Search

The fig fruit, which has a short seasonal availability due to its perishable nature, was subjected to a canning process, and the effects of canning on phenolics and antioxidant properties were evaluated. For this purpose, the most popular fig varieties grown in Türkiye, namely Sarilop (yellow coloured) and Bursa Siyahi (dark purple coloured), were canned in different filling mediums such as syrup, water, and fig juice, as peeled or unpeeled. The canned figs were also stored at room temperature for 12 months, and the changes in phenolics and antioxidant properties during storage were determined. The canning process preserved a great part of the phenolics and antioxidant capacity. After canning, the Sarilop figs experienced a minor reduction in their total phenolic content, whereas no significant change was observed in the total phenolic content of the Bursa Siyahi figs. The total antioxidant activity of the figs increased by canning, which was observed more clearly for the unpeeled Bursa Siyahi figs. At the end of the storage, both Sarilop and Bursa Siyahi figs canned with fig juice had higher total phenolics, total antioxidant activity, and individual phenolics than the figs canned with other filling mediums. During the 12-month storage period, the most stable phenolic compounds found in the canned figs were rutin and gallic acid. However, the monomeric anthocyanins of the Bursa Siyahi figs were negatively affected by the storage and canning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centaurea pichleri subsp. pichleri, Conyza canadensis, and Jasminum fruticans are traditionally used plants grown in Turkey. Methanol extracts were obtained from these plants and pharmacological activity studies and phytochemical analyses were carried out. To evaluate the phytochemical composition, spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques were used. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by DPPH●, ABTS●+ radical scavenging, and FRAP assays. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts were investigated on DU145 prostate cancer and A549 lung cancer cell lines. The anti-inflammatory effects of extracts were investigated on the NO amount, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and PGE 2 levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. The richest extract in terms of phenolic compounds (98.19 ± 1.64 mgGAE/gextract) and total flavonoids (21.85 ± 0.64 mgCA/gextract) was identified as C. pichleri subsp. pichleri methanol extract. According to antioxidant activity determinations, the C. pichleri subsp. pichleri extract was found to be the most active extract. Finally, the C. pichleri subsp. pichleri methanol extract was revealed to be the most effective inhibitor of viability in the cytotoxic activity investigation, and the extract with the best anti-inflammatory action. The findings point to C. pichleri subsp. pichleri as a promising source of bioactive compounds in the transition from natural sources to industrial uses, such as new medications, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia L. genus, one of the medicinal and aromatic plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is represented by many endemic species in temperate regions worldwide. The Salvia species have plenty of usages in traditional medicine, important pharmacological effects and economic value. In this context, this study was conducted to evaluate the chemical profile and potential bioactivity of ethyl acetate extracts from 3 different Salvia species; Salvia absconditiflora (Salvia cryptantha - an endemic species), S. sclarea and S. palaestina collected from different localities in Anatolia. Total phenolic-flavonoid contents, antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibition experiments were investigated in tested Salvia species. The phenolic profiles were also determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in ethyl acetate extracts such as cynaroside, rosmarinic acid, cosmosiin, luteolin, apigenin and acacetin. The highest level of phenolic components was detected in S. absconditiflora with 74.16 mg GAE/g. The best radical scavenging and reducing abilities were found in S. absconditiflora (DPPH: 251.39 mg TE/g; ABTS: 340.16 mg TE/g; CUPRAC: 496.20 mg TE/g; FRAP: 322.94 mg TE/g). Moreover, the inhibition of AChE, BChE, and α -amylase has also been studied. The most potent AChE inhibitory ability was recorded in S. sclarea (4.00 mg GALAE/g), followed by S. palaestina (3.38 mg GALAE/g) and S. absconditiflora (3.01 mg GALAE/g). The extracts exhibited similar amylase inhibitory effects. These results reveal that Salvia species [ S. absconditiflora (S. cryptantha), S. sclarea and S. palaestina ] confirming their potential can be