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The prevalence of inorganic pollutants in the environment, including heavy metals (HMs), necessitates a sustainable and cost-effective solution to mitigate their impacts on the environment and living organisms. The present research aimed to assess the phytoextraction capability of spinach (Spinach oleracea L.), under the combined effects of ascorbic acid (AA) and microwave (MW) irradiation amendments, cultivated using surgical processing wastewater. In a preliminary study, spinach seeds were exposed to MW radiations at 2.45 GHz for different durations (15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 seconds). Maximum germination was observed after the 30 seconds of radiation exposure. Healthy spinach seeds treated with MW radiations for 30 s were cultivated in the sand for two weeks, after which juvenile plants were transferred to a hydroponic system. Surgical industry wastewater in different concentrations (25 %, 50 %, 75 %, 100 %) and AA (10 mM) were provided to both MW-treated and untreated plants. The results revealed that MW-treatment significantly enhanced the plant growth, biomass, antioxidant enzyme activities and photosynthetic pigments, while untreated plants exhibited increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and electrolyte leakage (EL) compared with their controls. The addition of AA to both MW-treated and untreated plants improved their antioxidative defense capacity under HMs-induced stress. MW-treated spinach plants, under AA application, demonstrated relatively higher concentrations and accumulation of HMs including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni). Specifically, MW-treated plants with AA amendment showed a significant increase in Pb concentration by 188 % in leaves, Cd by 98 %, and Ni by 102 % in roots. Additionally, the accumulation of Ni increased by 174 % in leaves, Cd by 168 % in roots, and Pb by 185 % in the stem of spinach plant tissues compared to MW-untreated plants. These findings suggested that combining AA with MW irradiation of seeds could be a beneficial strategy for increasing the phytoextraction of HMs from wastewater and improving overall plant health undergoing HMs stress. [Display omitted] • Low level microwave (MW) radiations increased seed germination and growth of spinach. • Surgical industrial wastewater differentially affected the growth of MW treated and untreated spinach. • Ni, Cd and Pb concentrations increased in spinach with increasing concentrations of surgical wastewaters. • Ascorbic acid improved the physiology and biochemistry of MW treated and untreated spinach. • Ascorbic acid increased Ni, Cd and Pb accumulation in both MW treated and untreated spinach grown under wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chelator-assisted phytoremediation is an economical, sustainable, and ecologically friendly method of extracting heavy metals and metalloids from the soil. Organic chelators are thought to enhance metal availability and mobility in contaminated media, thereby improving phytoextraction. The aim of the present study was to examine whether exogenous application of glutamic acid (GA) could improve chromium (Cr) phytoextraction by sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.). Seeds were planted in plastic pots filled with 5 kg of local agricultural soil spiked with increasing concentrations of Cr (1, 2, and 5 mg kg−1). Glutamic acid (5 mM) was applied to soil in solution according to a completely randomized experimental design, and the sunflower plants were harvested after 8 weeks. The results indicated that increasing Cr-induced stress significantly inhibited plant growth, leading to reduced biomass, photosynthetic pigment content, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and leaf area of the sunflower plants. However, exogenous addition of GA significantly reduced the Cr-associated toxic effects while also increasing the accumulation of Cr in the plants. Moreover, increasing concentrations of Cr in the soil increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for the altered antioxidant enzyme activities. The results revealed that GA application to the topsoil enhanced the Cr concentration and accumulation in the root, stem, and leaves by up to 254, 225, 355, and 47, 59, 150% respectively. Further the GA addition reduced the Cr-induced toxicity in plants and might be helpful for enhancing Cr phytoextraction by sunflower plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation, assisted with different amendments, is receiving much attention around the world due to its high efficiency, low cost and ease of handling. The current study was constructed to determine the combined performance of the citric acid (CA) and 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-AA) to enhance chromium (Cr) extraction through sunflower. Healthy seeds of sunflower were grownup in Cr contaminated soil (0, 5, 10 & 20 mgkg-1) and externally provided with CA (0, 2.5 &5 mM) and 5-AA (0, 10 & 20 mg L-1) at juvenile stage. The results showed a significant reduction in sunflower agronomic traits and biomass under Cr stress. In response to Cr stress, higher production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly reduced soluble proteins, photosynthetic pigments and activities of anti-oxidant enzymes. The combined addition of CA and 5-AA considerably mitigated the Cr-induced toxic effects on sunflower. Citric acid (CA) and 5-AA application enhanced plants' agronomic and physiological attributes by