius crassostreae, Roseovarius halocynthiae and Roseovarius sediminilitoris form a coherent cluster, independent of phylogenetic lineages or clusters comprising the type strains of other species of the genus Roseovarius. Strain GYSW-22T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.2, 96.6 and 96.3 % to R. halocynthiae MA1-10T, R. crassostreae CV919-312T and R. sediminilitoris M-M10T, respectively, and of 92.6–94.7 % to the type strains of other species of the genus Roseovarius. Strain GYSW-22T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain GYSW-22T was 59.0 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness value with R. halocynthiae MA1-10T was 15 %. On the basis of the data presented, we propose strain GYSW-22T represents a novel species of a new genus, Aliiroseovarius pelagivivens gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of the type species is GYSW-22T ( = KCTC 42459T = CECT 8811T). In this study, it is also proposed that Roseovarius crassostreae, Roseovarius halocynthiae and Roseovarius sediminilitoris be reclassified into the new genus as Aliiroseovarius crassostreae comb. nov. (type strain CV919-312T = ATCC BAA-1102T = DSM 16950T), Aliiroseovarius halocynthiae comb. nov. (type strain MA1-10T = KCTC 23462T = CCUG 60745T) and Aliiroseovarius sediminilitoris comb. nov. (type strain M-M10T = KCTC 23959T = CCUG 62413T), respectively.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated AH-MY3T, was isolated from a tidal flat on Aphae island of the south-western sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain AH-MY3T grew optimally at 35 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AH-MY3T joined the cluster comprising the type strains of Yeosuana aromativorans, Snuella lapsa and Meridianimaribacter flavus, showing sequence similarities of 93.9, 93.7 and 92.6 %, respectively. Strain AH-MY3T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.0–94.7 % to the type strains of ‘Aestuariibaculum scopimerae’, Winogradskyella aquimaris, Winogradskyella poriferorum and Gaetbulibacter aestuarii. Strain AH-MY3T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone. The fatty acid and polar lipid profiles of strain AH-MY3T could be distinguished from those of the type strains of phylogenetically related taxa. The DNA G+C content of strain AH-MY3T was 37 mol%. The phylogenetic data and differential chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties revealed that strain AH-MY3T represents a novel genus and species within the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Aestuariivivens insulae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Aestuariivivens insulae is AH-MY3T ( = KCTC 42350T = NBRC 110723T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and pleomorphic bacterium, designated BS-W13T, was isolated from a tidal flat on the South Sea, South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain BS-W13T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 1.0–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BS-W13T clustered with the type strain of Seohaeicola saemankumensis , showing the highest sequence similarity (95.96 %) to this strain. Strain BS-W13T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 95.95, 95.91, 95.72 and 95.68 % to the type strains of Sulfitobacter donghicola , Sulfitobacter porphyrae , Sulfitobacter mediterraneus and Roseobacter litoralis , respectively. Strain BS-W13T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The polar lipid profile of strain BS-W13T, containing phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid as major components, was distinguishable from those of some phylogenetically related taxa. The DNA G+C content of strain BS-W13T was 58.1 mol%. The phylogenetic data and differential chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties revealed that strain BS-W13T constitutes a novel genus and species within family Rhodobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria , for which the name Pseudoseohaeicola caenipelagi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BS-W13T ( = KCTC 42349T = CECT 8724T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, W-BA2T, was isolated from a brown algae reservoir in Wando of South Korea. Strain W-BA2T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of approximately 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain W-BA2T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Sulfitobacter , clustering coherently with the type strains of Sulfitobacter donghicola and Sulfitobacter guttiformis showing sequence similarity values of 98.0–98.1 %. Sequence similarities to the type strains of the other species of the genus Sulfitobacter were 96.0–97.4 %. Strain W-BA2T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain W-BA2T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain W-BA2T was 55.0 mol% and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of Sulfitobacter donghicola , Sulfitobacter guttiformis and Sulfitobacter mediterraneus were 16–23 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain W-BA2T is separated from other species of the genus Sulfitobacter . On the basis of the data presented, strain W-BA2T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Sulfitobacter , for which the name Sulfitobacter undariae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is W-BA2T ( = KCTC 42200T = NBRC 110523T).