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TiO2 photocatalysts doped with alkaline-earth metal ions were prepared by the impregnation and coprecipitation methods. The sample were characterized by XRD, XPS and IR spectroscopy. Their activities were evaluated by the photocatalytic production of hydrogen. The activities of the doped photocatalysts dopended on the size of the dopant ions and the doping method. The optimum molar contents of dopant ions Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ were 1.25, 1.25, 2.25, 2.25 and 2.25 at. %, respectively. The optimum calcination temperature and time were 400°C and 1 h. .

Abstract: In this paper, we report the obtention of a series of rare earth doped composite Pt/RE/TiO2-CdS (RE=La3+, Eu3+, Er3+, Gd3+) and TiO2-CdS photocatalysts prepared by a simple mechanical mixed method. The photocatalysts properties were studied by means of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, photoluminiscence spectra, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, specific surface areas and the electrochemistry method. Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution using Na2S/Na2SO3 as electron donor was investigated under visible-light (λ≥420nm) irradiation. The rare earth doping enhances the activities of Pt/RE/TiO2-CdS samples (with 1.0wt% deposited Pt). Under optimum conditions, the activities of La3+, Eu3+, Er3+, Gd3+ doped composite Pt/RE/TiO2-CdS increase by 62.0%, 40.4%, 34.7% and 30.0% respectively, when compared to that of Pt/TiO2-CdS, due to the prevention of electron–hole recombination and the flat-band potential of the conduction of TiO2 shifting negatively by the doping. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Bi3+ doped Cd0.5Zn0.5S photocatalysts were prepared by a simple hydrothermal method, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), BET and UV-Vis absorption spectroscope techniques. When Bi3+ doping content is lower, the doping ions lie at the surface lattice sites, whereas when the doping content is higher, the ions also enter the bulk lattice sites. Their photoactivities were evaluated by hydrogen evolution from aqueous solution containing Na2S and Na2SO3 as a hole scavenger under visible light (λ ≥ 420 nm) irradiation. Bi3+ doping enhances markedly photocatalytic activity. When Bi3+ doping content is 0.10 mole %, the photocatalyst exhibits the highest activity, and the average apparent quantum yield amounts to 9.71% during 30 h irradiation. The possible mechanism was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Zn-In-S composites were synthesized by a NaCl-assisted hydrothermal method and characterized by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), BET, UV-Vis absorption spectrometer and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP). The products obtained by the hydrothermal method are a single ZnIn2S4or a composite of ZnIn2S4, ZnmIn2Sm+3, ZnS and In2S3, depending on the NaCl concentration. The samples are consisted of microspheres and sheet-like grains with a marigold-like superstructure. The grain size of the products increases and the specific surface area decreases with an increase of the NaCl concentration. Their photoactivities were evaluated by hydrogen evolution from an aqueous triethanolamine solution under visible light (λ ≥ 420 nm) irradiation. 0.50 wt% Pt was deposited on the samples for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by in situphotoreduction. The sample obtained in the presence of 0.20 mol L−1NaCl exhibits the highest activity for hydrogen evolution, ca.4 times as high as that of the sample prepared without NaCl. A possible mechanism was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using glycerol as electron donor, photocatalytic hydrogen generation over Pt/TiO2 was investigated. The results show that glycerol can not only improve the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen generation but can also be decomposed effectively. The factors which affect photocatalytic hydrogen generation, such as irradiation time, initial concentration of the glycerol solution, pH-value of the suspensions and the coexisting substances were studied. The final oxidation products of glycerol were H2O and CO2. Glyceraldhyde, glycoladehyde, glycolic acid and formaldehyde were identified as the intermediates. A possible reaction mechanism was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2 photocatalysts doped with Be2+ were prepared by impregnation and coprecipitation method. The samples were characterized by XRD, XPS and IR. Their activities were evaluated by photocatalytic hydrogen production. It is found that Be2+ can enter into the interstitial site of TiO2 lattice, and the photocatalytic activities depend on doping method. When the doping ions were in the shallow surface, the doping was beneficial; while in the deep bulk, the doping was detrimental. On the optimum conditions, the photocatalytic activity of the doped TiO2 increased by 75% compared to pure TiO2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: NiS was loaded on ZnS1−x−0.5y O x (OH) y –ZnO photocatalyst by two methods (depositing NiS on the photocatalyst via impregnation with a NiS sol and via a precipitation reaction). The activity of the NiS-modified photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution from pure water and seawater was investigated using mixed electron donors (sulfide and sulfite). The