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This review article surveys recent work in political theory that has brought together biopolitics and the COVID-19 pandemic. Centered on 2021 books by Giorgio Agamben and Benjamin Bratton, the essay outlines prominent visions of "negative" (Agamben) and "positive" (Bratton) biopolitical responses to the pandemic, engages public reactions to these approaches, and reassesses the position of biopolitical thinking in light of these. In doing so, the article recalls the foundations and original interventions of biopolitical theory, calling for a renewed engagement with the perspectives afforded by biopolitics that pushes past the negative/positive binary. Ultimately, the essay gathers together major developments in biopolitical thinking today, counters moves to discard the theoretical approach despite the limitations of recent examples, and repositions biopolitics as an ambivalent tool for political thought and practice going forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational change research has shown how change processes in organizations connect sequentially to form a trajectory of change through time; however, research has yet to offer an understanding of how ongoing organizational change integrates more distant change processes across time to shape the organization's long-term trajectory. To better understand the dynamics between ongoing change and the shaping of trajectories, we refer to change processes as turning points, arguing that turning points are immanent to – and formative of – trajectories. We define turning points in terms of their definitional, directional and curvilinear features, which we relate to the shaping of organizational change trajectories. Drawing on Deleuze's concept of the fold and the distinction between actual and singular events, we theorize how actors connect past and future turning points of the trajectory as singular events into enacting the actual events of the current turning point. Inspired by Deleuze's conception of the fold, we then develop a theoretical framework for the shaping of organizational change trajectories at turning points. This framework contributes to current change research by explaining how ongoing change processes give shape to trajectories of change that subsequently shape the ongoing process of change. It also contributes to the literature by proposing a more dynamic and central role of continuity in change. Finally, our use of Deleuze's concept of the fold enables us to suggest how theorizing actors' movement through time may extend current process views of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article serves as an introduction to the special section "Vulnerability: An Interdisciplinary Trialogue," which brings together three researchers who have made important contributions to the field of vulnerability studies from different perspectives and in different disciplines: Elodie Boublil, Kate Brown, and Erinn Gilson. At the outset, the article discusses some characteristic features of the current discourse on vulnerability, in particular the question of why the concept of vulnerability is not only very popular but is also often used in such a diverse and vague manner. In addition to an increased multidisciplinary interest, transdisciplinary conflicts over fundamental epistemological, ontological, and methodological positions are identified as an essential factor; furthermore, the plurality and vagueness of the notion are attributed to an increasing "duplication" of vulnerability as an academic concept on the one hand and as an element of cultural semantics and political discourse on the other. The special section discusses this peculiar mixture of popularity, plurality, and vagueness of the vulnerability concept in an interdisciplinary, reflexive, and critical manner. The introduction outlines key aspects of the three contributions to the trialogue and highlights some convergences and common themes. At the end, the three authors are also briefly introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to find out the existential elements in the Selected Characters of The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales by Chaucer. Further, the study analyzes the existential themes of freedom, choices, and bad faith as presented by the existential philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. The Selected characters are Friar, The Summoner, The Wife of Bath, and The Knight. Chaucer's The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales though written in the fourteenth century, has universal appeal. The themes, dilemmas, and conflicts presented through the fourteenth-century characters are for all ages. These characters have traces of being existential characters. Existentialism as a theory or philosophy emphasizes the importance of freedom and choices made by man. Chaucer's character which comprises of different classes, professions, and gender assert their sense of freedom in many ways and hence falls either into the category of being-in-itself or being-for-itself. Existentialism is used as a methodological framework for the textual analysis of the Prologue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article explores how the concept of metacognition has evolved, from its philosophical origins to current interdisciplinary applications. The paper transversally traces, how metacognitive theories have been integrated by various fields. First of all, is emphasized the progressive character of the development of the metacognitive theory; second, the features that establish it as an independent theory are highlighted. Finally, the article explores current and future concerns, trends and directions in research. Thus, the following discourse exploratively investigates how metacognition with its ancient history on ''thinking about thinking'', have been innovated by various current scientific fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This reflective article, moving between social theory and philosophy, focuses on the conception of Bourdian social criticism and its political potential. Starting from some objections to his vision of how criticism works, especially those that affirm that it implies an objectivist notion of cognition and the agency of people, it becomes clear that they are based on an erroneous perception of Bourdieu's idea of the levels at which criticism occurs. His understanding of the semantic struggle that social critique requires and what it implies to change the dominant configuration of the social is then explored. Finally, it is affirmed that this conception of criticism, although far from objectivism, still retains a certain intellectualist inclination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the occasion of the centenary of Rodolfo Kusch's birth, the article aims to rescue the philosopher as part of a collective "we", that is, to inscribe him in a reflective framework, which Kusch himself feeds while being nourished by it. For this purpose, relying on unpublished records and documents, the article reconstructs Kusch's participation and contribution to the Argentine team of "Philosophical research on the wisdom of the Argentine people as a hermeneutical place for a theory of philosophy of religion regarding the relationship between religion and language", which carried out its activities between 1977 and 1979, year of the Argentine philosopher's death. The article delves into both methodological suggestions and thematic reflections made by Kusch within the context of that group experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent article, Bernáth and Tőzsér (2021) defend what they call the Bias Argument, a new skeptical argument from expert peer disagreement. They argue that the best contrastive causal explanation for disagreement among leading experts in philosophy is that they adopt their positions in a biased way. But if the leading experts are biased, non-experts either are also biased or only avoid bias through epistemic inferiority. Recognizing this is expected to prompt one to decrease one's confidence in one's philosophical beliefs. This paper argues that some beliefs are immune to a key premise of the Bias Argument. To show this, the paper develops the concepts of self-favoring theories, decisive support, and standing-incommensurable disagreements. A plausible example of a selffavoring theory, dubbed Mere Reformed Protestantism, is sketched. Many disagreements over self-favoring theories and over beliefs decisively supported by self-favoring theories are shown to be standing-incommensurable. It is then argued that when non-experts are in standing-incommensurable disagreements with experts, the standards of assessing expertise are themselves controverted. This result undercuts the move in the Bias Argument from expert bias to nonexpert bias. Finally, a couple reservations about the role of self-favoring theories in philosophy are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tábano is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Philosophy and ethics in medicine is an interesting and often fascinating topic of enquiry, however uptake amongst medical students is highly variable and it is often regarded as a nonessential component of the medical curriculum. Medical students themselves are often overwhelmed by the demands of medical study, and cite high rates of burnout. This paper describes a novel intervention provided at Western Sydney University as part of the Professional Development curriculum, which provided three broad tutorial interventions in their first clinical year. The tutorials gave an overview regarding philosophy theory, but are specifically designed to encourage resilience amongst students. The tutorials were highly regarded and represent a novel way of engaging young doctors. It is suggested that orienting philosophy teaching towards issues immediately relevant to training doctors can greatly improve student acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