lowering electrolyte leakage and ROS production. Furthermore, the introduction of 5-AA and CA significantly up-regulated the actions of antioxidants enzymes in leaves and root of sunflower. With increasing soil Cr concentration, more Cr uptake and accumulation was observed which was further boosted with mutual applications of CA and 5-AA. Results of our work summarize that, CA and 5-AA combined application can effectively mitigate Cr stress and enhance Cr extraction capability of sunflower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation is an important technique to remove heavy metals from contaminated soils due to its efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The present study was conducted to assess the synergistic role of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and citric acid (CA) in improving the phyto-extraction of chromium (Cr) by sunflower. Sunflower plants were grown in soil, spiked with different concentrations of Cr (0, 5, 10, 20mg kg-1). Various concentrations of 5-ALA (0, 10, 20mg L-1) and CA (0, 2.5, 5mM) were applied exogenously at juvenile stage. A significant decrease was observed in biomass and agronomic traits of sunflower under Cr stress alone. Further, Cr toxicity significantly decreased the plant growth, soluble proteins and photosynthetic pigments. However, exogenously applied ALA and CA significantly improved the plants' physiological as well as agronomic attributes by lowering the production of reactive oxygen species and reducing electrolyte leakage. Moreover, Cr uptake was increased with increasing concentration of Cr in spiked soil, which was further enhanced by combined application of ALA and CA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil and water contamination from heavy metals and metalloids is one of the most discussed and burning global issues due to its potential to cause the scarcity of healthy food and safe water. The scientific community is proposing a range of lab and field based physical, chemical and biological solutions to remedy metals and metalloids contaminated soils and water. The present study finds out a possibility of Chromium (Cr) extraction by sunflower from spiked soil under chelating role of citric acid (CA). The sunflower plants were grown under different concentrations of Cr (0, 5, 10 & 20 mg kg −1 ) and CA (0, 2.5 & 5 mM). Growth, biomass, gas exchange, photosynthesis, electrolyte leakage (EL), reactive oxygen species (ROS; malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as, superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacole values peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) were measured. The results depicted a clear decline in plant height, root length, leaf area, number of leaves and flowers per plant along with fresh and dry biomass of all parts of plant with increasing concentration of Cr in soil. Similar reduction was observed in chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble protein, gas exchange attributes and SPAD. The increasing concentration of Cr also enhanced the Cr uptake and accumulation in plant roots, stem and leaves along with the production of ROS and EL. The activities of antioxidant enzymes increased with increasing Cr concentration from 0 to 10 mg, but decreased at 20 mg kg −1 soil. The CA application significantly alleviated Cr-induced inhibition of plant growth, biomass, photosynthesis, gas exchange, soluble proteins and SPAD value. Presence of CA also enhanced the activities of all antioxidant enzymes and reduced the production of ROS and EL. The chelating potential of CA increased the concentration and accumulation of Cr in plant roots, stem and leaves. It is concluded that the sunflower can be a potential candidate for the remediation of Cr under CA treatment, while the possibility may vary with genotype, Cr level and CA concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoextraction is a cost-effective and eco-friendly technique for the removal of pollutants, mainly heavy metal(loids) especially from polluted water and metal-contaminated soils. The phytoextraction of heavy metals is, in general, limited due to the low availability of heavy metals in the growth medium. Organic chelators can help to improve the phytoextraction by increasing metal mobility and solubility in the growth medium. The present research was carried out to examine the possibility of citric acid (CA) in improving chromium (Cr) phytoextraction by Lemna minor (duckweed). For this purpose, healthy plants were collected from nearby marsh and grown in hydroponics under controlled conditions. Initial metal contents of both marsh water and plant were measured along with physico-chemical properties of the marsh water. Different concentrations of Cr and CA were applied in the hydroponics in different combinations after defined intervals. Continuous aeration was supplied and pH maintained at 6.5 ± 0.1. Results showed that increasing concentration of Cr significantly decreased the plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, leaf area, and antioxidant enzyme activities (like catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase). Furthermore, Cr stress increased the Cr concentrations, electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde contents in plants. The addition of CA alleviated the Cr-induced toxicity in plants and further enhanced the Cr uptake and its accumulation in L. minor. The addition of CA enhanced the Cr concentration in L. minor by 6.10, 26.5, 20.5, and 20.2% at 0, 10, 100, and 200 μM Cr