activity (in pure water-electron donor solution) is dependant of the modification method and loading content of NiS. When Na2S·9H2O and Na2SO3 are added into seawater, a mixture precipitate (Mg(OH)2 and CaSO3) produces. The precipitate is detrimental to the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over the unmodified ZnS1−x−0.5y O x (OH) y –ZnO. However, for the NiS-modified photocatalyst, the detrimental effect decreases notably. Interestingly, the activity of the modified photocatalyst in seawater-electron donor solution (with the precipitate) is higher than that in the pure water-electron-donor solution (without the precipitate). The possible mechanism was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Using ethanolamine (EA), diethanolamine (di-EA) and triethanolamine (tri-EA) as electron donors, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and decomposition of the electron donors (pollutants) over Pt/ZnIn2S4 have been investigated. The Pt was deposited on ZnIn2S4 by in situ photoreduction. The three ethanolamines improve notably photocatalytic hydrogen generation with their simultaneous degradation, and their activity order for hydrogen evolution is tri-EA≫di-EA>EA. The adsorption of these donors on ZnIn2S4 was monitored by in situ attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATRIR). The order of their adsorption intensity is EA>di-EA≫tri-EA. The activity order depends on their molecular structure and adsorption performance. The effect of concentration of the pollutants on the hydrogen generation rate is consistent with a Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model. The weak basic condition is favorable for the photocatalytic hydrogen generation. A possible reaction mechanism was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It is important to construct a stable and efficient dye sensitization system for visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Eosin Y (EY)-sensitized α-[AlSiW11(H2O)O39]5− (AlSiW11) (an Al3+ substituted Keggin polyoxometalate (POM)) for the hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) has been carried out in the presence of triethanolamine as electron donor and Pt as co-catalyst. EY can coordinate with AlSiW11. The coordination association between AlSiW11 and EY is beneficial to the charge transfer from EY to AlSiW11 and to stability of EY. The system displays efficient and stable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The average apparent quantum efficiency and turnover number of EY during 20 h irradiation (λ > 420 nm) are 10.3% and 473, respectively. The highest quantum efficiency amounts to 28.0% under 520 nm monochromatic light irradiation. The present study highlights linking between dye and POM molecule as a way to develop new visible-light stable photocatalyst or system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Effects of α-d- and β-d-glucose as electron donors on photocatalytic hydrogen generation over Pt/TiO2 have been investigated. α-d-Glucose exhibits better photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution than β-d-glucose. The effects of initial pH of the anomer solutions on photocatalytic hydrogen generation have also been studied. Weak basic condition is favorable for the photocatalytic hydrogen generation. There is a large activity difference between α-d- and β-d-glucose under neutral condition, while the difference is very small under basic and acidic conditions. The possible mechanism was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Photocatalytic hydrogen production was investigated over ZnS1−x−0.5y O x (OH) y –ZnO using sulfide ion (Na2S–Na2SO3) as an electron donor from NaCl saltwater. NaCl can affect markedly the activity for photocatalytic hydrogen production, depending on NaCl concentration. When NaCl concentration is lower, the activity is lower than that in pure water, whereas when NaCl concentration is higher, the activity is higher than that in pure water. NaCl decreases not only the surface charge of ZnS1−x−0.5y O x (OH) y –ZnO but also the surface hydration. When ZnS1−x−0.5y O x (OH) y –ZnO was impregnated with the electron donor (Na2S–Na2SO3), ZnO was transformed partly into ZnS. The impregnated ZnS1−x−0.5y O x (OH) y –ZnO exhibits higher activity than the non-impregnated one. The possible mechanisms were discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The effects of electrolyte NaCl, a major component of natural seawater, on photocatalytic hydrogen evolution in the presence of electron donors over Pt/TiO2 have been investigated. The adsorption performance and surface reaction of electrolyte NaCl and the electron donors on TiO2 have been characterized by electrophoretic analysis and in situ attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. Under acidic condition Cl− ions are adsorbed on TiO2, while under neutral and basic condition Na+ ions are adsorbed on TiO2. In the case of ethanol as an electron donor, the activity of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over Pt/TiO2 increases when concentration of NaCl<0.10molL−1, while the activity decreases when the concentration>0.10molL−1. At different pH values, the activity decreases in the order: basic>neutral>acidic. In the cases of formic acid and oxalic acid as electron donors, the activities decrease with increase of NaCl concentration. The Na+ ions can affect adsorption performance of ethanol on