99 results on '"Zubin Austin"'
Search Results
2. Understanding motivations and behaviours of our influencers: What can pharmacists learn from their leaders?
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Madonna Gaballa, Kristin Kaupp, Paul Gregory, and Zubin Austin
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Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy - Abstract
Background: There has been considerable discussion regarding the “leadership crisis” in pharmacy, with concerns that insufficient numbers of pharmacists want to take on leadership roles in their own profession. This exploratory study of leaders and influencers in pharmacy was undertaken to characterize the motivations for and behaviours of titled and untitled leaders, in order to help other pharmacists learn from their experiences. Methods: Interviews with 28 individuals who self-identified or were described by others as leaders (with or without formal titles) and influencers in pharmacy were conducted using online platforms (e.g., Zoom, Teams). A semistructured interview guide was used and refined during the interviews. Data were analyzed using a constant comparative method to identify common themes. Results: While participants in this study all described different trajectories towards leadership or influencer roles, several common themes emerged, including 1) personal characteristics that enable leadership roles/activities, 2) environmental supports and drivers that propel leadership forward, 3) positive reinforcers that maintain momentum towards leadership aspirations and 4) general predictors of success as a leader/influencer in pharmacy. Discussion: To address the “leadership crisis” in pharmacy, it will be necessary to motivate and support individuals in assuming these roles. Findings from this study have highlighted the complex and individual pathways current leaders have undertaken to achieve these roles and have signposted ways in which organizations, managers and mentors can support nascent leadership aspirations in productive ways.
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- 2022
3. COVID-19 vaccination in high-risk communities: Case study of Brampton, Ontario
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Manmohit Gill, Dhruv Datta, Paul Gregory, and Zubin Austin
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Research and Clinical ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy - Abstract
Background: The Peel region in Southern Ontario is among the most ethnoculturally diverse and fastest growing areas in Canada. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the multicultural community of Brampton suffered one of the highest infection rates in Canada, in part because of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the community. The role of pharmacists in supporting vaccine uptake in this linguistically, ethnically and religiously diverse community has not been adequately characterized. Methods: A qualitative case study approach was used, focusing on one of the major communities in Peel (Brampton). Interviews with community pharmacists and pharmacy staff directly involved in COVID-19 vaccine administration during the pandemic were undertaken to identify common experiences and trends related to providing care and support to this high-risk community. Constant comparative coding was used to identify common themes that can inform ongoing public health supports in future pandemics. Results: A total of 29 interviews were completed. Key themes that emerged included 1) the impact of operational, organizational and logistical issues on vaccine uptake in the community; 2) the negative influence of inconsistent messaging from public health and other experts during the pandemic; and 3) the identification of an emerging typology of “vaccine hesitancies” describing different reasons/motivations for avoiding COVID-19 vaccination and approaches taken by pharmacy staff to address these within a multicultural, multilingual practice context. Discussion: The COVID-19 vaccination campaign was unprecedented in its size, scope and speed, and community pharmacists were integral in this effort. The unique needs of ethnoculturally, linguistically and socioeconomically diverse communities like Brampton require further studies to examine ways in which the pharmacy profession can positively influence greater vaccine uptake, by increasing understanding of the diverse proliferation of vaccine hesitancies that emerged.
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- 2022
4. The only way round is through: Professional identity in pharmacy education and practice
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Jamie, Kellar and Zubin, Austin
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Opinion ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy - Published
- 2022
5. To succeed as health care innovators, pharmacists need to cultivate an entrepreneurial mindset
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Peter Chengming Zhang and Zubin Austin
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Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy - Published
- 2023
6. Using mock interviews to prepare pharmacy students for professional placement: Results from a pilot study
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Sam Kosari, Mary Bushell, Mark Naunton, Zubin Austin, Jackson Thomas, and Stephanie Mulhall
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Medical education ,business.industry ,education ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Preceptor ,Pharmacy ,Computer-assisted web interviewing ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,Education ,Pharmacy curriculum ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Community pharmacy ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Psychology ,business ,Inclusion (education) ,Curriculum ,Career development - Abstract
Introduction: Mock interviews were introduced into a second-year pharmacy course with an embedded pharmacy placement. The aim was to prepare pharmacy students for interviews with possible preceptors when seeking community pharmacy placements. This study aimed to assess students’ perspectives on the impact of this activity. Methods: Second year pharmacy students (n = 35) were provided with general interview guidance and participated in mock placement interviews conducted by community pharmacists. After participating in the mock interview, students were invited to complete two online questionnaires. The first questionnaire was completed following the mock interview and the second questionnaire was completed after students had secured professional placements. Both surveys contained multiple domains including student approach to placement, perceived impact of the mock interview on confidence and preparation, application of the feedback on their real-life interview, understanding employer priorities, linkage with the curriculum and overall student satisfaction. Results: Following the mock interview, most participants (89.5%, n = 17) indicated that they felt better prepared to approach a placement preceptor and for the interview process. All participants who completed the first questionnaire (100%, n = 19) agreed that the feedback following the mock interview was helpful. After securing a placement, more than half (56.5%, n = 13) indicated that they used the skillsets developed during the mock interview when approaching a placement preceptor. Conclusion: The inclusion of mock interviews in the pharmacy curricula was found beneficial and conducive to enhanced skills and confidence in students’ career development.
