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No human face is like another, not even in monozygotic twins, which makes the face one of the most individualizing characteristic. It is for this reason that the human face is commonly used for identification purposes and police officers take portrait photographs of arrested persons, so-called mug shots. The disadvantage of these 2D mug shots is that the perspective, in which they are taken (usually frontal and lateral-right, left or both), cannot be changed after acquisition, thus limiting a potential comparison between a mug shot and surveillance footage or other visual recordings. Documenting a face in 3D would reduce this problem as it allows adjusting the perspective of the face for image comparisons depending on the needs of the investigator. We have developed a 3D mug shot system containing 26 digital single-lens reflex cameras arranged semi-circularly in a 200° arc with a 1.46 m radius around a height-adjustable chair. We generated photogrammetric models of a test person's face captured by the mug shot system using three different focal lengths settings as well as 3D models of the same face with GOM Atos Triple Scan and Artec Space Spider. The 3D models were then analysed regarding the visibility of detailed morphological features in different regions of the face compared to 2D mug shots. Our results showed that our 3D mug shot system with its photogrammetric documentation generates 3D models with comparable surface quality to Artec-generated models, or even better quality, compared to GOM-generated models. The results of the morphological assessment were affected by the focal length and availability of texture information. In conclusion, the 3D mug shot system is a fast and efficient tool to generate 3D models of the face and may be used in addition to 2D photographs for the purpose of visual forensic identification based on images., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

3D surface scanning is a technique brought forward for wound documentation and analysis in order to identify injury-causing tools in legal medicine and forensic science. Although many case reports have been published, little is known about the methodology employed by the authors. The study reported here is exploratory in nature, and its main purpose was to get a first evaluation of the ability of an operator, by means of 3D surface scanning and following a simple methodology, to correctly exclude or associate an incriminated tool as the source of a mock wound. Based on these results, an assessment of the possibility to define a structured methodology that could be suitable for this use was proposed. Blunt tools were used to produce 'wounds' on watermelons. Both wounds and tools were scanned with a non-contact optical surface 3D digitising system. Analysis of the obtained 3D models of wounds and tools was undertaken separately. This analytical phase was followed by a qualitative and a quantitative comparison. Results showed that in more than half of the cases, we obtained a correct association but the prevalence of wrong association was still high due to mark deformation and other limitations. Even if the findings of this exploratory study cannot be generalised, they suggest that the simple and direct comparison process is not reliable enough for a systematic routine application. The article highlights the importance of an analysis phase preceding the comparison step. Limitations of the technique, ensuring needs and possible paths for improvement are also expounded.

The modern 3D technologies allow the development and visualization of three-dimensional objects and environments in the digital world, as well as the physical recreation of the digital contents through various specialized systems and solutions. The 3D technologies have the potential to catalyse the digital transformation of the education, through the technologies for virtual reality, augmented reality and 3D printing. Using these technologies, the teachers can change not only the way they conduct classes, but also the methods for learning and studying of the students. The integration of the 3D technologies in the educational processes is characterized not only by many new opportunities, which they are offering, but also by the big number of challenges, which they present. For this reason, this publication presents the main opportunities, challenges and solutions for digital transformation of the educational processes through the use of the various 3D technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to identify the principles of designing the objects of the inclusive environment with the employment of additive manufacturing technologies, and to discover methods and techniques for creating an inclusive objective environment using the example of our own development. The results of the survey, which has been directed to investigate the topicality of the problem of inclusiveness in Ukraine and the means of its solution, are presented in the article. In the course of work, the principal peculiarities of three-dimensional (3D) modelling and printing technologies have been established, and promising areas of their application have been proposed. The principles of designing an inclusive objective environment have been detected with the use of photogrammetry and 3D printing, due to which the model can be constructed by considering a person's individual physical characteristics. Moreover, due to the wide range of materials for 3D printing, various types of objects can be realized. It gives great potential for the employment of 3D printing when designing an inclusive environment and considerably simplifies the manufacturing process while taking the individual characteristics of every person into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Modern dentistry is not without advanced technologies, and intraoral scanning is becoming an increasingly important element of diagnosis and treatment. This technology is constantly evolving, offering new possibilities. The fundamental principles