TiO2. Possible reaction mechanisms were discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Surface property of Cd0.5Zn0.5S in basic aqueous solution was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). The surface S species at Cd0.5Zn0.5S under basic condition is substituted by O species. The surface adsorption performance of glucose and NaCl was characterized by adsorption experiment and electrophoretic analysis. Glucose is adsorbed on Cd0.5Zn0.5S via two modes. Na+ can be also adsorbed on Cd0.5Zn0.5S. The effect of electrolyte NaCl on photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over Pt/Cd0.5Zn0.5S using glucose as an electron donor has been investigated under visible light irradiation. NaCl can promote markedly the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, which is very important to practical application. The photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution from 3.0 mol L−1 NaCl saltwater increases by 77% compared to that from pure water. A possible mechanism was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A nitrogen-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) photocatalyst was prepared by calcination of the hydrolysis precipitate of Ti(SO4)2 with aqueous ammonia. The prepared N-TiO2 was treated with NH4F (F-N-TiO2) by an impregnation-calcination method. The photocatalyst (F-N-TiO2) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), UV–vis diffusive reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), BET and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). With blue light-emitting diode (LED) as the light source, its photocatalytic activity for the degradation of formaldehyde was investigated. NH4F treatment enhances markedly photocatalytic activity of N-TiO2. The treatment increases the visible absorption of N-TiO2, decreases its specific surface area and influences the concentration of oxygen vacancies in N-TiO2. Photocatalytic activity of F-N-TiO2 depends on the visible absorption, the specific surface area, and the concentration of oxygen vacancies. The preparation conditions, such as the calcination temperature and the initial molar ratio of NH4F to N-TiO2, have a significant influence on the photocatalytic activity. The doping mechanism of NH4F was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: ZnS coated ZnIn2S4 (ZnS–ZnIn2S4) photocatalysts were prepared in methanol by a facile solvothermal process. The photocatalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis diffusive reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), BET, and electrochemistry measurements. ZnS–ZnIn2S4 photocatalysts have hexagonal crystal phase and complex morphology such as micro-spheres, micro-tubes and micro-ribbons. Using glucose as an electron donor, photocatalytic hydrogen generation over Pt/ZnS–ZnIn2S4 was investigated. The results show that photoactivity of hydrogen generation over Pt/ZnS–ZnIn2S4 was improved notably with simultaneous degradation of glucose. The factors which affect photocatalytic hydrogen generation, such as composition of ZnS-ZnIn2S4, initial concentration of glucose and concentration of NaOH, were investigated. The prepared ZnS–ZnIn2S4 photocatalysts exhibit better activity for hydrogen generation than pure ZnIn2S4, which may be attributed to enhancement of the adsorption of glucose by ZnS on the ZnIn2S4 surface. The effect of glucose concentration on the hydrogen generation rate is consistent with a Langmuir model. The basic condition is favorable for the photocatalytic hydrogen generation. A large number of ·OH radicals generated in ZnS–ZnIn2S4 system, have been tested by a TA-FL (terephthalic acid-fluorescence) method. A possible mechanism was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An efficient visible-light active photocatalyst of multilayer-Eosin Y-sensitized TiO2 is prepared through linkage of Fe3+ between not only TiO2 and Eosin Y but also different Eosin Y molecules to form three-dimensional polymeric dye structure. The multilayer-dye-sensitized photocatalyst is found to have high light harvesting efficiency and photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation (λ >420nm). On the optimum conditions (1:1 initial molar ratio of Eosin Y to Fe(NO3)3, initial 10×10−3 M Eosin Y, and 1.0 wt% Pt deposited by in situ photoreduction), its maximal apparent quantum yield for hydrogen evolution is 19.1% from aqueous triethanolamine solution (TEOA aq). The present study highlights linking between dye molecules via metal ions as a general way to develop efficient visible-light photocatalyst. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A composite visible light photocatalyst was prepared through co-precipitation of Zn(NO3)2 in the mixed solution of aqueous Na2S and NaOH, and calcination in N2 atmosphere. The photocatalyst was characterized by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis diffusive reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), BET and electrochemistry measurements. Its activity was evaluated by hydrogen production from an aqueous solution containing Na2S and Na2SO3 as hole scavengers under visible light (λ ≥420nm) irradiation. The photocatalyst is a mixture of basic zincoxysulfide (ZnS1−x−0.5y O x (OH) y ) solid solution and ZnO or only the solid solution. ZnS1−x−0.5y O x (OH) y , which was visible light active, was a solid solution of ZnS with dissolved oxygen and hydroxide groups. Hydroxide