rich sources of promising bioactive compounds as a starting point for further analysis. In addition, it is thought that this study may be the new report for the construction of helpful databases in terms of shedding light on future research and researchers with the valuable information obtained about these economically important Salvia species. [Display omitted] • The phytochemical composition of ethyl acetate extracts from 3 different Salvia species was investigated by LC-MS/MS. • The highest level of phenolics was detected in Salvia absconditiflora. • Cyranoside, rosmarinic acid, cosmosiin, luteolin, apigenin, and acacetin were the main components in ethyl acetate extracts. • The best radical scavenging and reducing abilities were found in Salvia absconditiflora. • The most potent AChE inhibitory ability was recorded in Salvia sclarea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality parameters and bioactive compounds of two white garlic samples from two regions of Turkey (Gaziantep and Kastamonu) and five commercial black garlic samples were investigated. It was found that the black garlic samples had greater total sugar content. Black garlic samples had also higher total amino acids (112.9–684.8 mg/100 g) as compared to the white garlics (250.8–411.9 mg/100 g). Arginine and glutamic acid were the dominant amino acids in both product types. Cysteine, the key amino acid responsible for the principal health-promoting properties of garlics, was found to be much higher in black garlic samples (112.0 µg/100 g in BG4) when compared to white garlic samples (21.4 µg/100 g in KWG). Black garlic samples had 4–7 times more antioxidant potential as compared to the white garlics. It was also found that the predominant sugar compound was sucrose (702.3–884.7 mg/100 g) in white garlic and fructose (3277.0–27,232.2 mg/100 g) in black garlic samples and the total amount of sugar was 4- to 17-fold higher in black garlic compared to the white garlic. 13 and 14 phenolic compounds were quantified by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS in the white and black garlic samples, respectively. Black garlic was found to have a higher phenolic content (26.3–37.9 mg/100 g) than white garlic (18.0–23.3 mg/100 g) while caffeic acid was the dominant phenolic in both product types. In general, black garlic could be recommended to consumers due to its higher potential of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, nitrogen (N), protein, total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity were investigated in dried samples of the Moringa oleifera plant grown in Bulancak, Çamoluk, Espiye, Şebinkarahisar and Tirebolu districts of Giresun province in Türkiye. The analyses were performed by DPPH and FRAP methods for antioxidant activity. In the study, the plants grown in Bulancak location had significantly higher nitrogen, protein and antioxidant activity than other growing regions. On the contrary, significantly lower nitrogen and protein were measured in plants grown in Espiye and Tirebolu. The total phenolics and total flavonoids were determined the highest in plants grown in Espiye and Tirebolu locations, the lowest values in Çamoluk and Şebinkarahisar locations. According to the antioxidant activity tests, the antioxidant activity of the plants grown in Espiye location was significantly higher than in other growing regions. The lowest antioxidant activity was measured in Şebinkarahisar and Çamoluk locations. As a result, it was revealed that region conducted the cultivation affects on the protein and bioactive compounds of the Moringa oleifera plant. Espiye, Bulancak and Tirebolu locations can be recommended for cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first report on phenolics and biological activity of C. oppositifolia and S. cilicius. • The plant extracts possessed significant antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity. • Kaempferol and quercetin were identified as major flavonoids in the extracts. • Protocatechuic acid and gallic acid were identified as major phenolic acids in the extracts. • The plant extracts could be potential sources of bioactive molecules. In the paper, the phenolic compounds and biological activity of Corydalis oppositifolia DC. and Senecio cilicius Boiss., the endemic plants growing in Turkey, were investigated for the first time. The ethanol extract of C. oppositifolia exhibited more potent antimicrobial activity while the ethanol extract of S. cilicius exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity on ABTS (81.4±1.1a mg TE g−1 extract) and DPPH (23.4±0.2a mg TE g−1 extract). In C. oppositifolia , the highest total flavonoid and phenolic acid contents were found to be in the ethanol (94.2±3.5a mg QE g−1 