underlying the functionality of the intraoral scanner are light-measuring technology and photogrammetry. Light-emitting diodes integrated into the scanner body emit light onto the surface of the teeth, and sensors subsequently record the reflected signals, thereby creating an accurate three-dimensional model. The data is then processed by software that generates detailed digital models of the patient's jaws that are compatible with 3D CT data [1]. AIM: The study aimed to assess the potential of three-dimensional scanning for the planning and implementation of a single-stage dental implant protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient M., aged 41, presented to the dental clinic with complaints of a fractured tooth on the upper jaw (1.2). A decision was made to perform a single-stage implantation with the extraction of tooth 1.2 and the placement of a temporary crown based on the results of the examination. Intraoral scanning of the jaws was performed for the fabrication of the crown, as the cutting edge of the tooth was destroyed by two-thirds and the tooth fragment was lost. In order to create a model of the crown, the horizontal inversion technique was used. Tooth 2.2 was extracted from the scan of the upper jaw and inverted horizontally, resulting in a copy of tooth 1.2 in the expanded state. This was done to reproduce the exact shape of the future crown. The design of the crown was modeled in the program in conjunction with the loaded model of the temporary abutment (implant suprastructure for the fixation of the artificial crown). This approach enabled the accurate contour of the crown eruption and correct positioning relative to the gingival cuff and the abutment shaft to be obtained. RESULTS: The implementation of the technique permitted the creation of an accurate and anatomically correct model of the crown of the replaced tooth without its introduction into occlusion, thereby reducing the risk of functional overload of the implant during the period of osseointegration (engraftment) [2]. The applied method enables the exclusion of the stage of crown correction at the moment of its fixation and the combination of 3D scans with data from computed tomography for the detailed planning of the surgery. Furthermore, the use of 3D scans permitted the visualization of the projected position of the future temporary crown, thereby enabling the precise positioning of the implant in an anatomically correct location. CONCLUSIONS: This case study illustrates the efficacy of planning and implementing single-stage implantation with the aid of intraoral jaw scanning, as it reduces treatment duration, eliminates the necessity for implant loading, and ensures the attainment of a predictable treatment outcome. These technologies are currently being actively implemented in Russian dentistry, with new treatment options continually emerging.

The 3D digital reproduction of panel paintings is an efficient practice through which to document their state of conservation thanks to the ability to study artwork both at the microscopic level, visualising the craquelure and the detachments of pictorial layers, and at the macroscopic level, analysing support structures and their deformations. In recent years, research has focused on new methodologies to handle multiple 3D scans acquired over time and to achieve data fusion to obtain multi-resolution products. In this paper, we present the results of the acquisition of the central panel of an earthquake-damaged triptych using two different 3D techniques (close-range photogrammetry and structured light) before and after its restoration to carry out a multi-temporal analysis of the conservation status and document the effects of the restoration. Furthermore, we performed laser scanning micro-profilometry on a small area of the painting to study the artist’s technique and identify previous restorations. Finally, we merged the two 3D datasets (obtained by structured-light projection and micro-profilometry) to produce a multi-resolution 3D model with the aim of increasing the accuracy and readability of the final product.

The 3D digital reproduction of panel paintings is an efficient practice through which to document their state of conservation thanks to the ability to study artwork both at the microscopic level, visualising the craquelure and the detachments of pictorial layers, and at the macroscopic level, analysing support structures and their deformations. In recent years, research has focused on new methodologies to handle multiple 3D scans acquired over time and to achieve data fusion to obtain multi-resolution products. In this paper, we present the results of the acquisition of the central panel of an earthquake-damaged triptych using two different 3D techniques (close-range photogrammetry and structured light) before and after its restoration to carry out a multi-temporal analysis of the conservation status and document the effects of the restoration. Furthermore, we performed laser scanning micro-profilometry on a small area of the painting to study the artist's technique and identify previous restorations. Finally, we merged the two 3D datasets (obtained by structured-light projection and micro-profilometry) to produce a multi-resolution 3D model with the aim of increasing the accuracy and readability of the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of the increasing volume of municipal solid waste is an essential activity for the health of the environment and of the population. The organic matter of waste deposited in landfills is subject to aerobic decomposition processes, bacterial aerobic decomposition, and chemical reactions that release large amounts of heat, biogas, and leachates at high temperatures. The control of these by-products enables their recovery, utilization, and treatment for energy use, avoiding emissions to the environment. UAVs with low-cost thermal sensors are a tool that enables the representation of temperature distributions for the thermal control of landfills. This study focuses on the development of a