William James credited C.S. Peirce with the invention of philosophical pragmatism. In turn, Peirce described Alexander Bain’s theory of belief as the philosophy’s axiom. This essay explicates Bain’s theory of belief and uses it to define pragmatism as a theory of mind. It then derives both Peirce’s semantic pragmatism and James’ vision for academic philosophy as corollaries, vindicating Peirce’s characterization of the idea’s history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on the argument of a 1996 piece called "For Theory," which situated "theory" in a force field of its putative opposite terms, this essay explores the way "philosophy" has come to be considered an antonym of "theory" in much contemporary discourse. It argues that despite their often contrasting meanings and connotations, the two terms would benefit from a dialogue in which the strengths of each were acknowledged without their being either hierarchically positioned or turned into bland synonyms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategic management theories invoke the concept of competitive advantage to explain firm performance, and empirical research investigates competitive advantage and describes how it operates. But as a performance hypothesis, competitive advantage has received surprisingly little formal justification, particularly in light of its centrality in strategy research and practice. As it happens, the core hypothesis--that competitive advantage produces sustained superior performance--finds little support in formal deductive or inductive inference, and the leading theories of competitive advantage incorporate refutation barriers that preclude meaningful empirical tests. This article explores the logical and philosophical foundations of the competitive advantage hypothesis, locating its philosophical foundations in the epistemologies of Bayesian induction, abductive inference and an instrumentalist, pragmatic philosophy of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers the 1987 presidential address for the Philosophic Society for the Study of Sport and discusses Kitaro Nishida's theory of the body. Nishida aimed to harmonize Western and Eastern philosophy while examining the subject of existence through his analysis of body and action. While the core of his thought is based on concepts that would be termed Eastern, he used Western concepts to express his philosophy.

The author discusses the theory endorsed by some philosophers that it is logically impossible to win or even to compete in a game when the player breaks the rules. This theory asserts that the purpose of every game is to play according to the rules, that its rules are inherent to the objective of the game, and that if they are broken, then the end becomes unattainable. The author argues that this is false. Although following some rules is essential to playing any particular game, and violation of some rules may lead us to say that no game worthy of the name has been played, the unqualified incompatibility rule is easily rebuked by countless real life examples. The author then considers unintentional violations of the rules in both individual and team sports.