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- 2021
7. Quacks vs facts: Regulatory body discipline when clinicians spread COVID-19 mis/disinformation
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Ai-Leng Foong-Reichert, Kelly A. Grindrod, Sherilyn K.D. Houle, and Zubin Austin
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Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy - Published
- 2022
8. A typology of vaccine hesitancies: Results from a study of community pharmacists administering COVID-19 vaccinations during the pandemic
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Paul A.M. Gregory, Manmohit Gill, Dhruv Datta, and Zubin Austin
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Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy - Abstract
Pharmacists were integral to the vaccine administration process during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. As such, they encountered a variety of different forms of vaccine resistance. This qualitative study explored 33 community pharmacists (from varying geographical and practice types) responses to vaccine resistance and tactics utilized to support vaccination amongst diverse community members. A typology of 8 different variants of vaccine hesitancy emerged, each with its own root cause and potential opportunities for intervention. Pharmacists in this study described techniques to support adherence to public health guidance based on their assessment of root causes for resistance demonstrated by patients. Importantly, all pharmacists in this study described feelings of anger towards truly anti-vax patients and unwillingness to actually engage or even try to address this group in their practice.
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- 2022
9. Understanding the psychology of trust between patients and their community pharmacists
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Paul A.M. Gregory and Zubin Austin
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Empirical work ,Medical education ,health care facilities, manpower, and services ,education ,MEDLINE ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Health outcomes ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,Test (assessment) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Research and Clinical ,Order (business) ,health services administration ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Psychology ,health care economics and organizations ,Original Research - Abstract
Background: Pharmacists need patients to trust them in order to support best possible health outcomes. There has been little empirical work to test the widely stated claim that pharmacists are the “most trusted” health care professional. This study was undertaken to characterize the factors that shape public trust of individual pharmacists and the profession as a whole. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was undertaken. Semistructured interviews with 13 patients from 5 different community pharmacies were completed. Interview data were transcribed, coded and categorized to identify trust-enhancing and trust-diminishing factors influencing patients’ perceptions of pharmacists. Results: Four trust-diminishing factors were identified, including the business context within which community pharmacy is practised, lack of transparency regarding pharmacists’ remuneration, lack of awareness of how pharmacists qualify and are regulated and inconsistent previous experiences with pharmacists. Four trust-enhancing factors were identified, including accessibility, affability, acknowledgement and respect. Discussion: This study illustrates that trust-diminishing factors appear to be somewhat outside the day-to-day control of individual community pharmacists, while trust-enhancing factors are elements that pharmacists may have greater personal control over. Further research is required to better understand these factors and to develop a more generalizable understanding of how patients develop trust in their pharmacists. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2021;154:xx-xx.
