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Summary: In this study, the effect of dehydration of some physico‐chemical characteristics, total phenol, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds of green and red jalapeno pepper fruits was investigated. The total carotenoid contents of red and green jalapeno pepper samples were reported to be between 14.15 (fresh) and 129.00 μg/g (540 and 720 W) to 2.8 (fresh) and 27.25 μg/g (720 W), respectively. Total phenolic results of red and green jalapeno pepper samples were recorded between 205.83 (fresh) and 343.93 mg GAE/100 g (540 W) to 81.69 (fresh) and 309.88 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g (air drying), respectively. The highest decrease in L* results (brightness) of both red (32.33) and green (36.45) peppers was determined with air drying. Gallic acid, catechin and kaempferol were the predominant phenolic compounds of jalapeno peppers. Gallic acid amounts of red and green jalapeno pepper samples changed between 3.23 (fresh) and 16.20 mg/100 g (air) to 2.41 (fresh) and 9.30 mg/100 g (air), respectively. Also, catechin amounts of both red and green dehydrated jalapeno pepper fruits were determined between 3.24 (fresh) and 106.33 mg/100 g (900 W) to 2.89 (fresh) and 90.05 mg/100 g (air), respectively. Both conventional and microwave drying has caused the reduction of redness for red pepper and greenness for green pepper. The phenolic components of red jalapeno peppers were partially higher than the green ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Herein, an ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector (UHPLC‐DAD) based quantification method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 21 bioactive phenolic compounds present abundantly in food products. The developed method was validated in terms of parameters such as linearity, detection and quantification limits, intra‐day and inter‐day precision and recovery showing ideal results. Further, the developed method was applied for the quantitative analysis of phenolics in commercially procured dietary samples such as spices, green tea, black tea and dark chocolate. The major phenolics quantified in dry weight of different samples were epigallocatechin gallate (425.5 mg/10 g), epicatechin gallate (111.9 mg/10 g) in green tea; gallocatechin (286.8 mg/10 g) in dark chocolate; and naringin (93.9 mg/10 g) in star anise etc. Overall, the UHPLC‐DAD‐based method was found to be reliable, simple and specific for the estimation of phenolics in different targeted food samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild grapevines are a rich source of polyphenolic compounds. Various environmental factors can influence these bioactive metabolites, contributing to stress mitigation and adaptation. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of prolonged drought stress on the accumulation of phytochemicals, antioxidants, and antimicrobial activity in the roots of the endangered Tunisian wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris) "Tebaba" genotype. The results revealed that under prolonged drought stress, there was a significant increase in total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid content, and stilbenes, which showed a positive and significant correlation with the total antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the ethanolic extracts demonstrated an enhanced in vitro antibacterial effect against selected human pathogenic bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, relative to prolonged drought stress, ranged from 125 to 250 µg/mL. The values of the ratio between MBC and the MIC showed that the activity of the root extract was bactericidal in all cases (MBC/MIC ≤ 2). This study highlights the potential of wild grapevine roots enriched with drought-inducible phenolic compounds, as a promising source of antimicrobial agents relevant to human health applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoa is a highly nutritious crop with diverse applications in the food industry. The study assessed the impact of various processing techniques, including microwaving, boiling, roasting, steaming, flaking, and germination, on the crude protein content (CP), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA), and 12 phenolic compounds in quinoa. CP was significantly affected by the heat treatments. Boiled quinoa flakes exhibited the highest average CP, boiling and roasting the lowest. Microwaving strongly enhanced the TPC and the content of six bioactive compounds (CFA, KMP, NAR, QCE, RUT, SA), while boiling and steaming had the most adverse effect. Germination improved the overall nutritional profile of quinoa. The most pronounced increase in the bioactive metabolites occurred between the third and fifth day of germination in a genotype-dependent manner. Six metabolites (NAR, SA, 4BA, IQ, PC, IH) were detected in germinated quinoa for the first time. The results emphasize the substantial influence of processing techniques and type of sample on quinoa nutritional quality and underscore the importance of proper consideration of those factors to obtain nutritionally optimal food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Yunnan hulled wheat grains (YHWs) have abundant phenolic compounds (PCs). However, a systematic elucidation of the phenolic characteristics and molecular basis in YHWs is currently lacking. The aim of the study, for the first time, was to conduct metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of YHWs at different developmental stages. RESULTS: A total of five phenolic metabolite classes (phenolic acids, flavonoids, quinones, lignans and coumarins, and tannins) and 361 PCs were identified, with flavonoids and phenolic acids being the most abundant components. The relative abundance of the identified PCs showed a dynamic decreasing pattern with grain development, and the most significant differences in accumulation were between the enlargement and mature stage, which is consistent with the gene regulation patterns of the corresponding phenolic biosynthesis pathway. Through co‐expression and co‐network analysis, PAL, HCT, CCR, F3H, CHS, CHI and bZIP were identified and predicted as candidate key enzymes and transcription factors. CONCLUSION: The results broaden our understanding of PC accumulation in wheat whole grains, especially the differential transfer between immature and mature grains. The identified PCs and potential regulatory factors provide important information for future in‐depth research on the biosynthesis of PCs and the improvement of wheat nutritional quality. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some factors in the salting-out extraction (SOE) method play a major role. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effects of the phase forming components and consequently select the best conditions to achieve a highly efficient recovery of phenolic compounds from walnut green husks (Juglans regia L.) using mixtures of ethanol and aqueous ammonium sulfate solutions. According to the results that were analyzed by response surface methodology, the optimal extraction conditions were obtained at ethanol: salt: water ratio of 34.8: 15.1: 54.4 (w/w) at a pH of 6–6.5 and 25 °C. At the optimal conditions, the overall phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were significantly higher than obtained by the conventional method. In addition, at a higher scale (i.e., 5 kg), similar results were obtained. Thus, it can be concluded that SOE has the potential to be scaled up for the simultaneous separation and purification of compounds from plant biomass. This paper is addressing extraction techniques, measurement, and characterization of new natural phenolic compounds from an agricultural by-product and valorization of waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyoscyamus niger L. is a plant with high medicinal value in terms of its tropane alkaloids. In this study, the effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl 2) application on root growth and secondary metabolite production in adventitious root cultures of H. niger were investigated. For this purpose, CdCl 2 was applied to the roots at different concentrations (1, 2, and 3 mM) for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. After harvest, the roots were evaluated in terms of not only growth parameters including fresh root weight, dry root weight, and root growth index but also the production of tropane alkaloids and phenolic compounds. In the study where it was found that CdCl 2 application had a negative effect on root growth, the highest root growth parameters were determined in control roots harvested after 96 h. The greatest value for hyoscyamine was determined in the roots harvested 24 h after 3 mM CdCl 2 application while 2 mM CdCl 2 applied for 24 h is the most appropriate application in terms of scopolamine production. On the other hand, the application of 3 mM CdCl 2 for 72 h proved to be the most encouraging application to increase the production of phenolic compounds. Principal component analysis (PCA) transferred the parameters examined in this study to five principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues greater than 1, explaining approximately 78.07 % of the total variances in roots. In conclusion, the application of CdCl 2 was found to have promising effects on the production of tropane alkaloids and phenolics depending on concentration and harvest time. [Display omitted] • Cadmium applications significantly affected alkaloid and phenolic syntheses in root. • Root growth was adversely affected by cadmium applications in hyoscyamus niger. • Application duration altered the secondary metabolite accumulation and root growth. • Cadmium was effective elicitor for enhancing