The article aims to describe the philosophy of physicist Neils Bohr. The author stated that Bohr's philosophy falls into three parts, one that which he understands, one which he did not understand, but he felt it was clear to Bohr, and one that Bohr himself saw only dimly. He also stated that Bohr never brought up to his philosophy as his own and that he used to speak of it as a whole lesson to be illustrated from quantum mechanics. Bohr's philosophical ideas were not originally inspired by physics, but the aspects of the new theory suited his philosophy well. The author also cited Bohr's interests including biology and quantum physics and as well his career developments.

The article analyzes the terminological coordinates of theory transfer and its implications. It explores the methodological challenges concerning theory transfer and the empirical dimension of defining theory transfer. Also discussed are the idea of stability of theory and its unchangeability and the issue of transatlantic theory transfer to the U.S. from Germany.

El artículo discurre sobre los beneficios de las investigaciones y los estudios teóricos. La autora comenta sobre las características filosóficas del estudio teórico, lo que describe como el refugio de la teoría. También se considera la importancia del equilibrio y la utilidad de los estudios en la práctica.

The author responds to an article by Hugh Miller regarding business ethics education. He notes Miller's view that ethics educators should present their own theories to students or risk students becoming confused by the number of different ethical theories presented. The author notes how the scientific method requires that theories be modified to fit data but comments that ethics research has no corresponding method to interpret data into theories. He discusses how he encourages students to develop their own ethical viewpoints.

Introduction and hypothesis: Functional anatomy of the bladder neck and proximal urethra has been studied extensively because of the belief that it is important for urinary continence. The aim of this study was to explore the limits of normality for pelvic floor ultrasound parameters of bladder neck and urethral mobility associated with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and urodynamic stress incontinence (USI). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 589 women seen for urodynamic testing in a tertiary urogynaecology clinic. All women were assessed following a protocol including interview, clinical examination, flowmetry, urodynamic testing and 4D pelvic floor ultrasound. Volume data sets were analysed offline to assess for bladder neck descent (BND), urethral rotation and the retrovesical angle (RVA) on maximal Valsalva. Results: After excluding women with previous incontinence or prolapse surgery, 429 datasets were available. SI was significantly associated with the RVA ( p = 0.033) and BND ( p = 0.036); USI was associated with urethral rotation ( p = 0.021) and BND ( p < 0.001). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, controlling for confounders including age, BMI, parity, previous hysterectomy and maximal urethral pressure, the association between SUI and BND remained significant (OR [per 10 mm] = 1.23; 95 % CI: 1.01 to 1.51; p = 0.043), as did the association between USI and BND (OR [per 10 mm] = 1.58; 95 % CI: 1.3 to 1.91; p < 0.001). ROC statistics for BND suggested a cut-off of 25 mm in describing the limit of normality. Conclusions: Measures of functional bladder neck anatomy are weakly associated with SUI and USI (with association between BND and USI being the strongest). It is suggested that a BND of 25 mm or higher be defined as abnormal ('hypermobile') on the basis of its association with USI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief essay raises the issue of whether or not the data of consciousness are accessible. Two positions are presented; 1) that they are not accessible and 2) that they are. This unresolved issue has plagued philosophy and cognitional theory for more than a few centuries. Presenting, as a new idea, in that it is time for this issue to be resolved to put the discussion to rest and provide a more viable foundation for the success of the sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veritas is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Journal of Social Education is the property of Formation d'Educateurs Sociaux Europeens (FESET) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article proposes a way of understanding Kantianism, act-utilitarianism and some other important ethical theories according to which they are all versions of the same kind of theory, sharing a common structure. I argue that this is a profitable way to understand the theories discussed. It is charitable to the theories concerned; it emphasizes the common ground between them; it gives us insights into the differences between them; and it provides a method for generating new ethical theories worth studying. The article briefly discusses the relationship between these ideas and some other recent proposals that emphasize the common ground between Kantianism and versions of consequentialism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article the author argues that the error theory of philosophy should not be relied upon. He explains the philosophy behind error theory. He discusses several objections for the error theory, including the Partial Belief Objection, Moorean-Paradox Objection and the Objection from Reflective Equilibrium.

