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The main bioavailable phenolics from of Gongju (GJ) and their mechanism for hepato-protection remain unclear. To select the GJ phenolics with high bioavailability, chrysanthemum digestion and Caco-2 cells were used and their hepato-protective potential were examined by using AML-12 cells. The digestive recovery and small intestinal transit rate of the main phenolic compounds ranged from 28.52 to 69.53% and 6.57% ∼ 15.50%, respectively. Among them, chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, showed higher small intestinal transit rates and digestive recoveries. Furthermore, we found that by increasing intracellular Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) viability and lowering Malondialdehyde (MDA) level (P < 0.05), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid significantly mitigated the oxidative damage of AML-12 liver cells more than the other two phenolics. Our results demonstrated that 3,5-dicaffeoylquninic acid was the primary phenolic compounds in GJ that effectively reduced liver damage, providing a theoretical basis for the development of GJ as a potentially useful resource for hepatoprotective diet., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors confirm that they have no conflicts of interest with respect to the work described in this manuscript., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The phenolics are the main bioactive substances of Huangshan Gongju, a famous chrysanthemum of China, but their digestive characteristics are still unknown. To explore the digestive properties of Huangshan Gongju phenolics, the flower was extracted and subjected to simulated digestions, and their phenolic profile and activity were analyzed. The results indicated that the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of the extract varied with the simulated digestion steps, and they generally decreased in the oral and small intestine digestions but increased in the gastric digestion, and high correlations were detected between the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity (0.873 < r < 0.979, p <.01). The change of phenolic profile during the simulated digestions was similar to that of total phenolics content, and six individual phenolics were identified and quantified, and three of them, including chlorogenic acid, apigenin‐7‐O‐rutinoside, and apigenin‐7‐O‐6″‐acetylglucoside showed higher recovery (>64.29%), implying they may be the main functional phenolics of Huangshan Gongju. Practical applications: This study proved that most phenolics in Huangshan Gongju were relatively stable during digestion. The finding may guarantee the application of Huangshan Gongju in the field of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Digestive performance and hepato-protection of LGE were investigated. • Antioxidant capacity of LGE increased in gastric digestion. • Antioxidant capacity of LGE declined during oral and intestinal digestion. • Phenol compounds in LGE remained highly bio-accessible after in vitro digestion. • LGE pretreatment significantly decreased cellular ROS levels and MDA content. Lophatherum gracile Brongn. (L. gracile) is a traditional herb for both medicine and food use, but its digestibility and hepato-protective activity is unknown. Herein we investigated the digestibility and hepato-protective potential of L. gracile leave extract (LGE) using in vitro digestion and alcohol-induced oxidative damage models. Compared to the undigested group, the content of phenolics/flavonoids and the antioxidant activity in LGE generally decreased by 9.30–19.97% in the oral and small intestine phase after digestion, while that increased by 9.96–10.17% in the gastric phase. The main phenolics/flavonoids showed promising stability during digestion and their bio-accessiblity ranged from 67.64% to 84.47%. By reducing cellular reactive oxidative species and malonaldehyde levels, LGE (0.23–0.45 mg/mL) pretreatment significantly ameliorated alcohol-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells (P < 0.05), and their survival rate increased from 59.23% to 67.76%. These findings suggested that L. gracile could be used for the development of hepato-protective foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effect of the digestive system on the phenolics and antioxidant capacity of Lycium barbarum fruit, its extract was digested and analyzed in vitro. The results revealed that the phenolics/flavonoids contents and antioxidant capacity in the pH-treated group and digested group generally decreased by 4.39%–21.22% in the oral and intestinal digestions but increased by 1.26%–16.14% in the gastric digestion. The phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were highly correlated in digested groups (r > 0.899, p < 0.01). Five main phenolics including rutin, p -coumaric acid and its hexoside derivatives were identified and quantified, and these phenolics displayed higher stability during the digestion, implying that they may be the potential functional phenolics of L. barbarum fruit. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) also known as wolfberry, is one of important medicinal plants in China that has been in use for its medicinal properties and as food supplement for centuries. The abundant bioactive compounds in its fruit, leaves, and root bark are considered beneficial to human health. Phenolic compounds were extracted from different locations of Goji leaves, including tip bud leaves (GBL), young leaves in the middle (GYL), and old leaves at the base (GOL). The phenolics from Goji leaves using ethanolic condensation backflow extraction (EE), ultrasonic extraction (UE), and enzymatic extraction (ME) were prepared, and their polyphenol concentration and antioxidant ability were analyzed. Polyphenol in Goji leaf varied with different positions and extraction techniques. Total 47 phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC-MS, including 43 in GBL, 38 in GYL, and 26 in GOL. Chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, and rutin were the main phenols in Goji leaves, and the highest content of chlorogenic acid in GBL-UE was 2105.05 ± 77.25 µg /g. All Goji leaves showed significant antioxidant effect and polyphenol content, especially GBL that having the highest phenolic level and the stronger antioxidant capacity. Different extraction methods for different leaf positions could improve the extraction efficiency, UE and ME were found suitable for extracting GBL and GOL samples; EE and UE were suitable for extracting GBL samples. GBL exhibited better phenolics and better antioxidant attributes, which are suitable for the development of nutraceuticals and skincare products. [Display omitted] • 47 phenolic compounds were identified from Goji, including 43 in GBL, 38 in GYL, and 26 in GOL. • Chlorogenic acid and rutin were the main phenolic substances in Goji leaves. • The highest phenolic content was found in GBL, followed by GYL and the least in GOL. • For polyphenol extraction, UE and ME were suitable for GBL and GOL; EE and UE were suitable for GBL. • Our study provides a theoretical basis for the industrial utilization of Goji leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]