alkaloid and phenolic compounds in root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biochemistry underlying seed coat darkening of lentil due to extended storage is limited. This study investigated the relationship between seed coat darkening over time during storage and changes in concentration of phenolic compounds (total phenolic compounds, total condensed tannins, proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins) in two red lentil cultivars (PBA Hallmark and PBA Jumbo2), stored at two grain moisture contents (10 and 14%, w/w) and two temperatures (4 and 35 °C) for 360 days. Seed coat darkening was only significant (p = 0.05) at high temperatures (35 °C) but not at low temperatures (4 °C), irrespective of grain moisture content and cultivar. The concentration of all phenolic compounds tested in this study reduced significantly (p = 0.05) throughout the study period, regardless of temperature and grain moisture treatments. The changes in seed coat brightness and redness followed a linear pattern, except for yellowness, where phenolic compounds initially reduced linearly and then remained constant thereafter. Darkening of seedcoat was only associated with the reduction in phenolic compounds tested in this study at 35 °C, and not at 4 °C. This suggests that seed coat darkening due to extended storage may not be directly linked to broad reductions in the groups of phenolic compounds or individual compounds assessed in this study. This information prompts further research to identify the actual biochemical processes that cause the darkening of seed coats during storage and assist in developing cultivars with stable seed coat colour by selecting and modifying such processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viola dalatensis, belonging to the Violaceae family, is an endemic species to Vietnam. The present study aimed to determine phenolic compounds in extracts from aerial parts of the plant species using high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). In addition, free radical scavenging and bovine albumin denaturation inhibition assays were performed to evaluate the antioxidant and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts. Most of the phenolic compounds in the methanolic extract were detected at the greatest concentrations compared to the other extracts, which was also supported by the highest total phenolic content (26.70 ± 0.1059 mg GAE/g). In general, the antioxidant activities of the methanolic and ethanolic extracts were found to be stronger than those of the other extracts. The aqueous extract exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on albumin denaturation (IC50 = 90.39 ± 8.415 µg/mL), comparable with that of diclofenac. Through principal component analysis, 88.60% of the total variance in the phenolic dataset was explained. The correlation analysis showed that chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, rutin, and kaempferol may play important roles in antioxidant activity while gallic acid could contribute to in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts. The findings of this study provide the first evidence of the bioactive compounds present in V. dalatensis and shed light on the potential health-promoting properties linked to its aerial parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the increase in high‐calorie diets and sedentary lifestyles has made obesity a global public health problem. An unbalanced diet promotes the production of proinflammatory cytokines and causes redox imbalance in the body. Phenolics have potent antioxidant activity and cytoprotective ability. They can scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species, and enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thus combating the body's oxidative stress. They can also improve the body's inflammatory response, enhance the enzyme activity of lipid metabolism, and reduce the contents of cholesterol and triglyceride. Most phenolics are biotransformed and absorbed into the blood after the action by gut microbiota; these metabolites then undergo phase I and II metabolism and regulate oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and increasing expression of antioxidant enzymes. Phenolics induce the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and phase II detoxification enzymes by stimulating Nrf2 to enter the nucleus and bind to the antioxidant response element after uncoupling from Keap1, thereby promoting the production of antioxidant enzymes and phase II detoxification enzymes. The absorption rate of phenolics in the small intestine is extremely low. Most phenolics reach the colon, where they interact with the microbiota and undergo a series of metabolism. Their metabolites will reach the liver via the portal vein and undergo conjugation reactions. Subsequently, the metabolites reach the whole body to exert biological activity by traveling with the systemic circulation. Phenolics can promote the growth of probiotics, reduce the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B), and improve intestinal microecological imbalance. This paper reviews the nutritional value, bioactivity, and antioxidant mechanism of phenolics in the body, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of natural antioxidants and provide a reference for elucidating the mechanism of action of phenolics for regulating oxidative stress in the body. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need of finding out new and potent antimicrobial agents to combat the multidrug resistance pathogens becomes critical. Ailanthus altissima is characterized by its vast and remarkable therapeutic potential as a traditional folk medicine. The current study aims to investigate the polyphenolic profiling and the antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract of A. altissima leaves and its derived fractions. The antimicrobial activity was investigated through two in-vitro assays; agar well diffusion and broth microdilution against six pathogens while the polyphenolic profiling was characterized through UPLC-ESI-MS analysis. All the test pathogens were susceptible to the test samples except Mucor circinelloides. The zone of microbial growth inhibition of the samples was found in 10-40 mm range and the minimum inhibitory values ranged between 3.9 and 1000 µg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited significant antimicrobial potential especially against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and C. albicans where the diameters of inhibition zones were 40, 30 and 25mm, respectively and their corresponding MIC values were 3.9, 7.8 and 15.6 µg/mL, respectively. The UPLC-ESI-MS analysis of the samples revealed the tentative identification of various phenolic compounds mainly corilagin. A. altissima offers a perfect choice to be investigated as a natural and potent antimicrobial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) Craib is an edible plant found in Northern and Northeastern Thailand. This plant is used in household remedies to relieve carminative and digestive problems, hiccups, vomiting, bladder pain, etc. This study aims to assess the bioactive compounds, consisting of phenolics and flavonoids, and evaluate the biological activities of this plant. The aerial portion was macerated in EtOH1 to obtain EtOH1 crude extracts. Then, the EtOH1 was divided and separated by the solvents' polarity to obtain Petr, EtOAc, and EtOH2 crude extracts. All crude extracts were assessed for their total phenolics and flavonoids and subsequentially evaluated for their antioxidants (using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP), enzymatic inhibitory effects (on tyrosinase and collagenase), anti-inflammatory activity (protein denaturation assay) and cytotoxicity (MTT assay). The results presented that a high amount of phenolics and flavonoids were observed in EtOH2 (56.57 mg GAE/g ext. and 22.75 mg QE/g ext.) followed by EtOAc (57.95 mg GAE/g ext. and 7.41 mg QE/g ext.), EtOH1 (47.14 mg GAE/g ext. and 4.23 mg QE/g ext.), and Petr (37.05 mg GAE/g ext. and 2.08 mg QE/g ext.), respectively. All crude extracts represented antioxidants in all assays; EtOAc presented a high level of antioxidants on ABTS (IC50 54.96 μg/mL) and DPPH (IC50 133.32 μg/mL), while EtOH2 revealed a high ability to reduce the Fe3+-TPTZ complex (155.85 Fe2+g ext.). Remarkably, for all crude extracts used for anti-collagenase enzyme activity, the percentage of inhibition ranged from 78.35 - 97.96 %. Besides, only Petr and EtOH2 showed the activity of the anti-protein denaturation (IC50 1.926 and 2.578 mg/mL). The cytotoxicity test showed that EtOH1, Petr, and EtOAc exhibited a concentration-dependent manner of inducing cell death in 24 and 48 h, while EtOH2 showed less toxicity to the cell line. This information would be valuable and pave the way for future study and application of this plant to other products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lavender distillation produces huge quantities of solid waste yearly. This waste is usually discarded, resulting in serious environmental issues. However, it still contains residual essential oil and other bioactive compounds. This research reports on the development and comparison of optimized solid–liquid separation methods, i.e., microwave- (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from lavender distillation waste. The optimal pretreatment conditions, such as waste moisture content and particle size, were also determined. The extracts were spray- or freeze-dried and the resulting powders were characterized for their physicochemical properties. The majority of the original phenolic compounds in lavender were found in the leachate fraction after distillation (61%), whereas 43% was found in the solid