groups are very important in the formation and stabilization of the solid solution. The precipitation and calcination temperatures as well as the precursor composition of ZnS1−x−0.5y O x (OH) y have great influence on the photocatalytic activity. With 1:1 calculated molar ratio of ZnS to ZnO (or Zn(OH)2), ZnS1−x−0.5y O x (OH) y photocatalyst prepared via co-precipitation at 373K and calcination at 673K under N2 atmosphere exhibits the highest activity. Its apparent quantum yield without noble metal cocatalyst is ca. 3.0% under visible light irradiation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A visible-light boron and nitrogen co-doped titania (B–N–TiO2) photocatalyst was prepared by sol–gel method with titanium tetra-n-butyl oxide, urea and boric acid as precursors. The photocatalyst was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), UV–vis diffusive reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET and electrochemistry method. Photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production over platinized B–N–TiO2 under visible-light (λ ≥420nm) irradiation was investigated. In nitrogen doped titania (N–TiO2) Nph name="sbnd" />O bond is formed, which extends the absorption edge to the visible-light region. A part of doping boron enters into titania lattice and most of the boron exists at the surface of the catalyst. The crystallite size of B–N–TiO2 decreases compared to N–TiO2, while its photocurrent and the surface hydroxyl group increase. Furthermore, doping boron could act as shallow traps for photoinduced electrons to prolong the life of the electrons and holes. Therefore, the visible-light activity of B–N–iO2 increases greatly compared with that of N–TiO2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: CdS semiconductor photocatalyst was synthesized by a solvent thermal process. Platinum (Pt) was loaded on the CdS by photodeposition. The samples were characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, DRS and XPS techniques. The activities of Pt/CdS photocatalysts under visible light were evaluated by hydrogen production using formic acid as electron donor. The photoetching of CdS was monitored by measuring dissolved . The activity of Pt/CdS with 1h photoetching treatment increases by 126% compared to the initial photocatalyst. However, excess photoetching decreases the photocatalytic activity. A distinct correlation between photoetching and increase of the activity is observed. Oxygen and platinum play an important role in the photoetching process. The photocatalytic activity is enhanced through decreasing agglomeration of the CdS particles to increase the specific surface area, modifying particle morphology, and removing selectively grain boundary defects which are recombination centers of photoinduced electron–hole pairs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A nitrogen-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) photocatalyst was prepared by the calcination of the hydrolysis product of Ti(SO4)2 with aqueous ammonia. Pt was loaded on N-TiO2 by photodeposition method. A dye-sensitization photocatalyst was prepared by impregnation method with Eosin Y and the platinized N-TiO2. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), BET and FT-IR. The visible light activity of the sensitization photocatalysts was evaluated by photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (λ >420nm) in the presence of electron donor triethanolamine (TEOA). The N-TiO2 has smaller crystalline size and larger specific surface area to enhance the adsorption amount of Eosin Y than TiO2 prepared by NaOH. Surface oxygen defects produced by nitrogen doping would improve the adsorption of Eosin Y and excited electron to transfer to the conduction band of N-TiO2. Therefore the visible light activity of the sensitized nitrogen-doped platinized TiO2 is much higher than that of the sensitized platinized TiO2. The sensitized nitrogen-doped platinized TiO2 calcined at 300°C has the highest visible light activity among the catalysts calcined at various temperatures, whose activity is increased by a factor of 3 compared to that of the sensitized platinized TiO2 calcined at the same temperature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the presence of chloroacetic acids, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and decomposition of the pollutants over Pt/TiO2 have been investigated. The Pt/TiO2 was prepared by photodeposition. Monochloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid enhance photocatalytic hydrogen generation, whereas trichloroacetic acid does not. The photocatalytic oxidation of monochloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid mainly produces CO2, HCl and formaldehyde, whereas the photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroacetic acid mainly produces CO2 and HCl. The effect of the concentration of monochloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid on the hydrogen generation rate is consistent with a Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model. A possible reaction mechanism was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Colloidal platinum nanoparticles, the co-catalyst for hydrogen evolution, were prepared using 12-tungstosilicate as photocatalyst by two methods in which photolysis and reduction reaction took place at the same time and at different time, respectively. For the former, H2PtCl6 was