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A strategy involving organic photocatalytic conversion using hydrothermal synthesis of high-entropy oxide (HEO) (CoCuZnMnNa)Ox nanoparticles was developed. Under mild conditions, HEO nanoparticles were driven by visible light to achieve ideal yields and selectivity in sulfide oxidative coupling reactions and benzimidazole cyclization reactions, with a wide substrate range. This study is expected to contribute to the use of high-entropy oxides in organic photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pt is usually used as cocatalyst for g‐C3N4 to produce H2 by photocatalytic splitting of water. However, the photocatalytic performance is still limited by the fast recombination of photo‐generated electrons and holes, as well as the poor absorption of visible light. In this work, MoO2/g‐C3N4 composites were prepared, in which MoO2 synergetic with Pt photo‐deposited during H2 evolution reaction worked as unilateral dual cocatalyst to improve the photocatalytic activity. Within 4 hours of irradiation, the hydrogen production rate of MoO2‐Pt dual cocatalyst modified g‐C3N4 reached 3804.89 μmol/g/h, which was 120.18 times of that of pure g‐C3N4 (GCN, 31.66 μmol/g/h), 10.98 times of that of MoO2 modified g‐C3N4 (346.39 μmol/g/h), and 9.18 times of that of Pt modified g‐C3N4 (413.64 μmol/g/h). Characterization results demonstrate that the deficient MoO2 not only promoted visible light absorption of g‐C3N4, but also worked as a "electron pool" to capture and transfer electrons to Pt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important green oxidizing agent for environmental protection and chemical production. In comparison to the traditional anthraquinone method, photosynthesis is a green and energy‐saving process for H2O2 production. To improve the stability and practical application value of the H2O2 synthesized by photocatalysis, the H2O2 photosynthesis should be conducted in pure water without involving any sacrificial reagents. In this regard, organic semiconducting catalysts pose as a suitable candidate for photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis owing to their metal‐free nature to prevent H2O2 decomposition by the metal ions. In this Perspective, the H2O2 photosynthesis history is firstly introduced, followed by a review of the organic semiconductor photocatalysts reported to date. Finally, the main problems to thwart the advances of current pure H2O‐to‐H2O2 photosynthesis are discussed, followed by proposed solutions to address these issues in order to pave new ways for the development of highly efficient metal‐free organic photocatalysts for sustainable pure H2O‐to‐H2O2 conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nitrogen vacancy-mediated carbon nitride (DCNA) modified by deep eutectic solvents for the first time. • DCNA shows 4.93-fold improvement in atrazine removal. • Hole (h+) was found to be the most dominant active species for photocatalytic degradation of atrazine. • N–H of atrazine the side chain is the main adsorption site of DCNA. • The wheat growth toxicity test significantly reduced the degradation byproducts' toxicity. Metal-free photocatalysts like graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) can have their electronic structures altered by vacancy defect engineering, greatly increasing their catalytic activity. Here, we have synthesized nitrogen vacancy mediated carbon nitride (DCNA) modified by deep eutectic solvents for the first time, DCNA showed 4.93-fold improvement compared to pristine g-C 3 N 4 towards photocatalytic degradation of atrazine (ATZ). Besides, we have revealed the role of photogenic holes as the main active species for the photocatalytic degradation of ATZ. This improvement is attributed to the increased nitrogen vacancy, which increases the adsorption of N–H on the ATZ side chain, accelerates the process of photoelectron and hole separation, and allows more holes to participate in ATZ degradation. Moreover, the wheat growth toxicity test significantly reduced the degradation byproducts' toxicity. This study provides an effective method for preparing environmentally friendly metal-free photocatalysts with high catalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesizing H2O2 from water and air via a photocatalytic approach is ideal for efficient production of this chemical at small‐scale. However, the poor activity and selectivity of the 2 e− water oxidation reaction (WOR) greatly restricts the efficiency of photocatalytic H2O2 production. Herein we prepare a bipyridine‐based covalent organic framework photocatalyst (denoted as COF‐TfpBpy) for H2O2 production from water and air. The solar‐to‐chemical conversion (SCC) efficiency at 298 K and 333 K is 0.57 % and 1.08 %, respectively, which are higher than the current reported highest value. The resulting H2O2 solution is capable of degrading pollutants. A mechanistic study revealed that the excellent photocatalytic activity of COF‐TfpBpy is due to the protonation of bipyridine monomer, which promotes the rate‐determining reaction (2 e− WOR) and then enhances Yeager‐type oxygen adsorption to accelerate 2 e− one‐step oxygen reduction. This work demonstrates, for the first time, the COF‐catalyzed