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- 2021
10. Resilience in the time of pandemic: The experience of community pharmacists during COVID-19
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Zubin Austin and Paul A.M. Gregory
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Adult ,Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,education ,Specialty ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Coding (therapy) ,Pharmacy ,Community Pharmacy Services ,Pharmacists ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,Article ,Interviews as Topic ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Adaptation, Psychological ,Pandemic ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Workplace ,Personal protective equipment ,Aged ,media_common ,Ontario ,Protocol (science) ,Medical education ,business.industry ,COVID-19 ,Professional Practice ,Middle Aged ,Resilience, Psychological ,Work (electrical) ,Female ,Psychological resilience ,Psychology ,business - Abstract
BACKGROUND: As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant disruption of the practice of pharmacy. Importantly, in many parts of the world, this disruption occurred literally overnight, requiring pharmacists to demonstrate significant adaptability and resiliency in order to manage continuing and in some cases expanding needs of patients. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this research was to characterize how community pharmacy in Ontario (Canada) responded to the COVID-19 pandemic of winter/spring 2020, in particular in understanding what factors may influence or predict resiliency of individual practitioners and their workplaces. METHODS: One-on-one interviews mediated through technology (Microsoft Teams) were used, following a semi-structured interview protocol. Verbatim transcripts were produced and analyzed by two independent researchers, using an inductive coding process to identify and characterize themes. RESULTS: A total of 21 pharmacists participated in this study. Six themes were identified: a) use of and comfort with technology; b) early adoption of corporate and professional guidance; c) workplaces that emphasized task-focus rather than multi-tasking were more resilient; d) scheduling methods and practices in the workplace are important for personal resilience; e) dedicated specialty staff allowed pharmacists to focus on their work; and f) provision of personal protective equipment was essential. CONCLUSIONS: Traditionally, resilience in professional practice has been characterized as a personal, not a workplace, issue. This study suggests that personal resiliency for pharmacists requires substantial workplace support; further work in this area is required to better understand how pharmacists adapt to complex and difficult situations such as pandemics.
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- 2021
11. What just happened (and keeps on happening)?: The experience of COVID-19 in Canadian pharmacy practice and education
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Zubin Austin
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Value (ethics) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Public health ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Happening ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Foundation (evidence) ,Pharmacy ,Public relations ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,Education ,Faith ,Cohesion (linguistics) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Political science ,Health care ,medicine ,Pharmacy practice ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,media_common - Abstract
The Canadian experience in managing the first wave of COVID-19 highlights the value of unified political leadership, belief in experts, evidence-informed decision making and social cohesion. Though far from perfect, Canada's response was built upon a foundation of universally accessible health care and faith in public health guidance. Community pharmacy has been an integral part of care delivery during COVID-19. As a second or third wave evolves, it is essential to learn from previous experiences to better prepare for what comes next.
- Published
- 2020
12. Impact of preferred learning style on personal resilience strategies among pharmacy students during the COVID-19 pandemic
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Jacob Poirier, Zubin Austin, and Paul A.M. Gregory
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Medical education ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Identity (social science) ,Pharmacy ,Context (language use) ,030227 psychiatry ,Education ,Style (sociolinguistics) ,Learning styles ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Journaling file system ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Psychological resilience ,Positive psychology ,business ,Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Introduction: Using COVID-19 as the context, this study explored how differences in individual learning styles impacted personal resilience strategies among pharmacy students. This is a uniquely stressful period of time for many learners; pharmacy education has shifted predominantly to novel online forms of teaching, learning, and assessment, and traditional psycho-social support became difficult to access due to lock-down and quarantine requirements. Methods: Data were gathered throughout May and June 2020 via participant-observer, semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed using deductive analysis techniques, based on existing themes in resilience research. Results: A total of 21 pharmacy students were interviewed, the majority of whom had ‘Assimilator’ or ‘Converger’ dominant learning styles as classified by Austin’s Pharmacists’ Inventory of Learning Styles (PILS). Assimilators had a stronger sense of professional identity, practiced positive psychology, and utilised journaling as resilience strategies more frequently than Convergers. Convergers were found to be more self-efficacious and adaptable than Assimilators. Conclusions: Rather than providing ‘one-size-fits-all’ advice and programming to pharmacy students, there may be potential to improve resilience by incorporating tailored and specific strategies based on the dominant learning style of each individual student.