methodology for the generation of 3D thermal models through the projection of TIR image information onto a 3D model generated from RGB images and the identification of thermal anomalies by means of photointerpretation and GIS analysis. The novel methodological approach was implemented at the Meruelo landfill for validation. At the facility, a 4D model (X,Y,Z-temperature) and a 13.8 cm/px GSD thermal orthoimage were generated with a thermal accuracy of 1.63 °C, which enabled the identification of at least five areas of high temperatures associated with possible biogas emissions, decomposing organic matter, or underground fires, which were verified by on-site measurements and photointerpretation of the RGB model, in order to take and assess specific corrective measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In environmental supervision, it is necessary to measure waste piles volume to determine whether the activities of the waste manager comply with the established requirements. The aim of this research is to determine whether the model, formed from images collected with low-priced unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) - not with Real Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK GNSS) capability - is sufficiently accurate to carry out waste-related surveying. Data collection took place in spring 2021 at the Aardlapalu transhipment station in Tartu County. The objects of the research were an unscreened composting pile and a covered composting pile. In the fieldwork, terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetric flight were carried out. The reference value was the volume of the model formed from the data of laser scan. The volumes of all models formed by the photogrammetric method were within the permissible difference of 10% provided by law. The most accurate results were obtained from the covered composting pile with an overlap of 70% × 70% and 21 ground control points (GCPs). Using these parameters, the absolute error of the model was 1.48 m? and the relative error was 0.65%. The most inaccurate results were obtained from the unscreened composting pile with an overlap of 80% × 80% and 21 GCP-s. The research confirmed the hypothesis that sufficient accuracy to calculate waste piles volumes can also be achieved by using a cheaper UAV and camera and with software not specially designed for photogrammetry, design, and drawing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Virtual Archaeology Review is the property of Virtual Archaeology Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Türkiye Fotogrametri Dergisi is the property of Mersin University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Production of high-quality 3D models of trees has a practical application in arboriculture, allowing the assessment, measurement, and recording of aboveground structural features of individual trees. Commercially available hobby UAVs (uncrewed aerial vehicles) with integrated cameras in combination with a low-cost photogrammetry software package can produce high-definition 3D models of tree structures with low financial investment. Methods: Our study compared an established orbital flight strategy and 2 novel close-range flight strategies for collecting digital imagery to produce 3D models of features of interest (FOIs) in trees. We used 3 separate tests to establish if these different flight strategies resulted in reliable, measurable, and complete models for FOIs in mature broadleaf trees. Results: Our study substantiated the findings of previous studies, in that a well-planned, automated orbital strategy of flight can render full models of trees from which accurate measurement of dimensions can be obtained. A flight strategy involving collecting clusters of images from different angles whilst the UAV stayed in one location was trialled, and the resulting models were typically incomplete and of low quality. However, the second close-range strategy of hand-flown missions running parallel with the FOI yielded highly detailed, complete models from which observations of the FOI's surface and accurate measurements of its dimensions could be obtained. Conclusions: We conclude that there are substantial opportunities for the use of low-cost UAVs to undertake visual tree assessments of the aerial parts of trees, subject to ease of access to the feature and the right choice of flight strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows the results of the research activities carried out by the Department of Engineering at the University of Palermo (Italy), which assessed the application of the Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) methodology through a Scan-to-BIM approach to two local churches belonging to the medieval period. This project was motivated by a renewed interest from the city administrators towards the conservation of cultural heritage dating back to the Arab-Norman domination in Sicily since one of the two buildings was included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 2015. The morpho-typological style of the churches has been acquired by high-detailed 3D surveys, which provided the base for two HBIM models suited to render the peculiarity of these buildings at their best. The BIM environment allowed both the geometrical representation of all the architectural elements and their further enrichment with the integration of non-geometric data and semantic signification through a knowledge-based workflow. This process led to a hierarchical organization of two high-accuracy digital replicas and to the creation of a database containing all of the architectural items typical of the Arab-Norman style, aimed to share the awareness of its conservation and to match all of the Cultural Heritage requirements. In the future, the features in this database can be shared with other specialists as reference objects for further studies on cultural heritage sites in the UNESCO list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on underwater archaeological sites has been adversely affected by various socioeconomic (specialized equipment, lack of know-how, legal framework, etc.) and environmental (weather conditions, site formation processes, etc.) challenges. Interdisciplinary approaches, especially technology integration, can help introduce a methodology to evaluate these factors and mitigate limitations to enhance the information retrieved and assist the interpretation process. One such approach may be predictive modelling while developing methodologies based on predictive models can be assets in research. The work presented in this article is based on this approach and assesses the use of predictive models based on six case studies. It is an effort to evaluate whether targeting sub-areas when excavating on limited time and budget can help clarify the interpretation of the information collected from these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After lengthy delays owing to the Covid-19 pandemic, excavations at the Precolumbian Maya site of Marco Gonzalez in Belize resumed in summer 2023. This season represented the in-field commencement of a new multi-institutional collaboration. The implementation of novel approaches and methods included the incorporation of photogrammetry and 3D modelling as a first-line documentation method, a heightened emphasis on the importance of bioarchaeology as a source for constructing narratives about past life at Marco Gonzalez (through the 'osteobiographical' approach) and more extensive excavations than had been possible in previous seasons. These approaches and methods proved fruitful, with excavations uncovering seven new burials, as well as a particularly intriguing cache of what resembled grave goods without an associated individual. Moreover, excavations during this field season provided tantalising new evidence as to the scope of the extensive trade and exchange network within which Marco Gonzalez was a vital node, as well as new insights into the mechanics of the industrial-scale salt processing that was both central to life at the site for several centuries during the Late Classic period and seemingly integral to the formation of highly fertile anthropogenic soils (Maya Dark Earths) that are crucially important to a nuanced understanding of the long-term environmental impact of human activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türkiye Fotogrametri Dergisi is the property of Mersin University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. A promising direction in forensic practice is the use of three-dimensional modeling of objects to establish the circumstances relevant to the criminal case. Theoretical analysis. Photographs taken during the investigation could be used as a source of information to derive a three-dimensional model. Photogrammetry is a method that allows for the automated construction of three-dimensional models from images. The main data in three-dimensional photogrammetry should be the elements of external and internal orientation, coordinates in the photograph, and spatial coordinates. Еmpirical analysis. To build a three-dimensional model, photos from the crime scene submitted for forensic firearm examination were used to determine whether the situation described by the accused, suspect, corresponded to the objective mechanism of the accident. The main stages of model building in 3D photogrammetry software Agisoft Metashape were refl ected. Based on the procedural documents submitted for examination, the three-dimensional model refl ected the alleged location of the shooter and the victim, and the direction of the shots from the defendant’s words, as well as the likely direction of the shots in accordance with the wound channels and the situation. Discussion of results. There are essential advantages of three-dimensional photogrammetry: it does not require expensive and complex equipment, operates with photographs obtained during the investigation, constructs the whole area of an object in the frame, and allows for synthesizing data from various sources. However, the quality of the resulting models depends on the number of photographs and compliance with the rules of measurement and panning of objects. It is also important that the researcher skilled in the use of software tools to build three-dimensional models from photographic images is able to make adjustments at each stage. Conclutions. The possibility of producing a three-dimensional reconstruction of the crime and solving problems not only within forensic fi rearm examination, but also those kinds, with which it can be combined, is refl ected.

3D building models are widely used in many applications. The use of terrestrial laser scanning and UAS photogrammetry for 3D modelling is a popular practice especially for constructions with complex architecture. The present article presents an example of using these technologies successfully for 3D modelling of the Episcopal Cathedral of the Holy Trinity from Baia Mare, Romania. A number of 51 control and verification points were determined by the closed circuit travel method and the intersection method. All measurements were processed in Terramodel software. The control points used in the georeferencing of the scans were materialized by metal stakes and the verification points were materialized by reflective targets. Depending on the construction configuration, the field of view and the minimum/maximum scanning distances were subsequently set. A total of 45 scans were performed to model the entire cathedral. The photogrammetric flight was performed in RTK mode, with corrections being transmitted from the DJI D-RTK-2 Mobile Station base to the RTK drone. All retrieved frames had geolocation and frame orientation elements recorded by the IMU module. A total number of 222 photograms were taken, as a result of a double grid photogrammetric flight, with the camera oriented at 60 degrees, but also as a result of manual acquisition by performing orbital flights at different heights: an orbital flight on the ground floor, an orbital flight at the level of about 40 meters and an orbital flight around the tower.