photosynthesis of H2O2 from water and air; and paves the way for wastewater treatment using photocatalytic H2O2 solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) is a good photocatalyst for in-situ the production of H 2 O 2. However, how to activate H 2 O 2 generating the strong oxidizing ·OH is the key factor to affect the degradation of pollutants. In this paper, the layered g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets were prepared by using urea and H 2 O with different mass ratios and calcined in Muffle furnace by one-step synthesis method. The morphology, composition and structure of photocatalysts were analyzed, indicating that the as-prepared L-g-C 3 N 4 -7 had abundant edge regions in comparison with L-g-C 3 N 4 made by solid urea. The photocatalytic performance of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets was investigated with atrazine (ATZ) as the target pollutant in water. The results revealed that the prepared L-g-C 3 N 4 -7 exhibited the best photocatalytic activity in visible light (λ ≥ 420 nm). The degradation of 1.0 mg/L ATZ reached over 96% after 3 hours and the photocatalytic degradation rate constant (k) was 6.8 times than that of L-g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst. In addition, under the same conditions, the H 2 O 2 production of L-g-C 3 N 4 -7 was 4.5 times than that of L-g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst. Based on the capture experiments of free radicals, it was found that the contribution rate of ·OH in L-g-C 3 N 4 -7 photocatalytic increased to 17 % compared to 4 % of L-g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst during the degradation of ATZ. The ·OH quantitative experiment indicated that the L-g-C 3 N 4 -7 photocatalyst could obviously activate H 2 O 2 to generate ·OH and the amount of ·OH was 2.5 times than that of the L-g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst. More importantly, a large amount of terminal-NH x (14.6 %) in L-g-C 3 N 4 -7 was measured by the XPS, FT-IR and zeta potential. The additive H 2 O 2 adsorption experiment in the dark was used to confirm terminal-NH x sites of L-g-C 3 N 4 -7 photocatalyst, which was beneficial to adsorb and activate H 2 O 2. The results illustrated that the L-g-C 3 N 4 -7 photocatalyst with rich edge regions and terminal-NH x had the characteristics of in-situ the activation of H 2 O 2 to generate ·OH. The findings suggest that designing and developing efficient g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts pave a new avenue for activating in situ self-synthesizing H 2 O 2 and the removal of atrazine in water. [Display omitted] • The L-g-C 3 N 4 -7 photocatalyst with rich edge regions had a high efficiency in-situ activation of H 2 O 2 to produce ·OH. • The main reason for the degradation of ATZ in L-g-C 3 N 4 -7 photocatalyst was the increasing contribution of ·OH. • The terminal-NH x of L-g-C 3 N 4 -7 was the main adsorption and activation site of H 2 O 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic CO2 conversion into solar fuels is an effective means for simultaneously solving both the greenhouse effect and energy crisis. In the past ten years, bismuth‐based photocatalysts for environmental remediation have experienced a golden period of development. However, solar photocatalytic CO2 conversion has only been developed over the past five years and, until now, no reviews have been published on bismuth‐based photocatalysts for the photocatalytic conversion of CO2. For the first time, solar photocatalytic CO2 conversion systems are reviewed herein. Synthetic methods and photocatalytic CO2 performances of bismuth‐based photocatalysts, including Sillén‐structured BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I); Aurivillius‐structured Bi2MO6 (M=Mo, W); and Scheelite‐structured BiVO4, Bi2S3, BiYO3, and BiOIO3, are summarized. In addition, activity‐enhancing strategies for this photocatalyst family, including oxygen vacancies, bismuth‐rich strategy, facet control, conventional type II heterojunction, Z‐scheme heterojunction, and cocatalyst deposition, are reviewed. Finally, the main mechanistic research methods, such as in situ FTIR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, are presented. Challenges and research trends reported in studies of bismuth‐based photocatalysts for photocatalytic CO2 conversion are discussed and summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defect engineering is crucial in tailoring photocatalytic efficiency, but it suffers from uncertainty in determining the vacancy type and in which type of the vacancy can better promote the photocatalytic efficiency. In this study, Bi2S3 nanorods with bismuth or sulfur vacancies were synthesized to investigate their distinct effects on the electronic structure, electron–hole separation characteristics, and near‐infrared (NIR)‐driven photocatalytic bacterial inactivation activity. Both bismuth and sulfur vacancies can enhance the light absorption ability of Bi2S3. However, the lifetime of photoinduced electrons is extended by bismuth vacancies but shortened by sulfur vacancies. Owing to these tendencies, Bi2S3 with Bi vacancies fully inactivated 7 log E. coli cells within 40 min of NIR irradiation, displaying better NIR‐driven