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- 2020
13. How do community pharmacies in Ontario manage drug shortage problems? Results of an exploratory qualitative study
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Xuan Yao, Paul A.M. Gregory, Gea Panic, and Zubin Austin
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Drug ,Community pharmacies ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Economic shortage ,Pharmacy ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Research and Clinical ,Business ,Marketing ,Qualitative research ,media_common - Abstract
Background: Pharmacists report spending a considerable amount of time dealing with drug shortages. There is no research in Canada identifying and describing the strategies and resources that pharmacists use to minimize disruption and continuity of care for patients. Methods: An exploratory qualitative methodology was used. Community pharmacists and technicians in Ontario were interviewed using a semi-structured protocol. Verbatim transcripts were generated and coded by at least 2 independent reviewers using content analysis methods to identify management strategies. Results and Discussion: A total of 14 pharmacists and 7 regulated pharmacy technicians participated in this study. The following 5 main strategies for managing drug shortages were identified: (1) using the supplier, (2) generic options, (3) brand options, (4) contacting other pharmacies and (5) switching to a different medication. Conclusion: The strategies identified through this research can provide pharmacists with some guidance in approaching the real-world problem of drug shortages. It also highlights opportunities for organizations, government and manufacturers to provide additional support for pharmacists to minimize disruptions for patients and to ensure current ad hoc practices do not further compound shortage issues. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2020;153:xx-xx.
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- 2020
14. A Historical Discourse Analysis of Pharmacist Identity in Pharmacy Education
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Jamie Kellar, Mirjam G.A. oude Egbrink, Zubin Austin, Elise Paradis, Cees P. M. van der Vleuten, Onderwijsontw & Onderwijsresearch, RS: SHE - R1 - Research (OvO), and Fysiologie
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pharmacy ,Discourse analysis ,education ,Pharmacist ,pharmacy education ,Identity (social science) ,Pharmacy ,Pharmacists ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,Education ,03 medical and health sciences ,Critical discourse analysis ,0302 clinical medicine ,MEDICAL-EDUCATION ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Sociology ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,professional identity ,EXCELLENCE ,Social Identification ,business.industry ,Research ,Pharmacy education ,General Medicine ,Public relations ,Focauldian discourse analysis ,pharmacy practice ,Education, Pharmacy ,Pharmacy practice ,Apothecary ,business - Abstract
Objective. To determine the discourses on professional identity in pharmacy education over the last century in North America and which one(s) currently dominate.Methods. A Foucauldian critical discourse analysis using archival resources from the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education (AJPE) and commissioned education reports was used to expose the identity discourses in pharmacy education.Results. This study identified five prominent identity discourses in the pharmacy education literature: apothecary, dispenser, merchandiser, expert advisor, and health care provider. Each discourse constructs the pharmacist's professional identity in different ways and makes possible certain language, subjects, and objects. The health care provider discourse currently dominates the literature. However, an unexpected finding of this study was that the discourses identified did not shift clearly over time, but rather piled up, resulting in students being exposed to incompatible identities.Conclusion. This study illustrates that pharmacist identity constructs are not simple, self-evident, or progressive. In exposing students to incompatible identity discourses, pharmacy education may be unintentionally impacting the formation of a strong, unified healthcare provider identity, which may impact widespread practice change.
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- 2020
15. Deprescribing: An educational imperative
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Lalitha Raman-Wilms, Zubin Austin, Barbara Farrell, and Cheryl A Sadowski
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Medical education ,Education, Medical ,business.industry ,Health Personnel ,Professional development ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Guideline ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,03 medical and health sciences ,Deprescriptions ,0302 clinical medicine ,Continuing professional development ,Health care ,Humans ,Professional association ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Deprescribing ,business ,Heuristics ,Psychology ,Competence (human resources) - Abstract
The Bruyère Evidence-Based Deprescribing Guideline Symposium included a forum on health professional education that brought together health professionals, researchers, professional organization representatives and public members. The goal was to facilitate partnerships among educators and to build knowledge, skills and support for behaviour change to integrate the use of evidence-based deprescribing guidelines into health care professional education. Participant discussions were analyzed under the thematic headings of teaching, learning, and assessment, impact of heuristics in learning, the importance of patient/public understanding and the role of leadership in enabling curricular change to include deprescribing. Deprescribing is considered to be on a continuum with prescribing, and it was recognized that related skills are not consistently taught or assessed, which may be interpreted by learners and health professionals as being less important than diagnostic or other skills. Strategies used currently to teach prescribing may also imply that it is a technical skill, not enabling learners to understand that prescribing and deprescribing involve complex tasks requiring patient consultation. Social barriers to deprescribing were also discussed and the importance of patient perspective in teaching prescribing/deprescribing was recognized. Based on the symposium discussions, the authors make several recommendations that include better teaching of optimal prescribing and deprescribing within an interprofessional context, that education be supported from the pre-licensure, post-graduate levels through to continuing professional development, and that assessment, demonstrating competence in prescribing and deprescribing, be embedded within programs.