waste. Drying of the solid waste before extraction affected the process efficiency. UAE led to a higher phenolic content and greater antioxidant properties compared to MAE. Drying (spray or freeze) the extracts did not significantly affect their phenolic content, whereas the use of maltodextrin as a drying agent improved the drying process yield, especially when using the freeze-drying method. It is concluded that valorization of lavender distillation wastes can be achieved via an integrated process consisting of a green extraction method and a consequent drying process that results in a stable bioactive powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of pea proteins (PPs) is limited due to their relatively low protein digestibility (∼81%) compared to animal‐based proteins, such as whey. The present investigation involved the fermentation of PPs at a concentration of 1% (w/v) using 5% (w/v) water kefir for 60 h at 25°C to improve the functional properties of PPs. The results showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in lactic acid and acetic acid production during fermentation. These findings suggest that PPs can be effectively fermented using water kefir as a starter culture for the increased protein digestibility of PPs. The PP conformation underwent modifications, including secondary and tertiary protein structure alterations. The total phenolic compounds increased throughout the fermentation, reaching around 695.32 ± 15 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g after 24 h of fermentation. Furthermore, the fermentation process has culminated in significant (p < 0.05) changes in the surface charge and hydrophobic properties of the fermented PPs, from −38.1 to −45.73 and 362.7 to 550.2, respectively. Fermentation using water kefir is a promising technique for improving the digestibility, protein structure, and nutritional values of PPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus niruri is a well-known medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological properties. This medicinal plant possesses different bioactive compounds that include phenolic compounds. In this study, the kinetics on the extraction of phenolics from P. niruri leaves using the microwave-enhanced method was examined to understand the impact of microwave power, sample-to-solvent ratio, and extraction temperature on the second-order model by varying the extraction time. Additionally, the effective diffusivity and functional groups in the leaf extract of P. niruri were determined. The outcome of this study indicated that the intensified microwave-enhanced extraction process yielded total phenolic content of 135.05 mg GAE/g extract. Moreover, the effective diffusivity ranged between 2.619 × 10−12 and 2.684 × 10−12 m2/s. The results from this study can help in predicting the estimation operation conditions for implementation in the industry. Likewise, fingerprints of the P. niruri leaf extract showed the existence of functional groups related to phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Sour cherry juice concentrate powder can serve as a modern, easy‐to‐handle, phenolics‐rich merchandise; however, its transformation into powdered form requires the addition of carriers. In line with the latest trends in food technology, this study valorizes the use of dairy by‐products (whey protein concentrate, whey, buttermilk, and mixes with maltodextrin) as carriers. A new multiple approach for higher drying yield, phenolics retention (phenolic acids, flavonols and anthocyanins) and antioxidant capacity of powders were tested as an effect of simultaneous decrease of drying temperature due to the drying air dehumidification and lower carrier content. RESULTS: Dairy‐based carriers were effective for spray drying of sour cherry‐juice concentrate. The drying yield was increased and retention of phenolics was higher when compared with maltodextrin. The application of dehumidified air, which enabled the drying temperature to be reduced, affected drying yield positively, and also affected particle morphology and retention of phenolics (the phenolic content was approximately 30% higher than with spray drying). CONCLUSIONS: The study proved that it is possible to apply dairy‐based by‐products to produce sour cherry juice concentrate powders profitably, lowering the spray‐drying temperature and changing the carrier content. Dehumidified air spray drying can be recommended for the production of fruit juice concentrate powders with improved physicochemical properties. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In present investigation, the effect of roasting in microwave and oven on bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profiles and phenolic constituents of quinoa seeds for free and conjugated phenolic profile fractions are studied. The oil contents of seeds roasted in both roasting systems were recorded between 4.25% (microwave) and 4.80% (oven).Total phenolic amounts of free and bound fractions of quinoa seeds were measured to be between 1668.1 (control) and 2037.5 mg/100 g (microwave) to 638.9 (microwave) to 1615.3 mg/100 g (oven), respectively. Antioxidant activities of free and bound fractions of quinoa seeds were recorded to be between 36.86% (microwave) and 39.28% (oven) to 74.83% (control) and 77.18% (microwave), respectively. Oleic and linoleic acid results of quinoa seed oils roasted in microwave and oven were identified between 17.26% (oven) and 22.41% (control) to 48.39% (oven) and 59.92% (microwave), respectively. 3,4‐Dihydroxybenzoic acid results of raw and roasted quinoa seeds for free and bound fractions were identified to be between 2.84 (microwave) and 4.01 mg/100 g (oven) to 7.43 (oven) and 12.60 mg/100 g (control), respectively. K results of roasted quinoa seeds were recorded between 8701.17 (oven) and 9638.45 (microwave). Results showed some changes depending on roasting systems and fraction types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The present work investigated the antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects towards α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase of phenolic compounds in Elaeocarpus braceanus fruits and clarified their possible mechanisms based on molecular docking and dynamic analysis. A total of 12 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the extracts of E. braceanus fruits using UHPLC‐ESI‐HRMS/MS. The TPC and TFC were 229.18 ± 5.76 mg GAE/g and 144.85 ± 1.17 mg RE/g, respectively. In vitro analyses, E. braceanus fruits extracts exhibited good antioxidant activities and demonstrated strong inhibitory effects towards α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics results showed that quercetin and myricetin can stably form hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces with the active amino acid residues of α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase, and thereby inhibiting their enzymatic activities. The findings might provide a good potential natural resource for improving oxidative stress damage and controlling blood glucose in diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chestnut (Castanea sativa) blossoms are natural resources that are not put to economic use. They are completely mixed with soil as waste. Thus, this extensive study was designed and remarkable results were found showing the potential usefulness of chestnut blossoms. In addition to the phenolic capacity and antioxidant capacity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried chestnut flowers, the anti-urease activity of these extracts was studied to demonstrate their therapeutic value. The binding interaction of phenolic substances present in chestnut blossom with urease was shown using molecular docking research. The aqueous extract, with most effect, had total phenolic content of 46.67 ± 0.37 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content of 6.14 ± 0.40 mg QUE/g. The antioxidant activity was determined by FRAP (648.47 ± 5.27 µmol FeSO4.7H2O/g for aqueous extract and 347.53 ± 2.09 µmol FeSO4.7H2O/g for ethanolic extract) and DPPH (0.05 ± 0.01 mg/mL for SC50 of aqueous extract and 0.11 ± 0.01 mg/mL for SC50 of ethanolic extract) assays, and rutin was found to be the dominant phenolic compound according to HPLC. IC50 values for urease in aqueous and ethanolic extracts were 2.55 ± 0.09 mg/mL and 4.57 ± 0.24 mg/mL, respectively. According to the docking experiments, which were important to support the hypothesis of anti-urease activity, myricetin and luteolin showed different and effective bonding degrees to the target protein when compared with the reference molecule acetohydroxamic acid. In summary, chestnut flowers are rich in phenolic compounds which are responsible for a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant features and urease inhibition. These blossoms could be evaluated as potentially important raw materials for food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first study aiming to enrich momilactones A (MA) and B (MB) and phenolic compounds in germinated brown rice (GBR) and non-GBR var. Koshihikari and Milky Queen through the cooking process. Extraction methods for these compounds were optimized by applying various conditions, including solvents (80% methanol and 80% ethanol), heat (80 °C), and sonication (2 h). Momilactone and phenolic quantities were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC–ESI-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Accordingly, cooked Koshihikari GBR extract using 80% methanol and sonication (GKB4) revealed the highest amounts of tricin, caffeic, ρ-hydroxybenzoic, ρ-coumaric, ferulic, salicylic, and cinnamic acids (1.71, 1.01, 0.62, 0.45, 0.94, 2.50, and 0.37 mg/g DW, respectively), consistent with the strongest antiradical activities in DPPH and ABTS assays (IC50 = 1.47 and 1.70 mg/mL, respectively). Non-cooked GBR Koshihikari extract using 80% ethanol and sonication (GKB9) exhibited the highest MA and MB contents (147.73 and 118.8 μg/g DW, respectively). Notably, GKB9 showed potent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.48 and 0.15 mg/mL, respectively), compared with the anti-diabetic drug acarbose (IC50 = 0.26 and 2.48 mg/mL, respectively). The findings hold significant implications for developing phenolic- and momilactone-enriched brown rice with health-beneficial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of harvest time on the protein, oil, fatty acids and bioactive compounds in hazelnut cultivars (Corylus avellana L. cvs. 