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The article offers information on a study on revision of Robert Rosen's anticipatory system proposal. It informs that a constructivist approach was used for weak signal analysis for reflexive stages and capacities. Framing and meta-framing couple for anticipatory issues is explained while considering Rosen's anticipatory system concept. It provides information on when to apply reflexive steps in a foresight exercise and when not to do so. It informs that corporate and policy-making contexts can be benefited by the research's decision making.

The article offers information on a study on futures theory building and the sociological contributions to it. It informs that inherent ontological and epistemological presumptions were used in the foresight studies. It was found in the study that sociological lenses include several concepts such as anticipation, latency, complexity and ambiguity. Also presented is a table related to study which includes the challenges such as complexity, Uncertainty and Ambiguity along with objectives and the discourse.

The article offers information on a study on Nicolai Hartmann's ideas and anticipation from an ontological point of view. It informs that a conceptual analysis was done for the ontological theory of anticipation. It was found in the study that a philosophical perspective on futures studies can be observed when problems related to ''futures'' and ''anticipation'' were analyzed philosophically. Also presented are diagrams related to the Aristotle's model of teleological acts and Hartman's model of human action.

The article offers information on a study on anticipatory systems in physics. It informs that two distinct types of systems in nature are assumed in the study in which some anticipate the future while others rely on past states. It also informs that the relationship between the physical state of the system and its energy is explained in both classical mechanics and quantum mechanics which shows that energy and the system are arbitrary and the potential energy's role is in the anticipation of interaction with another system.

The article offers information on a study to distinguish between anticipation as an empirical phenomenon and the factors that make it possible. It informs that a theoretical and experimental analysis of anticipation and its systems were employed in the study. It also informs that it was found in the study that anticipation is used in several fields including biology, brain studies and cognitive sciences. It informs that an anticipatory system is a predictive model of its own or of its environment.

The article offers information on a study on ontological framework of anticipatory systems. It informs that the study is based on the thesis that anticipatory systems-based ontology must be of a dynamic nature. It was found in the study that ontological framework is reliable for substantiation of the thesis according to which, there is no gap between living and non-living systems. It was found in the study that process philosophical ontology can solve all the cases of anticipation. Also presented is a diagram related to anticipation in self-control manufacture system.

The article offers information on a study on the anticipatory systems by Robert Rosen. It informs that the theory provides the conceptual basis for foresight studies in which the ubiquity of anticipatory systems is explained. It was found in the study that teleology is an important part of science and causality is not violated by anticipatory systems. It also informs about Robert Rosen which includes his career achievements such as being the world's foremost theoretical biologists, writer of research papers and several books.