- Published
- 2019
16. Pharmacists’ lack of profession-hood: Professional identity formation and its implications for practice
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Paul A.M. Gregory and Zubin Austin
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Medical education ,health care facilities, manpower, and services ,education ,MEDLINE ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Professional identity formation ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,humanities ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Research and Clinical ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Psychology ,health care economics and organizations - Abstract
Background: Understanding the internalized, psychological sense of being a professional may provide important insight into understanding pharmacists’ behaviours and attitudes in practice. Methods: It is difficult to directly or quantitatively measure an internalized psychological state such as profession-hood. An indirect method was selected in which pharmacists who were themselves patients or caregivers were identified and invited to discuss their experiences, as a vehicle for better understanding how they relied upon personal and professional identities during high-stress, impactful times. Results: A total of 17 community pharmacists from southern Ontario participated in this study. Regardless of demographic background, participants reported little reliance on professional identity, knowledge or role as a pharmacist when advocating for themselves or a loved one. Interpretation: These findings suggest that community pharmacists have incomplete, separated or functional (rather than existential) professional identities. This lack of professional identity may influence behaviours in practice such as interactions with other health care professionals or patients or self-confidence in clinical decision-making. Conclusions: Further work is necessary to better understand the socialization and professional identity formation of pharmacists to help support them through the current evolution of pharmacy towards more interdependent and complex clinical roles and decision-making.
- Published
- 2019
17. The role of disengagement in the psychology of competence drift
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Zubin Austin and Paul A.M. Gregory
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Male ,Research design ,Applied psychology ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Pharmacists ,Dispensing error ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,0504 sociology ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Disengagement theory ,License ,Ontario ,Licensure ,Lived experience ,05 social sciences ,050401 social sciences methods ,Work Engagement ,Framing (social sciences) ,Anxiety ,Female ,Clinical Competence ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology - Abstract
Background The framing of competence as a binary “either-or” process may be shaped by the measurement tools and assessment methods used to define it. Blunt measures such as passing or failing a licensure examination, or revoking/suspending a license after a single dispensing error fosters anxiety amongst professionals and potentially leads to behaviours where learning needs are actually hidden from educators, employers or regulators. Such framing may not accurately capture the lived experience of those labelled “incompetent” and in fact may be counterproductive to remediation and skills enhancement. Objectives To examine the construct of competence as a lived experience amongst pharmacists who had been identified and labelled as incompetent by their regulatory body. Methods A multiple single-case research design (described by Kratochwill and Levin) involving 14 practicing pharmacists identified as not meeting competence standards by their regulatory body in Ontario, Canada was used for this research. Constant-comparative qualitative analysis of semi-structured interview data was coded, categorized and used to identify and describe major research themes. Results Two major themes were identified, related to the personal and professional consequences of being labelled “incompetent” by one's regulatory body, and the importance of psychological engagement in one's own profession in facilitating maintenance of competence. Conclusions This study highlighted the importance of disengagement as both a cause and consequence of competence drift and pointed to the impact of regulatory policies, practices, and assessment systems that may actually inadvertently contribute to this disengagement.
- Published
- 2019
18. Exploring multi-stakeholder perceptions of practice-related facilitators to optimising the quality of integration of regulated pharmacy technicians in community pharmacy in Ontario: a qualitative study
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Maryam Jetha, Kenneth K.C. Man, Dalya Abdulla, and Zubin Austin
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Scope of practice ,Attitude of Health Personnel ,Pharmacy Technicians ,Staffing ,Exploratory research ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Community Pharmacy Services ,Pharmacists ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,03 medical and health sciences ,Professional Role ,0302 clinical medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,030212 general & internal medicine ,media_common ,Ontario ,Pharmacies ,Medical education ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Stakeholder ,Facilitator ,Perception ,business ,Pharmacy technician ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate multi-stakeholder perceptions of practice-related facilitators to optimising the quality of Regulated Pharmacy Technician (RPT) integration into the community workforce in Ontario. Facilitators to incorporating technicians into the workflow and supporting their optimal scope of practice were explored. Methods A qualitative exploratory study comprising a series of one-to-one interviews using a piloted, semi-structured interview guide was conducted with four community pharmacy stakeholder groups; pharmacists, RPTs, pharmacy assistants and pharmacy owners. Interviews were conducted until saturation of themes. Verbatim transcripts were coded inductively using the software, NVivo v12 (QSR International) and general inductive analysis identified key findings. Key findings Twenty-seven interviews were conducted consisting of seven pharmacists, seven RPTs, eight assistants and five pharmacy owners working within community pharmacy and/or academia or hospital. All participants from every stakeholder group acknowledged that the promise of regulation of pharmacy technicians was unfulfilled in practice. Three major themes of practical significance were derived: (i) A viable business plan that incorporates RPT remuneration and ensures sustainability is a facilitator to fuller integration of RPTs, (ii) Planning the pharmacy workflow to support RPTs’ and pharmacists’ evolving scopes is a facilitator to RPT integration and (iii) Schedule planning to incorporate RPTs and appropriate staffing ratios in relation to prescription volume and pharmacy services allows for optimal utilisation of RPT skills and facilitates their integration. Conclusions Achieving integration of RPTs into the business of a community pharmacy has educational, workplace and regulatory implications, requiring the effective engagement of all stakeholders in pharmacy.