Albert Einstein insists that his epistemology made his discovery of relativity possible. He believed it was his understanding of the relationship of experience and reason that allowed him to reconsider certain 'truths' of physics. Specifically, he believed that reality and thought were independent but related, and that conceptual systems are independent of but conditioned by experience. Failure to understand the relation between experience and reason had, Einstein believed, limited progress in science. His understanding of the relation, on the other hand, enabled him to formulate relativity theory and therefore provides one example of the relevance of philosophy to scientific inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Problems / Problemos is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Goodness and Justice, Joseph Mendola defends three related views in normative ethics: a novel form of consequentialism, a Bentham-style hedonism about 'basic' value, and a maximin principle about the value of a world. In defending these views he draws on his views in metaethics, action theory, and the philosophy of mind. It is an ambitious and wide-ranging book. I begin with a quick explanation of Mendola's views, and then raise some problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a critical analysis of the views of Bertrand Russell on philosophy in different works of his. The author outlines and comments three ideas of Russell in particular as being very important: on defining philosophy as a sphere of theoretical thinking outside science, on distinguishing between two kinds of philosophical theories depending on the motives that provoked them and on the impossibility to define the concept of philosophy. In conclusion the concept of Bertrand Russell on philosophy is considered a basis of a well-founded answer to the question "What is philosophy?". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thought experiments have played a pivotal role in many debates within ethics-and in particular within applied ethics-over the past 30 years. Nonetheless, despite their having become a commonly used philosophical tool, there is something odd about the extensive reliance upon thought experiments in areas of philosophy, such as applied ethics, that are so obviously oriented towards practical life. Herein I provide a moderate defence of their use in applied philosophy against those three objections. I do not defend all possible uses of thought experiments but suggest that we should distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate uses. Their legitimate uses are determined not so much by the modal content of any actual thought experiment itself, but by the extent to which the argument in which it is nested follows basic tenets of informal logic and respects the fundamental contingency of applied ethical problems. In pursuing these ideas, I do not so much provide a set of criteria for their legitimate use, but more modestly present two significant ways in which their use can go awry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consequentialism is often charged with demandingness objections which arise in response to the theory's commitment to impartiality. It might be thought that the only way that consequentialists can avoid such demandingness objections is by dropping their commitment to impartialism. However, I outline and defend a framework within which all reasons for action are impartially grounded, yet which can avoid demandingness objections. I defend this framework against what might appear to be a strong objection, namely the claim that anyone who accepts the theory will be practically irrational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I investigate the theory-practice relationship in ethics by using the lens of theorist-practitioner relationships. In particular I discuss the contrasts between theorist-practitioner relationship inside and outside the classroom, the 'extra-mural' expertise of theorists, and the ethical issues which arise when theorists act as co-practitioners. I argue that understanding these social and ethical issues is essential to understanding the relationship between theory and practice in ethics, and shows the need for more emphasis on practice-oriented forms of ethical theorising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines three ways of analysing the ‘politics of securitization’, emphasizing an often-overlooked form of politics practised through theory design. The structure and nature of a theory can have systematic political implications. Analysis of this ‘politics of securitization’ is distinct from both the study of political practices of securitization and explorations of competing concepts of politics among security theories. It means tracking what kinds of analysis the theory can produce and whether such analysis systematically impacts real-life political struggles. Securitization theory is found to ‘act politically’ through three structural features that systematically shape the political effects of using the theory. The article further discusses – on the basis of the preceding articles in the special issue – three emerging debates around securitization theory: ethics, transformations and post-Western analyses. The article finally suggests one possible way forward for securitization theory: a route built on first clarifying its concept of theory, then specifying more clearly the place of political theory and causal mechanisms in different parts of the analysis. The politics of securitization accordingly becomes sharpened. Instead of deducing the political quality of the theory from various empirical statements by its proponents, this approach zooms in on the very core of the theory: how does it structurally condition work done with it in systematically political ways? [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper I try to show that there are important differences between Hermann Cohen's and Johann Gottlieb Fichte's conceptions of the state. Therefore I conclude that the thesis of the influence of the Fichtean philosophy upon Cohen's theory is problematic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights on the views of Paul Horwich concerning his book "The Philosophy of Philosophy." The author states that Horwich argues that right business of philosophy is considered as a clarification than systematic theory-building. He says philosophy experiences a shortage in terms of determined constraints needed for a subject to develop a scientific progress. He explores examples of philosophy wherein Horwich opposes empirical sciences and traditional moral theory.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to establish pluralism as the basis for bibliographic classification theory and practice and examine the possibility of establishing trustworthy classifications. Design/methodology/approach - The paper examines several key notions in classification and extended previous frameworks by combining an explanation-based approach to classification with the concepts of cognitive authority and trust. Findings - The paper presents an understanding of classification that allows designers and editors to establish trust through the principle of transparency. It demonstrates that modern classification theory and practice are tied to users' activities and domains of knowledge and that trustworthy classification systems are in close dialogue with users to handle bias responsible and establish trust. Originality/value - The paper establishes a foundation for exploring trust and authority for classification systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]