Meta-level research - such as data-mining of published research - is associated with established fields of scientific inquiry. Anticipation, ascertaining an alternative perspective, suggests a new frontier in science. The realisation of the integrated nature of knowledge about anticipation will eventually supersede the current fragmentation of research in this new inquiry domain. The subject's inter- and cross-disciplinarity justifies the effort to document the breadth and depth of the anticipation research, even when the word anticipation is not spelled out. The identifier is clear: what happens before a possible outcome is even triggered? The aim is to assist those who are still not fully aware of the encompassing nature of anticipation, but interested in the subject, to formulate and test their own hypotheses. In some areas (such as computer-based applications), the expectation of reproducible results (characteristic of the nomothetic) is justified; in others, pertinent to the living (characteristic of the idiographic), anticipation proves rather difficult to define and probably impossible to emulate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the authors propose to consider the issues of emptiness. What are the psychic mechanisms of individuals against losses, the consequences of loss, the different forms of subjects being able to lose objects. From the myth of Demeter, and its demand, and taking as its starting point the failure of the cycle ↔ departure → empty anticipation → return ↔, by intolerance to the void that is death of subject and object, we pursue the meanings of this cycle, and what are the qualities of that meeting. To make this possible, we used the Rorschach, seeing the Rorschach response process as a process that causes a feeling of chaos, fragmentation. How will the subject deal with these feelings of emptiness, this need for creating and processing towards meaning? What mechanisms will be used, when facing this new object, considering its chaos? Providing the Rorschach with new dimensions of analysis, specific to this study, we will observe the different paths followed by subjects in the encounter with objects, toward a possible meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - Arguably the most distinguishing characteristic of the current rise of foresight for dealing with the long term is the explicit mention and involvement of actors and actor networks, i.e. participation. In general, this participation dimension is considered a valuable contribution to better anticipation and anticipatory behavior. However, participation should not be seen as the solution for the conceptual and practical difficulties of anticipation. This paper seeks to argue that, although participation is a necessary requirement for foresight, it contributes a number of new problems, which one prefers to see as dilemmas (since there is no solution to these "problems"). Understanding these "ten insolvable dilemmas of participation" is the main objective of this contribution. Design/methodology/approach - This article employs theories and practice dealing with participatory approaches. Findings - Although an important dimension of foresight, participation is often trivialized. However, using participation means also having to address new challenges for which no default design answer is possible. Practical implications - Futures practitioners will be aware of the consequences of incorporating a participatory dimension into a foresight exercise. Originality/value - Although participation has become a key feature of many contemporary foresight activities, generic design questions are either ignored or dealt with on a case-to-case basis. This paper is an attempt to employ the body of theories on participation and participatory approaches in order to frame the participatory dimension in foresight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous investigations suggest the gain of smooth pursuit is directionally anisotropic and is regulated in a task-dependent manner. Smooth pursuit is also known to be influenced by expectations concerning the target’s motion, but the role of such expectations in modulating feedback gain is not known. In the present work, the gain of smooth pursuit was probed by applying brief perturbations to quasi-predictable two-dimensional target motion at multiple time points. The target initially moved in a straight line, then followed the circumference of a circle for distances ranging between 180° and 270°. Finally, the path reverted to linear motion. Perturbations consisted of a pulse of velocity 50 or 100 ms in duration, applied in one of eight possible directions. They were applied at the onset of the curve or after the target had traversed an arc of 45° or 90°. Pursuit gain was measured by computing the average amplitude of the response in smooth pursuit velocity over a 100 ms interval. To do so we used a coordinate system defined by the motion of the target at the onset of the perturbation, with directions tangential and normal to the path. Responses to the perturbations had two components: one that was modulated with the direction of the perturbation and one that was directionally nonspecific. For the directional response, on average the gain in the normal direction was slightly larger than the gain in the tangential direction, with a ratio ranging from 1.0 to 1.3. The directionally nonspecific response, which was more prominent for perturbations at curve onset or at 90°, consisted of a transient decrease in pursuit speed. Perturbations applied at curve onset also delayed the tracking of the curved target motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After repeated associations between two events, E1 and E2, responses to E2 can be facilitated either because participants consciously expect E2 to occur after E1 or because E1 automatically activates the response to E2, or because of both. In this article, the authors report on 4 experiments designed to pit the influence of these 2 factors against each other. The authors found that the fastest responses to a target in a reaction time paradigm occurred when automatic activation was highest and conscious expectancy lowest. These results, when considered together with previous findings indicating that, under most conditions, the relation between expectancy and reaction times is in the opposite direction, are indicative of a reversed association—an interaction pattern that J. C. Dunn and K. Kirsner (1988) demonstrated to be the only one that unambiguously points to the involvement of independent processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits the Pasadena game (Nover and Háyek 2004), a St Petersburg-like game whose expectation is undefined. We discuss serveral respects in which the Pasadena game is even more troublesome for decision theory than the St Petersburg game. Colyvan (2006) argues that the decision problem of whether or not to play the Pasadena game is 'ill-posed'. He goes on to advocate a 'pluralism' regarding decision rules, which embraces dominance reasoning as well as maximizing expected utility. We rebut Colyvan's argument, offering several considerations in favour of the Pasadena decision problem being well posed. To be sure, current decision theory, which is underpinned by various preference axioms, leaves indeterminate how one should value the Pasadena game. But we suggest that determinacy might be achieved by adding further preference axioms. We conclude by opening the door to a far greater plurality of decision rules. We suggest how the goal of unifying these rules might guide future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information related to the role of magnitude in critical philosophy. In the Critique of Pure Reason two principles are argued that concern magnitudes. The first is the principle that `All intuitions are extensive magnitudes,' which appears in the Axioms of Intuition (B202); the second is the principle that `In all appearances the real, which is an object of sensation, has an intensive magnitude, that is, a degree,' which appears in the Anticipations of Perception (B207).

A number of researchers have recently argued that politeness is not always inferred in the form of an implicature as claimed by Brown and Levinson (1987), but rather can be anticipated by addressees when it involves expected behaviour. The distinction between anticipated and inferred polite- ness is thus an important area for further development of politeness theory. In this paper, the way in which the notion of `expectations' is related to politeness is first considered, before outlining the distinction between anticipated and inferred politeness in some detail. It is then argued that discourse politeness theory (Usami, 1998, 2001a, b, 2002) shows greater promise for deepening our understanding of this distinction than the proposals made thus far by relevance theorists. It is concluded that any investigation of the distinction between anticipating and inferring politeness must ultimately be grounded in empirical studies of politeness phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of books of philosophy. Some of the books are: "Nominalism and Realism. Universals and Scientific Realism," by D.M. Armstrong; "Hermeneutics and Social Science. Approaches to Understanding," by Zygmunt Baumer; "The Process of Thinking," by Marc Bleth; "Philosophy of Common Sense," by Shashi Bharadwaja; "What About Gods," by Chris Brockman; "Studies in Inductive Probability and Rational Expectation," by A.F.Thio Kuipers; "Essays on Knowledge and Justification," edited by G.S. Pappas and M. Swain.