'Tombul', 'Palaz', 'Çakıldak', 'Okay 28' and 'Allahverdi'). The harvest was carried out at 7 different periods with weekly intervals from 20 July to 31 August. As the harvest time progressed, increases and decreases were detected in protein, oil, fatty acids and bioactive compounds. The highest oil content was measured in the H5 and H6 harvest periods. The highest content was determined in H3 for oleic acid. Higher total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity were obtained in the first 3 harvest periods than in the other periods. The present findings revealed that the protein, fatty acids and bioactive compounds in hazelnut cultivars may differ according to the harvest time. The results obtained will provide clearer ideas to both the industry and the producers about the optimum harvest time for the intended use of these cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 30 years, thousands of articles have appeared examining the effects of soaking and germinating brown rice (BR). Variable germination conditions and methods have been employed to measure different health-beneficial parameters in a diverse germplasm of BR. Research results may therefore appear inconsistent with occasional anomalies, and it may be difficult to reach consensus concerning expected trends. Herein, we amassed a comprehensive review on germinated brown rice (GBR), attempting to codify 133 peer-reviewed articles regarding the effects on 164 chemical parameters related to health and nutrition in BR and in value-added food products. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-2020) approach was used to direct the flow of the literature search. A pair-wise comparison t-test was performed to deliver an overall approach indicating when a given compound has been found to significantly increase or decrease through germination, which was grouped into GABA and polyamines, γ-Oryzanol and phytosterols, phenolic compounds, vitamins, proteins and amino acids, starchy carbohydrates, free sugars, lipids, minerals and phytic acid. This resource will stimulate interest in germinating rice and optimistically help increase both production and consumption of highly nutritious, health-beneficial rice with pigmented bran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present research aimed to fractionate Xanthium strumarium L. (XSL) foliage phenolics into a set of solvents and evaluate their antioxidant potential and in-vivo anti-diabetic activity against Alloxan monohydrate-induced diabetic mice. Methodology: For this purpose, XSL foliage was fractionated into petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water via orbital type shaking and tested for the presence of phenolics, and their antioxidant and antidiabetic potential. Results and discussion: The results revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction of XSL foliage contained the highest amount of total phenolics 95.25 mg GAE/g of extract, followed by ethanol (65.14 mg GAE/g), petroleum ether (25.12 mg GAE/g), water (12.20 mg GAE/g), and XSL powder (69.13 mg GAE/g). At the end of treatment time (day 18 of oral administration of 400 mg/kg body weight of mice), the ethyl acetate fraction significantly (p < 0.05) lowered blood glucose level (353 ± 10.6 to 220 ± 25.5 mg/dL) which might due to the elevated level of phenolic compounds in this fraction. Conclusion: Overall, it can be speculated that ethyl acetate and ethanol may work efficiently for the enrichment of XSL phenolic without compromising their antidiabetic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical analysis of aerial parts of eight autochthonous Genista L. taxa (brooms; Fabaceae; G. germanica, G. januensis, G. pilosa, G. radiata, G. sagittalis, G. sericea, G. sylvestris ssp. dalmatica and G. tinctoria) from natural populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina was performed in this study. Using fast phytochemical methods, for the first time, emodin was identified in the genus; coumarins, fatty acids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids in some taxa, but also the presence of phenolic compounds or the absence of anthocyanins in all studied taxa. The analysis of total phenol (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), phenolic acids (TPA) and alkaloid (TA) contents and antioxidant activity (DPPH), determined by spectrophotometry method, indicated the existence of differences between the studied taxa (p<0.01). The taxa differed significantly from each other in TPA and TA, and the least in terms of antioxidant activity. There is a positive correlation between TPA, TPC and TFC in one hand, and TA and antioxidative activity in other (p<0.01). The Euclidean dendrogram indicates two main clusters: the first cluster includes G. januensis and G. pilosa, and the second is derived from the remaining six taxa. Obtained PCA clusters were more diffused than those generated by Euclidean distance dendrogram but in a good agreement with them. The obtained data indicate the need for further phytochemical and pharmacological research of the genus Genista, as a very interesting source of natural active compounds, as well as population research with special emphasis on the influence of microclimate on SMs content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to scrutinize the phenolic secondary metabolites in the polar peel decocture of Malus domestica var Maharaji via hyphenated techniques along with the study of the antibacterial, anti- candida, and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of bioactive compound-rich fractions. Preliminary phenolics go over was performed together with thin layer chromatography before the polar decocture was subjected to hyphenated techniques. FTIR investigation revealed the C-O bonds as in phenols, O-H bond stretch, and vibrations of alcohols and carboxylic acids as well as portrayed the C-H and >C=O stretches among other functional groups all of which are representative of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds. GC-MS perusal demonstrated the presence of bioactive compounds like Quercetin (13.04%), Ascorbic acid (6.48%), p-Coumaric acid (6.17%), Caffeic acid (5.69 %), Mallic acid (5.44%), Apigenin (5.28%), Citric acid (5.15%), Gallic acid (4.38%), Cyanidin (3.52%), and Ferulic acid (3.51%). Kirby-Bauer method followed by the resazurin microtiter assay technique (REMA) for MIC/MBC against six MTCC bacterial strains and one yeast, all producing stubborn opportunistic infection in humans, was used to assess the antibacterial property of all the bioactive rich fractions. Some fractions comparatively revealed a good activity index (AI) against tested microbes. MIC concentrations for bacteria ranged from 15- 24 mg/ml while a lower MBC value recorded was 18 mg/ml. Methanol fraction revealed significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity by revealing IC50 of 980.98 µg/ml when L-Tyrosine was substrate and IC50 of 830.68 µg/ml when L-DOPA was substrate when juxtaposed to standard kojic acid that revealed IC50 of 128.822 µg/ml when L-Tyrosine was substrate and IC50 of 149.43 µg/ml when L-DOPA was substrate. The bioactive compounds possessed by the fractions, may be synergistically, turned out to be more effective in the diphenolase reaction and kojic acid acts more effectively in the monophenolase one. It was inferred that peel phenolics of this malus variety have a lot of therapeutic potential in the context of bacterial infections and pigmentation disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) hold high nutritional and medicinal value as they contain an abundance of health-promoting compounds. However, the effect of long-term postharvest storage on the variation in the levels of health-promoting compounds has not been extensively studied. In this study, we investigated the changes in the levels of phenolic compounds, antioxidants, eritadenine, and ergothioneine in shiitake mushrooms stored at three different temperatures (1, 3, and 5 °C) for 4 weeks. Compared to mushrooms stored at lower temperatures, those stored at 5 °C exhibited a higher level of total phenolics in their pileus after 2 weeks of storage; however, storage at 5 °C also increased the deterioration of the fruiting body of these mushrooms. In mushrooms stored at all temperatures, the eritadenine content in the pilei tended to increase up to 2 weeks of storage. In contrast, the ergothioneine content in the pileus decreased during storage, with a significantly lower level detected in mushrooms stored at 5 °C for 4 weeks. Together, these results suggest that the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of phenolics and eritadenine may be related to mushroom deterioration during storage. Our findings indicate that the levels of health-promoting compounds in shiitake mushrooms are influenced by storage temperature, suggesting the potential to control adjustments of specific bioactive compounds by regulating storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deployed ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), combined with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), to extract phenolics and flavonoids from the black mulberry fruit, and the antioxidant activity was examined. The extraction yields of NADES-based UAE were assessed based on the yields of phenolics and flavonoids extracted from the black mulberry fruit. This study selected the molar ratios of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and hydrogen bond donors HBD at 1:2 from previous studies. Choline chloride-lactic acid showed the highest solubility with phenolics and flavonoids among NADES systems. One-factor experiments evaluated the effect of UAE conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), water content in NADES, temperature, and time) on TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. The suitable NADES-based UAE conditions for extracting phenolics and flavonoids from the black mulberry fruit were 60 ml/g of LSR, 40% water content, 70 °C, and 15 min. Response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design model optimized the NADES-based UAE process based on response (TPC, TFC, ABTS, OH, and DPPH). The optimal conditions for the NADES-based UAE process were 70 ml/g of LSR, 38.9% water content in NADES, 67.9 °C, and 24.2 min of extraction time. The predicted values of the Box-Behnken design were compatible with the experimental results. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to survey the surface of black mulberry fruit with and without sonication. SEM can assist in demonstrating the destructive effect of NADES and ultrasonic waves on material surfaces. SEM findings indicated the high surface destruction capacity of NADES, which partially contributed to a superior extraction yield of NADES than conventional organic solvents. The study proposes an efficient and green method for extracting bioactive compounds from black mulberry fruits. The black mulberry fruit extracts can be applied to meat preservation and beverages with high antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Most phenolics, possess different therapeutic potentials such as anticancer, antidiabetic and antioxidant. • Breast cancer is one of the highly ranked non communicable disease, that affect woman between the age of 30–39 years. • In silico study of phytochemicals can be explored through molecular docking and simulation. • Binding score shows the interaction between the ligands and the target protein implication in the disease condition. The multi-faceted problems of drug resistance, non-specificity, and toxicity have been identified as the major factors responsible for the dwindling efficacy of the current treatment options for breast cancer, including chemotherapy. Hence, the need for new compounds with enhanced specificity and improved efficacy for breast cancer treatment. Thus, in this study, thirty-four natural phenolic compounds were virtually screened against targeted apoptotic proteins, using molecular docking, as well as the ADMET and drug-likeness evaluation; then validated via molecular dynamic simulation at 310 K for 100 ns. After the docking analysis, seven compounds including amentoflavone, bicoumarin, didymin sesamolin, tanshinone and theaflavin were selected due to their notable binding affinities to the different oncogenic targets. Further results showed that tanshinone, bicoumarin, and sesamolin possess the highest potential for oral drug development, as they showed no violations of the Lipinski's rule of 5. Molecular dynamic simulation of the final three phenolics with the apoptotic proteins showed that the obtained protein-ligand conformations were stable and compact. Compared to the free protein, the phenolic-target complex also showed minimal alterations while competing favourably with the standard, tamoxifen. These findings thus highlight the three compounds as hits and potential leads in the therapeutic battle against breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 30 years, thousands of articles have appeared examining the effects of soaking and germinating brown rice (BR). Variable germination conditions and methods have been employed to measure different health-beneficial parameters in a diverse germplasm of BR. Research results may therefore appear inconsistent with occasional anomalies, and it may be difficult to reach consensus concerning expected trends. Herein, we amassed a comprehensive review on germinated brown rice (GBR), attempting to codify 133 peer-reviewed articles regarding the effects on 164 chemical parameters related to health and nutrition in BR and in value-added food products. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-2020) approach was used to direct the flow of the literature search. A pair-wise comparison t-test was performed to deliver an overall approach indicating when a given compound has been found to significantly increase or decrease through germination, which was grouped into GABA and polyamines, γ-Oryzanol and phytosterols, phenolic compounds, vitamins, proteins and amino acids, starchy carbohydrates, free sugars, lipids, minerals and phytic acid. This resource will stimulate interest in germinating rice and optimistically help increase both production and consumption of highly nutritious, health-beneficial rice with pigmented bran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a current interest in healthy diets and supplements, indicating the relevance of novel delivery systems for plant extracts rich in bioactive compounds and probiotics. This simultaneous delivery system can be prospective for health. In this sense, investigating foods rich in bioactive compounds or supplemented by them for incorporating probiotics and some approaches to improve probiotic survivability, such as the choice of resistant probiotic strains or microencapsulation, is valuable. This review addresses a brief discussion about the role of phenolic compounds, chlorophyll and carotenoids from plants and probiotics in gut health, indicating the benefits of this association. Also, an overview of delivery systems used in recent studies is shown, considering their advantages for incorporation in food matrices. Delivery systems containing compounds recovered from plants can reduce probiotic oxidative stress, improving survivability. However, investigating the beneficial concentration of some bioactive compounds from plant extracts is relevant due to their antimicrobial potential. In addition, further clinical trials and toxicological studies of plant extracts are pertinent to ensure safety. Thus, the recovery of extracts from plants emerges as an alternative to providing multiple compounds with antioxidant potential, increasing the preservation of probiotics and allowing the fortification or enrichment of food matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Grape composition is of high interest for producing quality wines. For that, grape analyses are necessary, and require sample preparation, whether with classical analyses or with NIR analyses. The aim of the study was to test the ability of hyperspectral imaging (HSI), a nondestructive analysis to assess their composition. For that, seven grape varieties were analyzed for two vintages. Partial least squares (PLS) and discriminate (PLS‐DA) and PLS‐R were realized respectively in order to classify the berries, to validate the data sets, and to provide models to assess grape composition after a 1st derivative data pretreatment. Results: HSI allowed a 100% good classification of the grape varieties. It showed good results to assess technological ripening parameters (sugar and acid contents) as well as phenolic content (TPI, Total Phenolics, Total Anthocyanins, Total Flavonoids, and their extractable equivalents) (globally R2 > 0.81). However, it was not possible to reach the color intensity of grapes. Conclusion: HSI led to generate good models to assess wine grape composition. The quality of the generated models was dependent on the color of grapes and the parameter considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of most antibiotics has been restricted and banned in finfish and shrimp farms due to several reasons comprising their long-lasting persistence in aquatic environments, relatively high prices, and their ability to promote the existence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Hence, finding economical, natural, and environmentally safe alternatives is of great importance. The use of polyphenols, polyphenol-rich plants, and plant-derived phenolic compounds for promoting aquatic animal health and welfare could be from the effective strategies for developing aquafeed and maintaining the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Several plants are gorgeous in various bioactive functional ingredients known as phytochemicals and polyphenols. Phenolic compounds could be successfully used as natural immunostimulants in order to raise the immunity of finfish and shrimp species against several bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections and thus may replace the use of antimicrobial agents. Besides their potential roles for improvement of the growth performance, intestinal health, and enhancing the antioxidant capacity of the treated animals. Even though the trend of using plant-derived phenolic compounds is a new and leading era for the improvement of the functionality of aquafeed and the development of the aquaculture industry, there are fundamental needs and necessities to describe a clear understanding of their modes of action and potential roles in the improvement of the production rates, antioxidant activity, immune status, and disease resistance of farmed fish and shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deployed ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), combined with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), to extract phenolics and flavonoids from the black mulberry fruit, and the antioxidant activity was examined. The extraction yields of NADES-based UAE were assessed based on the yields of phenolics and flavonoids extracted from the black mulberry fruit. This study selected the molar ratios of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and hydrogen bond donors HBD at 1:2 from previous studies. Choline chloride-lactic acid showed the highest solubility with phenolics and flavonoids among NADES systems. One-factor experiments evaluated the effect of UAE conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), water content in NADES, temperature, and time) on TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. The suitable NADES-based UAE conditions for extracting phenolics and flavonoids from the black mulberry fruit were 60 ml/g of LSR, 40% water content, 70 °C, and 15 min. Response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design model optimized the NADES-based UAE process based on response (TPC, TFC, ABTS, OH, and DPPH). The optimal conditions for the NADES-based UAE process were 70 ml/g of LSR, 38.9% water content in NADES, 67.9 °C, and 24.2 min of extraction time. The predicted values of the Box-Behnken design were compatible with the experimental results. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to survey the surface of black mulberry fruit with and without sonication. SEM can assist in demonstrating the destructive effect of NADES and ultrasonic waves on material surfaces. SEM findings indicated the high surface destruction capacity of NADES, which partially contributed to a superior extraction yield of NADES than conventional organic solvents. The study proposes an efficient and green method for extracting bioactive compounds from black mulberry fruits. The black mulberry fruit extracts can be applied to meat preservation and beverages with high antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosemary solid distillation waste (SWR), a by-product of the essential oil industry, represents an important source of phenolic antioxidants. Green technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) of phenolic compounds from SWR were optimized as valorization routes to maximize yield, rosmarinic acid (RMA), carnosol (CARO) and carnosic acid (CARA) contents. Response surface methodology was used in this context, with ethanol concentration (X1), extraction temperature (X2), and time (X3) being the independent variables. A second-order polynomial model was fitted to the data, and multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance were used to determine model fitness and optimal conditions. Ethanol concentration was the most influential extraction parameter, affecting phenolic compounds, while the influence of other parameters was moderate. The optimized conditions were as follows: X1: 67.4, 80.0, and 59.0%, X2: 70, 51, and 125 °C, and X3: 15, 10, and 7 min for MAE, UAE, and ASE, respectively. A comparison of optimized MAE, UAE, and ASE with conventional Soxhlet extraction techniques indicated that ASE provided a higher extraction yield and content of phenolic compounds. However, UAE represented the best process from an environmental point of view, allowing an improved extraction of phenolics from SWR with high energy efficiency and low energy costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data implicating the mutation in penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 3 and occasionally PBP5 in the resistance of Escherichia coli to beta−lactams is intriguing. Thus, the identification of an improved class of inhibitors of PBP3 and PBP5 is imperative, and in this study, phenolics due to their promising antibacterial activities were screened using structure−based pharmacophore and molecular docking approaches against PBP3, and the ability of the lead phenolics to modulate PBP3 and PBP5 was studied using molecular dynamics simulation. The results demonstrated various inhibitory capacities of the lead phenolics, with lysidicichin (−41.66 kcal/mol) and silicristin (−31.11 kcal/mol) being the most potent against PBP3, while epicatechin 3-O-(3-O-methylgallate) (−38.97 kcal/mol) and epigallocatechin-4-benzyl thioether (−37.01 kcal/mol) had higher affinities towards PBP5. Overall, epicatechin gallate had the best broad-spectrum of activity, as the compound was able to bind favourably to both targets. Additionally, the thermodynamic information confirmed the stability of the lead phenolics with both targets. Conclusively, while these observations are suggestive of the modulatory role of the lead phenolics on the growth of E. coli, further in vitro and in vivo validation of the activity elicited by the phenolics in this study is imperative, and efforts are underway in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spray‐drying process yielded functional bergamot juice powder with high antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and vitamin C content. Optimal drying conditions were determined as 10% maltodextrin concentration, 146.02°C inlet temperature, and 39.99% pump rate, preserving powder's bioactive properties. Under these drying conditions, bergamot juice powder exhibited an antioxidant activity of 62.2% DPPH scavenging activity, a total phenolic content of 3862.1 ppm, and a vitamin C content of 1385.9 ppm. The bergamot juice powder, with a water activity of 0.2, bulk density of 0.4 g/mL, tapped density of 0.5 g/mL, porosity of 89.6%, hygroscopicity of 8.6%, and cohesiveness of 37.2%, is highly suitable for further processing. High‐pressure liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of major phenolic compounds in both fresh bergamot juice and spray‐dried powder, although their concentrations were lower in the powder form. The major phenolics identified in the fruit juice were naringin (197.5 ppm), eriocitrin (105.9 ppm), neoeriocitrin (53.4 ppm), neohesperidin (68.8 ppm), and naringenin (119.8 ppm). However, in the powder form, the bitterness‐associated compounds, naringin and neohesperidin, exhibited a significant reduction of 85.0% and 90.3%, respectively. Compared to dimethyl sulfoxide (48.4%), ethanol (37.9%), and distilled water (17.3%), ultrasound‐assisted extraction with acetone solvent demonstrated the highest efficiency (61.7%) in obtaining phenolic compounds from bergamot juice powder. In conclusion, spray‐drying is an effective method for obtaining functional bergamot juice powder, and ultrasound‐assisted extraction can further enhance phenolic compound extraction efficiency. These findings have potential applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, with opportunities for further research in functional foods or nutraceuticals. Practical Application: Spray‐drying yields functional bergamot juice powder with high bioactive properties. Optimal drying conditions can be applied in industrial settings. Ultrasound‐assisted extraction enhances phenolic compound extraction efficiency. Potential applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brewer's spent yeast (BSY) is a prevalent by-product of the brewing industry currently used in animal feed as a cheap source of protein. In this study, chemical composition of BSY from two different beer production (American IPA, BSY1, and Imperial Stout, BSY2) was characterized, aiming for potential use as nutraceutical sources. Cytotoxicity of BSY extracts was also tested in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in tumoral (pancreatic cancer tumor cells, PANC-1, and colorectal adenocarcinoma tumor cells, CACO-2) and non-tumoral (umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVEC) cell lineages. BSY samples showed similar lipid and ash content, but slight differences in the content of reducing sugars, total proteins, moisture and total proteins. BSY2 sample presented higher glucans and phenolic compound concentrations than BSY1. Main phenolic compounds identified were xanthohumol, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid (BSY1 and BSY2), and gallic acid (BSY2). BSY1 and BSY2 extracts showed similar antioxidant capacity. Neither BSY1 nor BSY2 were cytotoxic to PBMCs, HUVEC and CACO-2, but were cytotoxic to PANC-1 cells, in a concentration-dependent manner. Our findings revealed that the residue of brewery can be a value-added functional food product with an adjuvant role against PANC-1 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigmented rice has attracted considerable attention due to its nutritional value, which is in large conferred by its abundant content of phenolic compounds, considerable micronutrient concentrations, as well as its higher resistant starch and thereby slower digestibility properties. A wide range of phenolic compounds identified in pigmented rice exhibit biological activities such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. Post-harvest processes significantly reduce the levels of these phytochemicals, but recent developments in processing methods have allowed greater retention of their contents. Pigmented rice has also been converted to different products for food preservation and to derive functional foods. Profiling a large set of pigmented rice cultivars will thus not only provide new insights into the phytochemical diversity of rice and the genes underlying the vast array of secondary metabolites present in this species but also provide information concerning their nutritional benefits, which will be instrumental in breeding healthier rice. The present review mainly focuses on the nutritional composition of pigmented rice and how it can impact human health alongside the effects of post-harvest processes and product development methods to retain the ambient level of phytochemicals in