extract) and methanol (320.5±3.3c mg GAE g−1 extract) extracts, respectively. In S. cilicius , the highest total flavonoid and phenolic acid contents were found to be in the methanol (56.9±0.9c mg QE g−1 extract) and ethanol (568.0±3.3a mg GAE g−1 extract) extracts, respectively. The ethanol extract of C. oppositifolia has the most prominent activity against α-amylase, AChE and BChE whereas the methanol extract of this plant displayed the highest inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. HPLC analysis of the ethanol extracts revealed that the major flavonoids were kaempferol and quercetin whereas the major phenolic acids were protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, gentistic acid and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The findings suggested that the plants and their extracts have the potential to be used in the treatment of diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with biochemical, physiological, and pathological changes in the liver and characterized by some deficiencies in insulin secretion or insulin action. Prangos Lindl. species are important plants used as spice and medicine in Asian countries, including Türkiye. This study first aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of the aerial parts of the 5 different Prangos species (Apiaceae) collected from various locations to discover and identify bioactive phenolic components. The results revealed that the methanolic extract of P. heyniae exhibited the highest activity against α -glucosidase inhibition compared to the other Prangos species (IC 50 = 458.54 ± 5.62 μg/mL). For this reason, the active species P. heyniae (an endemic species) was subjected to UPLC–MS/MS to evaluate the possible active phenolic components. The results showed that 53 phenolic compounds were correctly screened, 21 were precisely determined by UPLC–MS/MS in P. heyniae. Therefore, it was concluded that the aerial parts of P. heyniae might have therapeutic potential for hyperglycemia due to its phenolic compounds. Moreover, quinic acid (3.66%), chlorogenic acid (2.35%), rutin (2.96%), and hesperidin (0.79%) might be potential markers of the methanolic extract of P. heyniae. In the end, this study provides comprehensive knowledge regarding the phenolic profile of P. heyniae related to antidiabetic activity for the first time in this study. [Display omitted] • Phenolic composition of different Prangos sp. was investigated for the first time. • In P. heyniae , 21 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by UPLC–MS/MS. • Methanol extract of P. heyniae had been found to have higher α-glucosidase inhibition activity. • Rutin, chlorogenic acid, and quinic acid were the main phenolic components in P. heyniae. • The observed effect was associated with phenolics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aronia is a genus of deciduous shrubs, the chokeberries, in the family Rosaceae, native to eastern North America and most commonly found in wet woods and swamps. The sour berries can be eaten raw off the bush, but are more frequently processed. They can be found in wine, jam, syrup, juice, soft spreads, tea, salsa, chili starters, extracts, beer, ice cream, gummies and tinctures. Aronia melanocarpa (black chokeberry) is more recently introduced to Turkey as a fruit. Thus, this study was conducted in order to determine the phenolic compounds of chokeberry fruit first time in Turkey. Gallic acid, protocatechic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, benzoic acid, o-coumaric acid, rutin, eriodictiol were found in chokeberry fruits. Phenolic compounds of chokeberry fruits varied between 0.15 ppm (ocoumaric acid) - 43.71 ppm (chlorogenic acid). Chlorogenic acid is dominant phenolic (43.72-43.65 ppm) followed by protocatechic acid (16.34 ppm) and rutin (4.53 ppm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods were developed for the isolation of phenols and tocopherols from pistachio nuts. The extracts were analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with a UV detector (RP-HPLC-UV). In total, eighteen pistachio samples, originating from Greece and Turkey, were analyzed and thirteen phenolic compounds, as well as α-tocopherol, (β + γ)-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol, were identified. The analytical methods were validated and presented good linearity (r2 > 0.990) and a high recovery rate over the range of 82.4 to 95.3% for phenols, and 93.1 to 96.4% for tocopherols. Repeatablility was calculated over the range 1.8–5.8%RSD for intra-day experiments, and reproducibility over the range 3.2–9.4%RSD for inter-day experiments, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to analyze the differences between the concentrations of the