3D point cloud data from data acquisition techniques such as terrestrial photogrammetry, close range photogrammetry (CRP) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) play a major role in heritage because of the large amount of information they provide. This data includes the metric accuracy of the objects surface, reflectivity information and materials texture. The point clouds can be exported to Building Information Models (BIM) to simplify the 3D modelling processes, thus becoming part of the restoration and reconstruction project. Currently, most scientific works in the field implement insertion procedures of point clouds into BIM, whose interoperability should be analysed in order to reveal its usefulness in heritage buildings modelling. This paper reviews the scientific literature on the integration of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Structure-from-Motion/Multi-View Stereo (SfM/MVS) data into HBIM. Despite having been investigated, this field lacks a methodological structure regarding the integration of point cloud data into HBIM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an interdisciplinary approach to the treatment of the FormaViva collection of wooden sculptures exhibited outdoors in a natural environment near the Božidar Jakac Art Museum in Kostanjevica na Krki in Slovenia. The study focuses on 3D graphic representations of sculptures created with photogrammetry and 3D modelling. The results are photorealistic renderings, interactive presentations, 3D printed reproductions, jewellery, and interpretive animations. The research results show that graphic documentation techniques on 3D models allow for a more detailed investigation of the original structural identity of the sculpture. By incorporating 3D and interactive technologies, we are expanding the usability of cultural heritage objects. By using interpretive techniques that have led to jewellery and interpretive animations in our research, we not only breathe new life into the sculptures, but also enrich the stories of the sculptures with our own experiences of the sculptural work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With over 200 peer-reviewed papers published over the last 20 years, 3D modelling is no longer a gimmick but an established and increasingly common analytical tool for stone artefact analysis. Laser and structured light scanning, photogrammetry, and CT scanning have all been used to model stone artefacts. These have been combined with a variety of different analytical approaches, from geometric morphometrics to custom reduction indices to digital elevation maps. 3D lithic analyses are increasingly global in scope and studies aim to address an ever-broadening breadth of research topics ranging from testing the functional efficiency of artefacts to assessing the cognitive capabilities of hominid populations. While the impact of the computational revolution on lithic analysis has been reviewed, the impact of 3D modelling on lithic analysis has yet to be comprehensively assessed. This paper presents a review of how 3D modelling in particular has impacted the field of stone artefact analysis. It combines a quantitative bibliometric analysis with a qualitative review to assess just how “revolutionary” 3D modelling has been for lithic analysis. It explores trends in the use of 3D modelling in stone artefact analysis, its impact on the wider lithic analysis field, and methodological, regional and theoretical gaps which future research projects could explore.

In numismatic collections, coins are typically documented and studied using 2D images of their obverse and reverse. While two photographs, under the correct lighting, provide adequate information for basic research, detailed numismatic study has generally required the physical handling of the items to capture the three-dimensional aspects of the coin. Recent advances in photogrammetry and digitisation provide new opportunities for numismatic research. Digitised, 3D models of ancient coins allow researchers and students to interact with these coins remotely, providing opportunities to study coins from collections that would otherwise be difficult to access. Ancient coins, however, can be challenging to digitise due to their small size, irregular shape, and reflectance. This study will explore and outline a methodology for creating 3D models of ancient coins that balances both expediency with quality. Three Roman Republican coins from the University of Auckland’s numismatic collection were digitised using photogrammetric methods to create 3D digital models for student use. Expedient capture relied primarily on the quality of the photogrammetry setup, as well as the use of macrophotography, to capture the detail of each coin effectively. While the digital models took longer to produce than traditional 2D images, it was possible to create high-quality digital 3D model coins in a relatively expedient manner. The balance between speed and increased data opens the door for a new era in numismatic cataloguing and qualitative research opportunities.

Extremely intensive development of technology has resulted in many innovations. There are new methods of acquiring spatial data, such as laser scanning, unmanned aerial vehicles or digital non-metric cameras, which are the subject of this study. Integration of this data has become a new tool that has expanded existing measurement capabilities, finding applications in 3D modelling, archaeology and monument conservation. Owing to scanning, we can get the coordinates of almost every point of the scanned surface, obtaining full and detailed information about the object dimensions. The level of technical advancement of digital cameras allows them to be successfully used in short-range photogrammetry [27], and recently also in low-altitude aerial photogrammetry (unmanned aerial vehicles). Two different test objects were selected to achieve the intended purpose. The monument located on the 14-meter-high top of the Wanda Mound was adopted as the first object. It consists of a simple rectangular plinth made of brown marble. On its top there is a figure of an eagle with a crown of white marble. On the west wall of the plinth there is an inscription "Wanda" and a drawing showing a sword crossed with a distaff. The following features supported the choice of the monument: interesting shape of the object, which includes both simple geometric forms with large and flat surfaces (plinth), and more detailed surfaces (figure of an eagle); detailed texture of the object (complicated marble veins, wing details). The second object under study was The Helena Modrzejewska National Stary Theatre. The building was rebuilt in the style of Viennese Art Nouveau, so that it fully incorporates into the rest of buildings. Measurements included data obtained from a non-metric camera, Leica ScanStation scanner and DJI S 1000 multi-rotor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology is a rapid prototyping method that has recently been increasingly used in anatomy education. Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and 3D scanners are generally used to create 3D models. The aim of this study, which was performed without using the aforementioned devices, is to design sheep scapula models in a computer environment and compare bone models created with different filaments printed by a 3D printer with real bone. Photographs of sheep scapula were taken for modelling, and measurements were made from certain points. After the photographs were transferred to a computer environment, they were transformed into 3D using the Cinema 4D software, a computer‐aided design program. Models were created using a 3D printer employing polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filaments. By comparing the models created with PLA and TPU filaments to the real bone, it was found that they have a similar anatomical structure, with dimensional‐morphometric differences found at some points. It was also observed that the scapula model created with PLA filaments was more resistant to impacts than the real bone and that the model created with TPU filaments was more flexible, with very low fragility as compared to PLA and real bone. Therefore, this method allows obtaining a large number of durable models as an alternative to the real bone without the need for much manpower or equipment and without the need for a 3D reconstruction device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the geomatics field, modelling and georeferencing complex speleological structures are some of the most challenging issues. The use of conventional survey methods (for example, those employing total stations or terrestrial laser scanner) becomes more difficult, especially because of the space constraints and the often critical light conditions. In this work, a flexible and swift methodology to survey an in-progress excavation is presented, through image-based modelling techniques. The proposed approach allows obtaining a reliable and georeferenced three-dimensional model of the underground environments, preserving the integrity of the scene. The 3D model is scaled and georeferenced through three ground control points located just outside the cave, using data acquired by a double-frequency GNSS receiver in static session mode. Further targets were employed to check the deformation of the model inside the cave. The surveys were conducted on two archaeological sites: La Sassa cave and Guattari cave, both located in southern Latium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Land Management / Türkiye Arazi Yönetimi Dergisi is the property of Mersin University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archeologia Postmedievale is the property of Edizioni all'Insegna del Giglio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is located above the supraventricular crest and reaches the level of the pulmonary valve. Detailed knowledge of the RVOT spatial structure and its morphology is extremely important for cardiac invasive therapeutic procedures. Objectives. To examine the spatial structure of the RVOT using virtual models of the right ventricle (RV) interior obtained post mortem. Materials and methods. The study was carried out using 40 adult hearts from both sexes fixed in formalin. Donors had a negative history of cardiovascular diseases. Silicone models of the interior of the RV were made and then subjected to a digital modelling procedure using the photogrammetry technique. For each 3D model of the RV, the RVOT was extracted and measurements were performed. Results. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the dimensions of the transverse (p < 0.001) and sagittal (p = 0.002) axis at the level of the upper and lower border of the RVOT differed significantly. There was also a significant difference between the right and left height of the RVOT (p = 0.009). A clear correlation was found between the volume of the RVOT and the volume of the entire RV (r = 0.718, p < 0.001). Conclusions. The obtained 3D models of the RVOT can help standardize the data related to RVOT architecture. Furthermore, they can extend knowledge about the RVOT in the field of cardiology and improve the procedures in cardiac surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In numismatic collections, coins are typically documented and studied using 2D images of their obverse and reverse. While two photographs, under the correct lighting, provide adequate information for basic research, detailed numismatic study has generally required the physical handling of the items to capture the threedimensional aspects of the coin. Recent advances in photogrammetry and digitisation provide new opportunities for numismatic research. Digitised, 3D models of ancient coins allow researchers and students to interact with these coins remotely, providing opportunities to study coins from collections that would otherwise be difficult to access. Ancient coins, however, can be challenging to digitise due to their small size, irregular shape, and reflectance. This study will explore and outline a methodology for creating 3D models of ancient coins that balances both expediency with quality. Three Roman Republican coins from the University of Auckland's numismatic collection were digitised using photogrammetric methods to create 3D digital models for student use. Expedient capture relied primarily on the quality of the photogrammetry setup, as well as the use of macrophotography, to capture the detail of each coin effectively. While the digital models took longer to produce than traditional 2D images, it was possible to create high-quality digital 3D model coins in a relatively expedient manner. The balance between speed and increased data opens the door for a new era in numismatic cataloguing and qualitative research opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture heritage reflects nation’s legacy and therefore should be protected from damage in order to pass it to future generations. Recently, such protection can be applied by 3D digitization techniques such as conservation, restoration, documentation, etc. The 3D digitalization of heritage assets has encountered numerous focus in the last two decades due to the development in data capturing techniques and technological advancement in 3D remote sensing (RS) approaches such as photogrammetry and laser scanning. However, the abundance of 3D information resources and spatial data modelling and analysis methods have urged stakeholders to adopt intelligent 3D data management system so called Building Information Modelling (BIM) to facilitate data approaching and management. Historic Building Information Model (HBIM) is a special case of the BIM