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This paper proposes a Monte Carlo (MC) based angular distribution estimation method of multiply scattered photons for underwater imaging. This method targets on turbid waters. Our method is based on applying typical Monte Carlo ideas to the present problem by combining all the points on a spherical surface. The proposed method is validated with the numerical solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE). The simulation results based on typical optical parameters of turbid waters show that the proposed method is effective in terms of computational speed and sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quantum key agreement (QKA) protocol by utilizing a four-photon cluster state is proposed in this paper. The proposed QKA protocol extends the two-party QKA protocol with four-qubit cluster state (Shen et al. in Quantum Inf Process 13:2313-2324, ) into a multi-party case. The block transmission technique and decoy photons method are used in the presented protocol. Meanwhile, the qubit efficiency of the presented protocol is also improved by using the dense coding method. Security analysis shows that the proposed protocol is secure against both participant and outside attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic transport is localized in low-dimensional disordered media. The addition of gauge fields to disordered media leads to fundamental changes in the transport properties. We implement a synthetic gauge field for photons using silicon-on-insulator technology. By determining the distribution of transport properties, we confirm that waves are localized in the bulk and localization is suppressed in edge states. Our system provides a new platform for investigating the transport properties of photons in the presence of synthetic gauge fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axion-like particles (ALPs) are pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons of spontaneously broken global symmetries in high-energy extensions of the Standard Model (SM). This makes them a prime target for future experiments aiming to discover new physics which addresses some of the open questions of the SM. While future high-precision experiments can discover ALPs with masses well below the GeV scale, heavier ALPs can be searched for at future high-energy lepton and hadron colliders. We discuss the reach of the different proposed colliders, focusing on resonant ALP production, ALP production in the decay of heavy SM resonances, and associate ALP production with photons, Z bosons or Higgs bosons. We consider the leading effective operators mediating interactions between the ALP and SM particles and discuss search strategies for ALPs decaying promptly as well as ALPs with delayed decays. Projections for the high-luminosity run of the LHC and its high-energy upgrade, CLIC, the future e+e- ring-colliders CEPC and FCC-ee, the future pp colliders SPPC and FCC-hh, and for the MATHUSLA surface array are presented. We further discuss the constraining power of future measurements of electroweak precision parameters on the relevant ALP couplings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spontaneous parametric down-conversion, pairs of photons are known to be created coherently and with equal probability over the entire length of the crystal. Then, there is no particular position in the crystal where a photon pair is created. We make the seemingly contradictory observation that the time delay between the photons in the pair depends on the distance from the crystal to the collection lens, as if the photons were actually collected preferentially from a particular position in the crystal. We resolve this contradiction by showing that the spatio–temporal correlations critically affect the temporal properties of the pair of photons. The theoretical model we present matches all our experimental results. We expect this to have important implications for experiments that require indistinguishable photons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]