bioactive compounds with respect to geographical origin, while agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) was used to cluster the samples based on their similarity and according to the geographical origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulgur has been one of the most important traditional Durum wheat products in Turkey and Middle Eastern countries for ages. The objective of this study was to reveal the composition of some healthy components of industrial bulgur samples produced in Turkey. Total starch, resistant starch, dietary fibre and total phenolic contents and their high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile and antioxidant capacity of bulgur samples using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity methods were investigated. The results showed that total dietary fibre ranged between 5.8 ± 0.7 and 8.2 ± 0.7% and resistant starch between 2.1 ± 0.2 and 2.8 ± 0.2%. Moreover, phenolic content with an average of 59.5 ± 5.2 mg Gallic acid/100 g dry matter and a moderate level of antioxidant capacity with an average of 22.2 ± 2.4% DPPH scavenging activity and 563.3 ± 60.7 μmol Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity/100 g dry matter of ABTS scavenging activity add value to the health benefits of bulgur product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenolic compounds, radical scavenging effect and antioxidant capacity of olive fruits from the "Sarıulak" variety were studied from four different locations: Alanya, Ceyhan, Silifke and Karaman in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. They were collected on three different harvest dates (HDs) and in two consecutive crop years. The levels of most of the phenolic compounds in the fruits of the Alanya location were remarkably high among the values (mg/kg) obtained for all location samples mainly on the first HDs, for instance hydroxytyrosol rose to 3596.4, luteolin rose to 269.5, vanillic acid rose to 159.8 and caffeic acid rose to 62.1. The olive fruits from Alanya, which had the highest average rainfall compared to the other locations, showed the highest phenolic content. The olive fruits from Silifke, which had a dramatic decrease in rainfall between the two crop years, showed a reduction in total phenolic content in the following crop year. The highest oleuropein contents (mg/kg) were detected for the fruit samples grown in Silifke (963.5-2981.8) and for Karaman (835.2-655.6). All of the locations showed similar changes in antioxidant activity pointing to an increase with later HDs. The effect of HD on the phenolic compounds such as 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid and hidroxytyrosol, luteolin, chlorogenic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid were more dependent on the location factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Arbutus andrachne L. and A. unedo L. are two members of the Ericaceae family. The species are distributed in coastal parts of Anatolia and have edible fruits. We determined several characteristics of eight A. andrachne accessions collected from different parts of the Mediterranean regions of Anatolia. A. unedo is also represented with a sample. Notable differences were found among A. andrachne accessions. On average, the fruit width and length were 12.3 and 10.8mm, respectively. All of the element concentrations that were tested varied considerably. The average of the total organic acids was 0.47g/100g fruit. Among the organic acids measured, malic acid had the highest content (0.34g/100g fruit) followed by ascorbic (0.10g/100g fruit) and citric acids (0.03g/100g fruit). The average for total sugars of the A. andrachne accessions was 16.38g/100g fruit. Fructose was the main sugar (average of 9.75g/100g fruit) followed by glucose (5.33g/100g fruit) and sucrose (1.19g/100g fruit). Among the A. andrachne accessions tested, the total phenolics ranged from 2422 to 4102μggallicacid/g fresh weight (fw) with an average of 3343μg gallic acid equiv. g/fw. Antioxidant activities, determined by TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) and FRAP (Ferric reducing ability of plasma), reached up to 36.1 and 29.5μmol Trolox equiv. (TE) g/fresh weight, respectively. It can thus be concluded that A. andrachne is a good source of phenols and antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: It was aimed in this study to identify and quantify various constituents (particularly phenolics) of apple juice and to quantitatively compare the total antioxidant capacities of juices obtained from apple varieties grown in Turkey. Experimental studies were performed by determining the total antioxidant capacities using two spectrophotometric methods, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) methods, and by identification and quantification of the leading antioxidant constituents individually with HPLC. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values of HPLC-quantified antioxidant constituents were found, and compared with those found by CUPRAC and ABTS. The TAC of HPLC-quantified compounds accounted for between 40.0% and 70.6% of the observed CUPRAC capacities of apple juices with respect to apple varieties. The order of antioxidant capacity of apple juices determined by the CUPRAC and ABTS methods were: Ervin Spur>King Luscious>Sky Spur>Amasya>Arap Kizi⩾Granny Smith>Lutz Golden. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Several fruit characteristics of five loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) cultivars/selections grown in Dörtyol, Hatay, Turkey were investigated in 2008. The cultivars/selections included 'Baduna 5′, Güzelyurt 1, 'Hafif Çukurgöbek', 'Ottaviani,' and Type 1. The characteristics evaluated included fruit weight, width, length, seed number and weight, flesh/seed ratio, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, acidity, total phenolic (TP) content, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The analyses were conducted by three replicates, with 30 fruits in each replicate. The results indicated that there were significant differences among the cultivars, for all the traits tested. For example, 'Hafif Çukurgöbek' and 'Ottaviani' had smaller fruits than others, although 'Hafif Çukurgöbek' had heavier seeds. The flesh/seed ratio was the highest in Type 1, while 'Hafif Çukurgöbek' had the highest pH and high soluble solids. 'Baduna 5′ and 'Hafif Çukurgöbek' had the highest acidity. The TP ranged from 129 ('Baduna 5') to 578 ('Hafif Çukurgöbek') mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/kg fresh fruit (fw). 'Hafif Çukurgöbek' also had the highest FRAP mean (12.1 mmol Trolox Equivalent (TE)/kg fw). The results suggest that loquat cultivars have a variable range of TP content and a relatively high total antioxidant capacity, which is crucial for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arils from six pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) varieties grown in the Mediterranean region of Turkey were tested for their antimicrobial properties by the agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods against seven bacteria: (Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 9027, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1, Corynebacterium xerosis UC 9165, Escherichia coli DM, Enterococcus faecalis A10, Micrococcus luteus LA 2971), and three fungi (Kluvyeromyces marxianus A230, Rhodotorula rubra MC12, Candida albicans ATCC 1023). It has been observed that the pomegranate aril extracts had antimicrobial effect on all microorganisms, giving inhibition zones ranging in size from 13 to 26 mm. The MIC values for active pomegranate extracts ranged between 30 and >90 μg/mL. The results obtained appeared to confirm the antimicrobial potential of the Punica granatum varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, 29 pepper cultivars that represent the diversity of types and varieties grown in Turkey were analyzed for water-soluble antioxidant capacity and phenolic and vitamin C contents, in addition, 14 non-Turkish cultivars were tested for comparison. Significant diversity was observed in the different cultivars with the most variation (7.4-fold) seen for total antioxidant capacity, which ranged from 2.57 to 18.96 mmol Trolox/kg. Vitamin C content for the peppers ranged from 522 to 1631 mg.kg-1, a 3.1-fold difference, whereas total phenolic content for the pepper cultivars ranged from 607 to 2724 mg.kg-1, a 4.5-fold difference. When cultivars were grouped by morphology/use, it was found that some types had significantly more variation and higher antioxidant activities than other types. Thus, for water-soluble antioxidant capacity, most variation was seen in long, blunt-ended Çarliston types, whereas long, pointed Sivri peppers had the highest mean capacity. Bell-shaped Dolmalρk and Sivri peppers had the most variation for phenolic content, but fancy Süs and Sivri types had the highest means for this trait. Dolmalρk types showed the most variation for vitamin C content, whereas Süs and Sivri peppers had the highest means for this character. All three parameters were significantly and positively correlated with the strongest correlation between total antioxidant capacity and phenolic content (r = 0.71). The presence of significant variation for antioxidant content in Turkish germplasm indicates that this material can be used for improvement and genetic mapping of nutritional content in pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]