system, however it reflects the possibility to apply the BIM technology to the historical and heritage buildings. In this research, Structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetric routine based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) images was applied to build HBIM of the Great Ziggurat of Ur in the south of Iraq. Based on the 3D geometric and texturing information extracted through photogrammetry and the historical information provided, virtual reconstruction has been carried out using (HBIM) technology. This was achieved by applying realistic materials and texturing information in order to document the building, which is directed to investigate the feasibility of implementing image-based 3D modelling within HBIM environments. Restoring the missing parts of the Ziggurat temple was also a focus of this research by implementing reverse engineering methodologies based on available information considered within the extracted HBIM. This can successfully represent a complete virtual reality model and a management information system of the Ziggurat building to be passed to future generations. The work also includes data assessment and validation with the as-built model generated from reference measurements within Computer Aided Design (CAD) environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an original method for modelling in 3D the full tube (both vault and canal) of navigable tunnels using data acquired dynamically from a boat. The recording system is composed of cameras that provide images of the vault and a multibeam echo sounder that acquires 3D profiles underwater. Reconstructing partially submerged structures, in a confined environment where no global positioning system signal is available, is challenging. The method exploits the capabilities of photogrammetry, not only to reconstruct the tunnel vault, but also to estimate the trajectory of the vessel, which is necessary to rearrange sonar profiles and form the 3D model of the canal. The comparison of a model reconstructed from in situ dynamic acquisitions with a reference one, obtained from static laser and sonar acquisitions, shows that the accuracy is of the order of a centimetre for the vault, while it is decimetric for underwater features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reef-building corals are ecosystem engineers that compete with other benthic organisms for space and resources. Corals harvest energy through their surface by photosynthesis and heterotrophic feeding, and they divert part of this energy to defend their outer colony perimeter against competitors. Here, we hypothesized that corals with a larger space-filling surface and smaller perimeters increase energy gain while reducing the exposure to competitors. This predicted an association between these two geometric properties of corals and the competitive outcome against other benthic organisms. To test the prediction, fifty coral colonies from the Caribbean island of Curaçao were rendered using digital 3D and 2D reconstructions. The surface areas, perimeters, box-counting dimensions (as a proxy of surface and perimeter space-filling), and other geometric properties were extracted and analyzed with respect to the percentage of the perimeter losing or winning against competitors based on the coral tissue apparent growth or damage. The increase in surface space-filling dimension was the only significant single indicator of coral winning outcomes, but the combination of surface space-filling dimension with perimeter length increased the statistical prediction of coral competition outcomes. Corals with larger surface space-filling dimensions (Ds > 2) and smaller perimeters displayed more winning outcomes, confirming the initial hypothesis. We propose that the space-filling property of coral surfaces complemented with other proxies of coral competitiveness, such as life history traits, will provide a more accurate quantitative characterization of coral competition outcomes on coral reefs. This framework also applies to other organisms or ecological systems that rely on complex surfaces to obtain energy for competition.

This study aims to enrich the knowledge of the monument Arco della Pace in Milan, surveying and modelling the sculpture that crowns the upper part of the building. The statues and the decorative apparatus are recorded with the photogrammetric technique using both a terrestrial camera and an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Research results and performance are oriented to improve computer vision and image processing integration with Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) photogrammetric data to enhance interactivity and information sharing between user and digital heritage models. The vast number of images captured from terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry will also permit to use of the Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) model in an eXtended Reality (XR) project developed ad-hoc, allowing different types of users (professionals, non-expert users, virtual tourists, and students) and devices (mobile phones, tablets, PCs, VR headsets) to access details and information that are not visible from the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reef-building corals are ecosystem engineers that compete with other benthic organisms for space and resources. Corals harvest energy through their surface by photosynthesis and heterotrophic feeding, and they divert part of this energy to defend their outer colony perimeter against competitors. Here, we hypothesized that corals with a larger space-filling surface and smaller perimeters increase energy gain while reducing the exposure to competitors. This predicted an association between these two geometric properties of corals and the competitive outcome against other benthic organisms. To test the prediction, fifty coral colonies from the Caribbean island of Cura, cao were rendered using digital 3D and 2D reconstructions. The surface areas, perimeters, box-counting dimensions (as a proxy of surface and perimeter spacefilling), and other geometric properties were extracted and analyzed with respect to the percentage of the perimeter losing or winning against competitors based on the coral tissue apparent growth or damage. The increase in surface space-filling dimension was the only significant single indicator of coral winning outcomes, but the combination of surface space-filling dimension with perimeter length increased the statistical prediction of coral competition outcomes. Corals with larger surface space-filling dimensions (Ds > 2) and smaller perimeters displayed more winning outcomes, confirming the initial hypothesis. We propose that the space-filling property of coral surfaces complemented with other proxies of coral competitiveness, such as life history traits, will provide a more accurate quantitative characterization of coral competition outcomes on coral reefs. This framework also applies to other organisms or ecological systems that rely on complex surfaces to obtain energy for competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizing and monitoring changes in biogenic 3‐dimensional (3D) structures at multiple scales over time is challenging within the practical constraints of conventional ecological tools. Therefore, we developed a structure‐from‐motion (SfM)‐based photogrammetry method, coupled with inspection and mesh processing software, to estimate important ecological parameters of underwater worm colonies (hummocks) constructed by the sabellariid polychaete Sabellaria alveolata, using non‐destructive, 3D modeling and mesh analysis. High resolution digital images of bioconstructions (hummocks) were taken in situ under natural conditions to generate digital 3D models over different sampling periods to analyse the morphological evolution of four targeted hummocks. 