photocatalytic bacterial inactivation efficiency than Bi2S3 with S vacancies. This study discloses the defect‐type‐dependent photocatalytic behaviors, providing new insights into designing highly efficient photocatalysts. Special defects: Bi2S3 nanorods with Bi or S vacancies were synthesized to investigate their effects on the electronic structure, electron–hole separation, and near‐infrared‐driven photocatalytic bacterial inactivation activity. Both bismuth and sulfur vacancies can enhance the light absorption ability of Bi2S3. This study discloses the defect‐type‐dependent photocatalytic behaviors, providing new insights into designing highly efficient photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic hydrogen (H 2 ) production was performed by visible-light-driven (VLD) ternary photocatalyst, zinc oxysulfide (ZnO 0.6 S 0.4 ) in the presence of sulfide/sulfite (S 2 2− /SO 3 2− ) sacrificing system, with simultaneous azo-dye Reactive Violet 5 (RV5) degradation. Enhancement in both RV5 degradation and H 2 production was achieved, with the promotion of H 2 production after decolorization of RV5. The effect of initial concentration of RV5 was found to be influential on the enhancement of H 2 during the simultaneous processes, with a maximum of 110% increase of H 2 produced. The mechanism of the simultaneous system was investigated by scavenger study and intermediate analysis, including Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. It was confirmed that the partial degradation of RV5 and presence of dynamic organic intermediates contributed to the enhancement in H 2 production. The present study revealed the feasibility of developing VLD photocatalysis as a sustainable and environmentally friendly technology for concurrent organic pollutant degradation with energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterojunction is an effectively construction to improve the photocatalytic activity due to the excellent photo-induced carrier separation efficiency. In this paper, g-C 3 N 4 /Bi 4 O 5 I 2 heterojunction was prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic data showed that g-C 3 N 4 /Bi 4 O 5 I 2 heterojunction had higher activity than pure g-C 3 N 4 and Bi 4 O 5 I 2 . At an optimal ratio of 1.0 mol% (11.4 wt% of Bi 4 O 5 I 2 ), g-C 3 N 4 /Bi 4 O 5 I 2 photocatalyst showed the highest photocatalytic reduction activity for CO 2 conversion with 45.6 μmol h −1 g −1 CO generation. Photocurrent and electrochemical impedance (EIS) spectroscopy revealed that higher photo-induced carrier separation efficiency of g-C 3 N 4 /Bi 4 O 5 I 2 . Z-scheme charge transfer mode was proved by I 3 − /I − redox mediator existence and superoxide radical (O 2 − ) and hydroxyl radical ( OH) quantification experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two dimension layered BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I) semiconductor nanomaterials are very important photocatalysts. Our previous work showed that thickness-ultrathin and bismuth-rich strategies are excellent methods to improve the visible-light-driven (VLD) photocatalytic reduction activity of BiOX. In this study, thickness-ultrathin and bismuth-rich strategies were ingenuously combined to enhance the photocatalytic performance of the photocatalyst, via a glycerol precursor route, Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 microsphere assembled by ultrathin nanosheets was synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), time-resolved PL spectra and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). The thickness of Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 ultrathin nanosheets was about 3.7 nm, which was much thinner than the common BiOBr nanosheets (65 nm). Due to the thickness-ultrathin and bismuth-rich strategies, the synthesized Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 sample displayed a higher photocatalytic reduction activity of CO 2 conversion than BiOBr and ultrathin BiOBr under visible-light irradiation. More importantly, we found that thickness-ultrathin and bismuth-rich strategies played different roles. Thickness-ultrathin strategy only can increase the CO generation while bismuth-rich strategy only can increase the CH 4 generation for photoreduction of CO 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] BiOBr-g-C3N4 was synthesized by a one-step chemical bath method at low temperature. [•] BiOBr-g-C3N4 showed much higher visible-light-driven (VLD) photocatalytic activity. [•] The interreaction between BiOBr and g-C3N4 is a kind of facet coupling between BiOBr-{001} and g-C3N4-{002}. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

