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In Tunisia, it has been proven through various previously published studies that agricultural overexploitation and urban and industrial activities increase the risk of groundwater quality deterioration. The present study is a new research to be added to groundwater appraisal and comes to assess groundwater quality of the phreatic Skhira aquifer in relation to surrounding anthropic activities and also tries to evaluate potential risk threatenings of the local population. For that, 20 water well samples covering the phreatic aquifer were analyzed for physical and chemical parameters, major cations and anions, nutrient elements, fluorine, and some trace metal elements. Results show that the area close to the phosphogypsum storage site is the zone which is the most affected by industrial activity. This area corresponds to the upstream part of the aquifer, in terms of the trending flow, and records the highest conductivity values, high H2PO4-, F-, SO42-, and Zn2+ concentrations. Groundwater samples in this area are also characterized by a relatively low hydrogen potential (acid pH). High NO3- are recorded especially upstream of the aquifer and are thought to be caused by high fertilizer use. Overall, most analyzed samples do not meet the World Health Organization norms and therefore are not suitable as drinking waters. In addition, well water use for irrigation represents a medium to high sodicity and alkanization risk. The current study sheds light on the increasing deterioration risk of the aquifer and is an awakening call for decision-makers to imply means for urgent solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of phosphoric acid by the Tunisian Chemical Group, in Sfax, Tunisia, led to the degradation of the groundwater quality of the Sfax-Agareb aquifer mainly by the phosphogypsum leachates infiltration. Spatiotemporal monitoring of the quality of groundwater was carried out by performing bimonthly sampling between October 2013 and October 2014. Samples culled in the current study were subject to physicochemical parameters measurements and analysis of the major elements, orthophosphates, fluorine, trace metals, and stable isotopes (18O, 2H). The obtained results show that the phosphogypsum leachates infiltration has a major effect on the downstream part of the aquifer, where the highest values of conductivity, SO42-, Ortho-P, and F-, and the lowest pH were recorded. In addition, these results indicated that phosphogypsum leachates contained much higher amount of Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Al compared to the groundwater. Spatiotemporal variation of the conductivity and concentrations of major elements is linked to the phosphogypsum leachates infiltration as well as to a wide range of factors such as the natural conditions of feeding and the water residence time. Contents of O18 and 2H showed that the water of the Sfax-Agareb aquifer undergoes a large scale evaporation process originated from recent rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]