reduced directly to colloidal platinum under irradiation and 12-tungstosilicate would transfer into a new structure compound during the process. For the latter, 12-tungstosilicate was first photoreduced to heteropoly blue anion, and then the blue anion could reduce H2PtCl6 to colloidal platinum under no irradiation. The Pt particle size and reactivity of 12-tungstosilicate were characterized by UV–vis and cyclic voltammetry. Preparation methods affect markedly the Pt particle size and reactivity of 12-tungstosilicate so that the photocatalytic activity and stability for hydrogen evolution are different. The possible mechanism was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A novel J-J type Zn m In 2 S m+3 @In 2 S 3 heterojunction was designed based on conductive anisotropy. • The J-J type heterojunction was fabricated with the assistance of oxalic acid. • The heterojunction improves the carrier separation efficiency and extends light response range. • The heterojunction exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic H 2 evolution activity. Abstract It remains a great challenge to design and prepare highly efficient semiconductor-based photocatalysts for water splitting. To achieve this goal, the design of oriented heterojunctions for efficient carrier transport and separation is a new strategy based on their conductive anisotropy. Herein, a novel oriented J-J type Zn m In 2 S m+3 @In 2 S 3 heterojunction photocatalyst with hierarchical structures is fabricated with the assistance of oxalic acid. The hierarchical structures consist of 'flower-like' hollow Zn m In 2 S m+3 microspheres with epitaxially grown quantum confined In 2 S 3 along the petal rims (J-J type heterojunction). This heterojunction improves the transport and separation of the photoexcited carriers, and extends the visible-light response range. Thus, the heterojunction photocatalyst exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity with a hydrogen evolution rate of 330 μmol h−1, which is about 4 times higher than that of single ZnIn 2 S 4. The findings provide new insights to construct efficient oriented heterojunctions for anisotropic semiconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It remains a challenge to develop efficient and inexpensive catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, it is the first time to report a core-shell structured amorphous Fe-B alloy coupled with metal Fe nanoclusters as an efficient HER catalyst. The composite was fabricated via the transformation of the FeOOH coating on amorphous Fe-B alloy into metal Fe through a simple photoreduction approach. The Fe nanoclusters loaded on amorphous Fe-B alloy improve the catalytic HER. Thus, the as-prepared composite exhibits much better electrocatalytic and photocatalytic HER activities than single Fe and Fe-B alloy, that is, there is a synergic effect between Fe metal and amorphous Fe-B alloy. The highest apparent quantum yield (AQY) for photocatalytic HER reaches 34% at 470 nm with Eosin Y as a photosensitizer. The composite cocatalyst can be recovered by a magnetic field after the dye-sensitized photocatalytic HER. More interestingly, the electrocatalytic HER activity of Fe-B@Fe-10 in alkaline solution surpasses that of foam Ni used in industrial water electrolysis, and the core-shell composite shows excellent HER performance at high current density. The findings provide new insights to develop efficient and stable noble-metal-free HER catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new concept of volume photocatalysis of of solid catalysts is created, and an efficient reaction system constructed using low polymeric carbon nitride as a photocatalyst and biomass-derived formic acid as a reactant. The apparent quantum yield for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaches 51.9% at 400 nm in formic acid reaction system. • It is the first time to propose the concept of volume photocatalysis of solid catalysts. • Low polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) can act as a volume photocatalyst. • An efficient PCN photocatalytic H 2 evolution is achieved in formic acid reaction system. • Apparent quantum yield for photocatalytic H 2 generation at 400 nm reaches 51.9%. • This work provides a new strategy to enhance photocatalytic reaction efficiency. Conversion of solar energy into H 2 via photocatalytic reforming of biomass or its derivatives is an attractive technology. However, the photocatalytic reaction efficiency is usually low due to the high recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. Herein, we demonstrate a new concept and strategy of volume photocatalysis of solid catalysts and construct an efficient reaction system using low polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) as a volume photocatalyst and biomass-derived formic acid as a reactant. In this system, PCN allows the reactant to enter its bulk and in-situ scavenge photogenerated holes, which greatly inhibits the recombination of the electrons and holes. As a result, the left electrons can effectively migrate from the bulk to the surface of PCN to reduce protons/water molecules into hydrogen. The apparent quantum yield (AQY) for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaches 51.9% at 400 nm in formic acid reaction system. These findings provide new insights for understanding heterogeneous photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]