K atoms are successfully introduced into the interlayers of g-C 3 N 4 frameworks. Taking advantage of the K–N bridge and the hollow structure, enhanced separation of photogenerated electrons and holes is achieved on K 10-TCN, which facilitates efficient photocatalytic H 2 and H 2 O 2 production. [Display omitted] • K atoms are successfully introduced into the interlayers of g-C 3 N 4 frameworks. • K–N coordination serves as an interlayer bridge between adjacent layers. • The synergistic effect of K–N bridge and hollow structure promotes carrier separation. • K 10-TCN exhibits superior activity for producing both H 2 and H 2 O 2. The development of bifunctional photocatalysts for enhancing hydrogen (H 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) production from water is essential in addressing environmental and energy issues. However, the practical implementation of photocatalytic technology is still constrained by the inadequate separation of photo-generated charge carriers. Herein, potassium (K) atoms are introduced into the interlayers of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) with a hollow hexagonal structure (K-TCN) and are coordinated with N atoms in adjacent layers. The presence of K–N coordination serves as a layer bridge, facilitating the separation of charge carriers. The hollow hexagonal structure reduces the distance over which photogenerated electrons migrate to the surface, thereby enhancing the reaction kinetics. Consequently, the optimized K-TCN exhibits a dramatically improved photocatalytic H 2 (941.6 μmol g−1h−1 with platinum (Pt) as the cocatalyst) and H 2 O 2 (347.6 μmol g−1h−1) generation as compared to hollow g-C 3 N 4 (TCN) and bulk g-C 3 N 4 nanosheet (CN) without K–N bridge under visible light irradiation. The unique design holds promising potential for developing highly efficient bifunctional photocatalysts towards producing renewable fuels and value-added chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing concerns on the environment and human health, the degradation of glyphosate through the formation of less toxic intermediates is of great importance. Among the developed methods for the degradation of glyphosate, photodegradation is a clean and efficient strategy. In this work, we report a new photocatalyst by doping F ion on BiVO 4 that can efficiently degrade glyphosate and reduce the toxic emissions of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) through the selective (P)−C−N cleavage in comparison of BiVO 4 catalyst. The results demonstrate that the best suppression of AMPA formation was achieved by the catalyst of 0.3F@BiVO 4 at pH = 9 (AMPA formation below 10%). In situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transforms infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy indicates that the adsorption sites of glyphosate on BiVO 4 and 0.3F@BiVO 4 are altered due to the difference in electrostatic interactions. Such an absorption alteration leads to the preferential cleavage of the C−N bond on the N−C−P skeleton, thereby inhibiting the formation of toxic AMPA. These results improve our understanding of the photodegradation process of glyphosate catalyzed by BiVO 4 -based catalysts and pave a safe way for abiotic degradation of glyphosate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pt is usually used as cocatalyst for g‐C3N4 to produce H2 by photocatalytic splitting of water. However, the photocatalytic performance is still limited by the fast recombination of photo‐generated electrons and holes, as well as the poor absorption of visible light. In this work, MoO2/g‐C3N4 composites were prepared, in which MoO2 synergetic with Pt photo‐deposited during H2 evolution reaction worked as unilateral dual cocatalyst to improve the photocatalytic activity. Within 4 hours of irradiation, the hydrogen production rate of MoO2‐Pt dual cocatalyst modified g‐C3N4 reached 3804.89 μmol/g/h, which was 120.18 times of that of pure g‐C3N4 (GCN, 31.66 μmol/g/h), 10.98 times of that of MoO2 modified g‐C3N4 (346.39 μmol/g/h), and 9.18 times of that of Pt modified g‐C3N4 (413.64 μmol/g/h). Characterization results demonstrate that the deficient MoO2 not only promoted visible light absorption of g‐C3N4, but also worked as a "electron pool" to capture and transfer electrons to Pt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our work presented the influence of synthetic method on photoelectric performance and photocatalytic activity of CDs/ZIS nanocomposites, and provided a reliable idea for improving the photocatalytic performance of photocatalyst toward practical applications. The introduction of carbon materials in photocatalytic systems can significantly enhance the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. Here, we proposed and fabricated carbon nanodots/Znln 2 S 4 (CDs/ZIS) samples via three methods. The morphology, chemical elements and valence, and photoelectric properties of CDs/ZIS samples were systematically characterized by SEM, TEM, XPS, UV and PL. The photocatalytic H 2 production experiments indicate that the photocatalytic performance of all CDs/ZIS samples has been significantly improved, which could be attributed to the fact that serving as an excellent electron acceptor, CDs can accelerate the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes. The samples prepared via one-pot hydrothermal method exhibit the optimal photocatalytic activity and the corresponding H 2 production rate of 4.15 mmol g−1.h−1 under visible light irradiation (λ>420 nm), which is about 2.92 times higher than pure ZIS. Our work presented the influence of synthetic method on photoelectric performance and photocatalytic activity of CDs/ZIS nanocomposites, and provided a reliable idea for improving the photocatalytic performance of photocatalyst toward practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract The photocatalytic NO removal mechanisms of BiOBr/BiOI-U changed from the nonselective oxidation process to selective oxidation process. These two processes supported the 57% of NO removal of the BiOBr/BiOI-U. Highlights • Ultrathin BiOBr/BiOI photocatalyst was prepared. • BiOBr/BiOI showed high photocatalytic efficiency for NO removal. • Photocatalytic mechanism was changed after NO 3 − adsorption. Abstract Improved photocatalytic NO removal of photocatalysts requires enhanced carrier photocatalysis for more reactive species generation. Ultrathin structural BiOBr/BiOI (BiOBr/BiOI-U) photocatalyst was in-situ prepared and it showed enhanced photocatalytic efficiency for NO removal. The underlying photocatalytic process is divided into two steps: in the first step, NO 3 – was produced in a nonselective oxidation process. The increased NO 3 – concentration induces NO 3 – adsorption on the surface oxygen vacancies of the photocatalyst in the second step, which changed the surface environment of the ultrathin BiOBr/BiOI photocatalyst. During this process, the nonselective oxidation process turned into a selective oxidation process with NO 2 as the main product. In addition, the main photogenerated reactive oxygen species contributed to NO removal. Furthermore, the photocatalytic mechanism of BiOBr/BiOI-U was explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, gallium oxide (Ga 2 O 3 ) was modified by in situ silver (Ag) to improve the photocatalytic activity for hydrogen (H 2 ) evolution. The photocatalysts Ga 2 O 3 and Ag/Ga 2 O 3 were synthesized via electrospinning and calcination, and characterized by X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is observed that the 1% Ag/Ga 2 O 3 had higher activity than that of the pure Ga 2 O 3 for photocatalytic H 2 evolution. Photoluminescence spectra (PL) and transient photocurrent analysis indicated that the high separation efficiency of photo-generated carriers of Ag/Ga 2 O 3 resulted in the high photocatalytic H 2 evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 /AgBr with Z-scheme heterojunction is successfully constructed, which endows increased carrier separation and original conduction band position of Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 , allowing excellent photocatalytic activity of CO 2 reduction. [Display omitted] • Z-scheme Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 /AgBr heterojunction is successfully synthesized. • The formation of Z-scheme heterojunction promotes the charge transfer and separation. • The original conduction band position of Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 is retained by Z-scheme heterojunction. • Z-scheme Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 /AgBr heterojunction exhibit greatly enhanced activity for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Architecting Z-scheme heterojunction can restrain the recombination of photoinduced carriers to improve the photocatalytic performance. However, it still lacks high-efficiency catalysts for sustainable photoreduction of CO 2. Herein, an Ag-bridged Z-scheme Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 /AgBr heterostructure is successfully developed, which enables room-temperature CO 2 reduction driven by solar energy. In this catalyst, the Ag mediator acts as a bridge to shuttle electrons between Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 and AgBr, separating the electron-hole pairs efficiently and maintaining the original strong reduction reaction. As a result, Z-scheme Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 /AgBr heterostructures show obviously promoted performance of photocatalytic CO 2 reduction in contrast with pristine Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 , delivering a high CO 2 conversion activity of 6.6 and 1.8 μmol g-1h−1 for CO and CH 4 products, respectively. This study reports an effective reference of Z-scheme Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 /AgBr heterojunction for satisfactory photocatalytic solar energy conversion and synthesis of high value-added products from CO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mesoporous g-C 3 N 4 /Ti 3 C 2 T x (MCT) was prepared. • MCT showed highly photocatalytic activity for CO 2 reduction. • The photocatalytic mechanism was researched. Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction reactions (CO 2 RRs) are of significant interest for its application prospects in energy field and CO 2 removal in air. Herein we report mesoporous g-C 3 N 4 /Ti 3 C 2 T x (MCT) as a highly active photocatalyst in CO 2 reduction reactions. We have found that mesoporous structures are compatible with high speed electronic transmission systems and demonstrate that MCT enables the excellent separation of electrons and holes. Mesoporous g-C 3 N 4 /Ti 3 C 2 T x (MCT) shows a production of CH 4 (2.117 μ m o l · g - 1 · h - 1 ), which is 2.4 times than that of mesoporous g-C 3 N 4 (MC). Large contact area of the catalyst has numerous adsorption sites for CO 2 as a result of the catalysts' mesoporous structures. The MCT catalyst also possess an efficient separation of the charge carriers due to the high speed electronic transmission system of MXene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]