treatments, respectively, compared to the respective Cr treatments without CA. Overall, the results of the present study showed that CA addition may enhance the Cr accumulation and tolerance in L. minor by enhancing the plant growth and activities of antioxidant enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of glycinebetaine (GB) in chromium (Cr) tolerance in mung bean (Vigna radiataL.) grown in Cr-stressed soil. Three concentrations of Cr (0, 250 and 500 µM) were tested with three (0, 50 and 100 mM) concentrations of foliar-applied GB. Cr alone led to a significant decrease in plant growth, biomass, and concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids. Cr concentration and electrolyte leakage significantly increased in plants with increasing Cr levels in the soil. Lower Cr stress enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD) and catalase (CAT), while higher Cr concentrations decreased the activities of these enzymes. Foliar application of GB successfully alleviated toxic effects of Cr on mung bean and increased plant growth, biomass and chlorophyll contents under Cr stress. GB application reduced Cr accumulation and electrolyte leakage in plants and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in both shoots and roots as compared with Cr treatments alone. These findings suggest that foliar-applied GB alleviated Cr-induced oxidative stress in mung bean by reducing Cr uptake. The protective effect of GB against Cr stress varies with the concentrations of GB and Cr stress applied. Thus, further studies are still needed to specify the concentrations of GB required for detoxification of specific Cr concentrations under various climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) are one of the most harmful heavy metals (HMs), entering into the food chain through the irrigation of crops with an industrial effluent. The present study was performed to evaluate the toxic effects of textile effluents and performance of citric acid (CA) on phytoextraction potential of Lemna minor L. and Typha latifolia L. in an artificially designed wetland. Different doses of textile wastewater (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) and CA (10 mM) were applied alone and in combination. Plants were harvested and the data was collected regarding agronomic traits, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS), electrolytic leakage (EL) and HMs uptake and accumulation. The results depicted that the concentration and accumulation of Cu, Pb and Cr in different parts of T. latifolia plant was increased with and without CA addition. The maximum concentration of Pb, Cu and Cr increased in leaves by 279, 240 & 171%, in stem by 192, 172 & 154%, and in roots by 224, 183 & 168%, respectively. Similarly, the accumulation of Pb, Cu and Cr increased in leaves by 91, 71 & 36%, in stem by 57, 46 & 36% and in roots by 76, 53 & 45%, respectively in plants treated with 100% textile effluent as compared to the 25% textile effluent treated plants under CA amendment. In L. minor , the concentration of Pb, Cu & Cr increased by 542, 411 and 397% while accumulation increased by 101, 59 & 55% respectively in overall plant biomass. [Display omitted] • Textile industry effluents contained increased level of heavy metals. • Heavy metal stress reduced the growth and biomass of T. latifolia and L. minor. • CA enhanced photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes activities. • CA enhanced the bioavailability and accumulation of Pb, Cu and Cr. • T. latifolia and L. minor showed higher efficacy for textile effluent treatment under CA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation via phyto-extraction is well recognized and sustainable principle for the economical removal of heavy metals from contaminated water and soil. The twofold objective of the present research work was to investigate the remediation potential of fenugreek for Cu under the influence of ascorbic acid (AA). The effect of copper-ascorbic acid chelation on the growth regulation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) and its potential to accumulate Cu was investigated in hydroponic medium to optimize concentration with complete randomized design (CRD). Juvenile fenugreek plants were treated with different treatments of AA (5 mM) and Cu (100, 250 and 500 μM). The different morpho-physiological parameters of fenugreek plant such as growth, biomass and chlorophylls were significantly reduced under Cu stress. However, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, electrolyte leakage and reactive oxygen species enhanced with increasing concentration of applied Cu. Results indicated significant increase in plant growth, biomass, physiology and antioxidant enzymes and decrease in reactive oxygen species and electrolyte production in AA mediated fenugreek plants compared to controls and Cu only treated plants. However, it was also found that AA enhanced Cu concentration maximum up to 42% in leaf, 18% in stem and 45% in roots as compared to Cu treated only plants. Moreover, application of AA signified the research results revealing to act as growth regulator and chelator under Cu stress. Image 1 • Copper stress altered biochemical functions and reduced agronomic traits. • Ascorbic acid improved photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant defense system. • Ascorbic acid enhanced growth and biomass of plant by increasing nutrient uptake. • Ascorbic acid enhanced bioavailability of Cu in media and uptake in plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]