the final processed form in which it is consumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extra Virgin olive oils are directly obtained from olives and their quality is influenced by the oxidative process during storage as consequence the category may be penalized. Sensory attributes are crucial parameter of olive oils quality and classifications. This study evaluated the main sensorial and volatile profile of three olive oils with high medium and low content of initial total phenolic compounds (from 'Koroneiki' Blend of varieties and 'Arbequina' respectively) including quality parameters up to 15 months of storage. Results: A significant increase of peroxide index value (around 50%) and reduction of phenolic compounds level (around 60%) were observed. The sensory attributes of sweet herbaceous almond and fruity notes decreased and the majority of volatile compounds found in all olive oils were (E)‐2‐hexenal (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol 1‐penten‐3‐one and hexanal even after 15 months. The reductions of different parameters are related to initial phenolic level and samples are classified as Virgin after seven (low phenolics) nine (medium phenolics) and 11 (high phenolics) months displaying defect of rancid in distinct intensities. Conclusions: This investigation provided detailed about Brazilian olive oils useful in a global context moreover modifications of sensory and volatile compounds profile and its evolution according to the long‐time storage were established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds are important indicators of grape berry and wine quality. They also have many important effects on human health. Biotic and abiotic plant stressors are the factors that affect the composition and amounts of metabolites dramatically. Although wounding is one of these stressors, little is known about its effect on the accumulation and biosynthesis of the entire phenolic profile. This study aimed to identify the effects of human-made wounding to grapevine leaves on the accumulation of grape berry metabolites in cv. 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevines. Ten combinations of different wounding timing and treatment methods were applied to 20 years old grapevine plants. The data suggests that wounding treatments have the potential to diversify the phenolic compound profile and can be utilized for their management compared to the control group. Specifically, the E15 treatment accelerated MITSS/TA by 39.83% and increased the content of trans-resveratrol by 35.78% compared to the Control. On the other hand, the E10+W5+E3 treatment resulted in a regression in maturity parameters. The wounding treatment E10+W5 increased the total phenolics by 13.74%, total anthocyanin contents by 20.48%, and transresveratrol content by 93.05%. Additionally, the E5+W3 treatment demonstrated a significant increase of 19.65% in syringic acid and 21.89% in vanillic acid contents. Although the control application for antioxidant activity reached its peak value, it decreased in the E15+W5 treatment. As a result, it was determined that the responses given to the treatments were quite diverse. Nevertheless, they also found it applicable to manage berry maturity and quality indicators. Early wounding treatments accelerate maturity, and treatments performed more recently at harvest stop berry sugar accumulation. While late treatments increase the total phenolics, the responses of the phenolic compounds profile differ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic and triterpenoid compounds are essential components in stone fruit skin and flesh tissues. They are thought to possess general antimicrobial activity. However, regarding brown rot disease, investigations were only confined to a limited number of phenolics, especially chlorogenic acid. The activity of triterpenoids against Monilinia spp. , as an essential part of the peach cuticular wax, has not been studied before. In this work, the anti-fungal effect of some phenolics, triterpenoids, and fruit surface compound (FSC) extracts of peach fruit at two developmental stages were investigated on Monilinia fructicola and Monilinia laxa characteristics during in vitro growth. A new procedure for assaying anti-fungal activity of triterpenoids, which are notoriously difficult to assess in vitro because of their hydrophobicity, has been developed. Measurements of colony diameter, sporulation, and germination of second-generation conidia were recorded. Furthermore, the expression of twelve genes of M. fructicola associated with germination and/or appressorium formation and virulence-related genes was studied relative to the presence of the compounds. The study revealed that certain phenolics and triterpenoids showed modest anti-fungal activity while dramatically modulating gene expression in mycelium of M. fructicola on culture medium. MfRGAE1 gene was overexpressed by chlorogenic and ferulic acids and MfCUT1 by betulinic acid, at 4- and 7- days of mycelium incubation. The stage II FSC extract, corresponding to the period when the fruit is resistant to Monilinia spp., considerably up-regulated the MfLAE1 gene. These findings effectively contribute to the knowledge of biochemical compounds effects on fungi on in vitro conditions. • Peach surface compounds may have antifungal activity. • A protocol to assay hydrophobic compounds has been developed. • Few compounds have demonstrated limited antifungal capacity against Monilinia spp. • Many compounds dramatically modulated M. fructicola gene expression on culture medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient for higher plants but becomes toxic at excess concentrations in soil. Halophytes are salt-tolerant plants and exhibit a salt-mediated increase in tolerance to other stresses, including heavy metals toxicity. This study investigated Lepidium latifolium (Brassicaceae), a facultative halophyte with invasive behavior and rapid spread under submerged conditions, for Mn accumulation and tolerance in the absence or presence of salt (100 mM NaCl). Under excess Mn concentration (1 mM), toxicity symptoms were observed as black spots on the young leaves but as brown, dark-purple speckles on the older leaves, with colocation of phenolics and Mn. The H2O2 concentration and peroxidase activity in the leaf apoplast were both significantly reduced by excess Mn. This indicated a decrease in the oxidation of MnII and phenolics in the leaf apoplast, likely a mechanism for this species' high Mn toxicity tolerance. Salt treatment improved the biomass and leaf pigments of Mn-stressed plants, enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, decreased Mn accumulation, and restored the leaf Fe concentration. Our data suggest that L. latifolium is a species with high Mn tolerance and accumulation capacity (∼10 mg g−1 DW) and is suitable for studying salt-induced heavy metal tolerance in Brassicaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Euryale ferox is an important cash crop and valuable tonic in traditional medicine. The seeds of E. ferox are rich in starch, which is hard to digest, and the digestion speed is significantly slower than that of rice starch. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of E. ferox seed‐coat phenolics (EFCPs) on the digestion of E. ferox seed starch. RESULTS: EFCPs were extracted and identified by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. We optimized the extraction parameters, and the final extraction yield was about 1.49%. We identified seven phenolics from the E. ferox seed‐coat extracts: gallic acid, digalloylhexoside, catechin, procyanidin B2, epicatechin, ellagic acid, and epicatechin gallate. Quantitative analysis results showed that the E. ferox seed phenolics mainly distributed in the seed coat and the gallic acid, digalloylhexoside, and epicatechin gallate were three main phenolic compounds. The phenolics displayed strong inhibitory activities on α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase with an IC50 of 3.25 μg mL−1 and 1.36 mg mL−1 respectively. Furthermore, these phenolics could interact with starch by hydrogen bonds, which might make its starch more difficult to digest. CONCLUSION: Our investigation suggests that the EFCPs can strongly inhibit the digestion of E. ferox seed starch by inhibiting the α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase activities and interacting with starch by hydrogen bonds; therefore, E. ferox seeds have a promising application prospect in foods for hypoglycemia. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of brewing temperature (70, 80, 90 and 100 oC), time (1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 minutes) and method of tea infusion (bagged tea, potted tea and filtered tea) on the amount of phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in Ventilago denticulata Willd. herbal tea. The results revealed that total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and % antioxidant towards DPPH radical scavenging activity increased significantly with increasing brewing temperature and time, with the maximum value at 100 oC within 10 minutes. After this brewing time, the chemical contents were not significantly different (p>0.05). Furthermore, the content of phytochemicals in bagged tea were greater than those of potted and filtered tea (p<0.05). Values of Pearson's correlation coefficient suggested that total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and antioxidant activity were significantly correlated to brewing time and temperature (r > 0.8). In conclusion, the results of this study gave the best brewing conditions for Ventilago denticulata Willd. herbal tea thereby optimizing the extraction of phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Consequently, the color and sensory acceptance by consumers under these conditions will be an interesting future study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum grain is a staple food for about 500 million people in 30 countries in Africa and Asia. Despite this contribution to global food production, most of the world's sorghum grain, and nearly all in Western countries, is used as animal feed. A combination of the increasingly important ability of sorghum crops to resist heat and drought, the limited history of the use of sorghum in Western foods, and the excellent functional properties of sorghum grain in healthy diets, suggests a greater focus on the development of new sorghum-based foods. An understanding of the structural and functional properties of sorghum grain to develop processes for production of new sorghum-based foods is required. In this review, we discuss the potential of sorghum in new food products, including sorghum grain composition, the functional properties of sorghum in foods, processing of sorghum-based products, the digestibility of sorghum protein and starch compared to other grains, and the health benefits of sorghum. In the potential for sorghum as a major ingredient in new foods, we suggest that the gluten-free status of sorghum is of relatively minor importance compared to the functionality of the slowly digested starch and the health benefits of the phenolic compounds present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many blackberry cultivars in Brazil; however, the characteristics and applications of the Cherokee cultivar have not yet been widely studied. For this reason, this research investigated the behaviour of maltodextrin (MD), gum Arabic (GA), and pectin (PEC), as carriers combined in different proportions (20% MD, 15% MD + 5% GA, 15% MD + 5% PEC), on encapsulation of Cherokee blackberry pulp extract obtained by freeze-drying. The results of moisture content (2.73-3.36%), water activity (aw) (0.11–0.15), solubility (52.40–54.11%), hygroscopicity (17.59–21.11%), colour (hue 0.24–0.32), retention of anthocyanins (51.55–60.53%), total phenolic compounds (39.72–70.73 mg GAE/100g), antioxidant activity at 25 mg/mL (77.89–80.02%), IC50 (12.26–14.53), simulated in vitro digestion and morphology were discussed. Concerning morphology, blackberry powders had irregular structures and amorphous structures. Comparatively, the best results were obtained for MD-GA. MD-GA presented the highest content of phenolic compounds (70.73 ± 1.84 mg GAE/100g) and antioxidant activity (80.02%), as well as the lowest IC50 value (12.26). In general, all powders showed an increase in phenolic compounds during in vitro digestion, because of the pH conditions and digestive enzymes present in the simulated digestive fluid. This result shows that the wall material provides protection, since the blackberry rich extract (RE) showed degradation of phenolic compounds in in vitro digestion. In this sense, freeze-drying is a suitable technique for the encapsulation of Cherokee blackberry pulp extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem. is a highly valued forest tree species known for its medicinal properties and the presence of bioactive compounds. Elicitation is an effective strategy used for the biotechnological production of secondary metabolites. The study aimed at determining the effects of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) elicitation on accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, and regulation of antioxidant metabolism in callus cultures of G. moluccana L. Callus cultures treated with 150 µM JA for 20 d resulted in highest contents of total phenolics (81.83 mg GAE g−1 DW) and flavonoids (60.89 mg RE g−1 DW) as compared to SA-treated and control cultures. SA-treated callus cultures showed relatively higher contents of total phenolics (31.43 GAE g−1 DW) and flavonoids (38.49 RE g−1 DW) when treated with 50 µM for 5 d and 20 d, respectively, compared to control callus cultures. Treatment of callus cultures with 150 µM JA for 20 d was found to be optimal as the maximum production of H2O2 was associated with increased enzymatic (SOD, CAT, and POD) and non-enzymatic (ascorbate, total glutathione, and GSH) antioxidants that were higher than SA-treated and control callus cultures. Real-time PCR analysis of transcript levels of antioxidant genes revealed similar pattern of expression as that of enzymatic activities in SA- and JA-treated callus cultures showing correlation between transcriptional and enzyme activity regulation. On the other hand, the transcript level of PAL gene in JA-treated callus cultures was lower than in SA-treated callus although elevated enzyme activity was observed in response to JA treatment which could be due to differential posttranscriptional modifications. Overall, the study revealed that JA is more effective than SA in achieving higher yields of total phenolics and flavonoids in callus cultures of G. moluccana as well as provided insights into antioxidant metabolism in response to the treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sprouts, mainly from cereals, legumes, and some pseudo‐cereals, are rich in nutrients and contain biocompounds, making them attractive for consumption. This research study aimed to develop treatments with UV‐C light in soybean and amaranth sprouts and evaluate their effect on biocompounds content, compared with chlorine treatments. UV‐C treatments were applied at distances of 3 and 5 cm and times of 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min, whereas chlorine treatments were applied as immersion in solutions at 100 and 200 ppm for 15 min. Phenolics and flavonoid content were higher in UV‐C‐treated sprouts than in those treated with chlorine solutions. Ten biocompounds were identified in soybean sprouts, with increasing in apigenin C‐glucoside‐rhamnoside (105%), apigenin 7‐O‐glucosylglucoside (237%), and apigenin C‐glucoside malonylated (70%) due to UV‐C application (3 cm, 15 min); for amaranth sprouts, five biocompounds were identified, with higher contents of p‐coumaroylquinic acid (17.7%) after UV‐C treatment (3 cm, 15 min). The best treatment to achieve the highest bioactive compounds concentration was UV‐C at a distance of 3 cm for 15 min, without significant modification on the color parameters, Hue and chroma. Practical Application: UV‐C can be used to increase the biocompound content in amaranth and soybean sprouts. Nowadays, there is UV‐C equipment available for industrial applications. In this way, sprouts may be maintained as fresh through this physical technology, and they will retain or increase the concentration of health‐related compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pruned vine shoots prepared as toasted fragments (SEGs) have recently been proposed as enological additives capable of producing differentiated quality wines. In this work, the composition of phenolic and volatile compounds of SEGs, before and after contact with wines, has been studied. RESULTS: SEGs from Tempranillo and Cabernet Sauvignon were used, which were kept in contact for 30 days with red wines made with the same varieties. Phenolic compounds were the ones with the highest sorption in SEGs, but a variety‐dependent behavior was observed in anthocyanins and flavonols, with an increase in some malvidin derivatives only in Tempranillo wine and an increase in (−)‐epicatechin in SEGs and Cabernet Sauvignon wine. trans‐Resveratrol was transferred from SEGs to wine but also increased in SEGs regardless of the variety used. The volatile compounds that were most retained in SEGs were phenylethyl alcohol and ethyl lactate, but in lower proportions than the phenolic compounds and without important changes in wines. CONCLUSION: The high content of phenolic compounds in SEGs after their use as enological additives suggests that they could be considered as a source of anthocyanins and as raw materials for phenolic compounds with recognized antioxidant properties. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halophytes and xerophytes, plants with adequate tolerance to high salinity with strong ability to survive in drought ecosystem, have been recognized for their nutritional and medicinal values owing to their comparatively higher productions of secondary metabolites, primarily the phenolics, and the flavonoids, as compared to the normal vegetation in other climatic regions. Given the consistent increases in desertification around the world, which are associated with increasing salinity, high temperature, and water scarcity, the survival of halophytes due to their secondary metabolic contents has prioritized these plant species, which have now become increasingly important for environmental protection, land reclamation, and food and animal-feed security, with their primary utility in traditional societies as sources of drugs. On the medicinal herbs front, because the fight against cancer is still ongoing, there is an urgent need for development of more efficient, safe, and novel chemotherapeutic agents, than those currently available. The current review describes these plants and their secondary-metabolite-based chemical products as promising candidates for developing newer cancer therapeutics. It further discusses the prophylactic roles of these plants, and their constituents in prevention and management of cancers, through an exploration of their phytochemical and pharmacological properties, with a view on immunomodulation. The important roles of various phenolics and structurally diverse flavonoids as major constituents of the halophytes in suppressing oxidative stress, immunomodulation, and anti-cancer effects are the subject matter of this review and these aspects are outlined in details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]