3D models were analysed in GOM Inspect software, a powerful and freely available mesh processing software to follow growth as well as morphology changes over time of each hummock. Linear regressions showed 3D models only slightly overestimated the real dimensions of the reference objects with an average error < 5% between measured and model‐estimated dimensions for both length and volume. Manual inspection of models and semi‐automated surface‐to‐surface comparison allowed the computation of important metrics linked to the ecology of temperate reefs such as volume, surface area, surface complexity/rugosity, number and size of holes and creeks and the mean density of living worms per colony. Moreover we demonstrated the reliability of 3D surface complexity estimates against two linear rugosity measures: a traditional and a virtual variant of the 'chain‐and‐tape' method. Finally, besides 3D models deviation analysis via surface comparison, a Bayesian latent variable model approach was adopted to highlight the significative effects of sea state conditions on S. alveolata hummocks metrics. We demonstrated without damaging the benthic organisms that SfM approach allow continuous study of temperate bioconstruction leading to a fine description of short‐term structural modification mediated by hydrodynamics, making this technique accessible and repeatable to many other areas of ecological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an interdisciplinary approach to the treatment of the FormaViva collection of wooden sculptures exhibited outdoors in a natural environment near the Božidar Jakac Art Museum in Kostanjevica na Krki in Slovenia. The study focuses on 3D graphic representations of sculptures created with photogrammetry and 3D modelling. The results are photorealistic renderings, interactive presentations, 3D printed reproductions, jewellery, and interpretive animations. The research results show that graphic documentation techniques on 3D models allow for a more detailed investigation of the original structural identity of the sculpture. By incorporating 3D and interactive technologies, we are expanding the usability of cultural heritage objects. By using interpretive techniques that have led to jewellery and interpretive animations in our research, we not only breathe new life into the sculptures, but also enrich the stories of the sculptures with our own experiences of the sculptural work.

Public, and particularly museum-based, collections provide invaluable opportunities for analysis. The objects in these collections typically offer relatively complete examples which often become reference points for newly excavated material or analyses. However, aside from issues of provenance and occasionally authenticity, one of the biggest challenges with the analysis of objects in museum collections is, perhaps ironically, their public and collection-based context. Objects on display are often only directly analysed immediately following their initial discovery and are then increasingly restricted for direct analysis (e.g. placed behind glass, displayed in such a way that their removal is difficult, etc.). Although visible to millions, once in a collection the level of analysis possible is often limited and superficial. In this paper we discuss the analysis of three collections of ancient Italian armour now housed in collections, both public and private. We examine some of the ethical considerations when looking at such collections. We also discuss the issues faced when analysing and making digital models of objects, which are used to explore the nature and importance of military equipment in Italy during the first millennium BCE. In addition, we argue that, although famous, many of the pieces held in collections are currently being underutilized in studies of the ancient world. We suggest digitization, even when conducted quickly, can help to unlock more information from previously excavated and analysed items and we highlight the pros and cons of various techniques when working in museum-based contexts.

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Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Public, and particularly museum-based, collections provide invaluable opportunities for analysis. The objects in these collections typically offer relatively complete examples which often become reference points for newly excavated material or analyses. However, aside from issues of provenance and occasionally authenticity, one of the biggest challenges with the analysis of objects in museum collections is, perhaps ironically, their public and collection-based context. Objects on display are often only directly analysed immediately following their initial discovery and are then increasingly restricted for direct analysis (e.g. placed behind glass, displayed in such a way that their removal is difficult, etc.). Although visible to millions, once in a collection the level of analysis possible is often limited and superficial. In this paper we discuss the analysis of three collections of ancient Italian armour now housed in collections, both public and private. We examine some of the ethical considerations when looking at such collections. We also discuss the issues faced when analysing and making digital models of objects, which are used to explore the nature and importance of military equipment in Italy during the first millennium BCE. In addition, we argue that, although famous, many of the pieces held in collections are currently being underutilized in studies of the ancient world. We suggest digitization, even when conducted quickly, can help to unlock more information from previously excavated and analysed items and we highlight the pros and cons of various techniques when working in museum-based contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]