- Published
- 2021
19. Exploring the quality of smoking cessation in community pharmacies: A simulated patient study
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Zubin Austin, Vaughan W. Rees, Hamzah Alzubaidi, and Ward Saidawi
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Pharmacies ,Government ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Descriptive statistics ,business.industry ,Public health ,medicine.medical_treatment ,education ,Pharmacist ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Pharmacists ,Simulated patient ,Checklist ,Tobacco Use Cessation Devices ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Family medicine ,Medicine ,Smoking cessation ,Humans ,Female ,Smoking Cessation ,business - Abstract
Background The prevalence of cigarette smoking continues to be a major public health problem In the United Arab Emirates (UAE); the government has recently implemented policies to reduce smoking prevalence. Innovative strategies to support cessation are needed. Community pharmacies are vital venues to extend the reach and effectiveness of smoking cessation support. Objective To evaluate the quality of community pharmacist smoking cessation counseling in the UAE. Methods A cross-sectional, simulated patient (SP) study was conducted among N = 111 urban community pharmacies selected at random in Sharjah city. Two scenarios were developed to cover different types of cessation needs of treatment-seeking smokers and where pharmacists could have a major role in assisting with smoking cessation pharmacotherapy. The quality of pharmacist counseling was defined in terms of comprehensiveness and communication skills. Two formal assessment tools were used; an analytical checklist to assess the comprehensiveness of pharmacists smoking cessation counseling, and a global assessment form to evaluate communication skills. A descriptive analysis of the data was undertaken. Results A total of 101 pharmacists participated in the study. Pharmacist assessment of smoking cessation-specific information and provision of counseling were minimal. Pharmacists most frequently assessed nicotine dependence and provided generic guidance on the use of nicotine replacement products (NRTs) to manage withdrawal, but they largely did not obtain relevant histories (e.g., medical/medication histories, previous quit attempts, smoking triggers), explain individualized management strategies (e.g., setting quit date, changing environment, reassurance and encouragement), or provide advice about ongoing support. Pharmacists attained low scores in verbal and nonverbal communication and were frequently unempathetic and judgmental towards female SPs. Conclusions Pharmacist-led smoking cessation programs can expand primary care-based cessation opportunities in the UAE and address the demand for cessation services. Pharmacists will benefit from additional training on the provision of smoking cessation interventions, with an emphasis on patient-centered communication skills.
- Published
- 2021
20. Developing a Global Community of Practice for Pharmacy Workforce Resilience-Meet GRiT
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Efi Mantzourani, Sue Kirsa, Catriona Bradley, Louise Hughes, Betty Exintaris, Bronwyn K. Clark, Maguy Saffouh El Hajj, Vibhuti Arya, Catherine Langran, Karen Whitfield, Zubin Austin, Dalia Bajis, Kat Hall, Kirsten Galbraith, Kyle John Wilby, and Sarah Willis
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pharmacist ,Pharmacist ,Pharmacy ,Health human resources ,Burnout ,GRiT ,Article ,health human resources ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Community of practice ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,well-being ,Political science ,Pharmacology (medical) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Resilience (network) ,resilience ,business.industry ,030503 health policy & services ,COVID-19 ,Public relations ,pharmacy profession ,pharmacy workforce ,RS1-441 ,Coronavirus ,Workforce ,international collaboration ,Professional association ,0305 other medical science ,business - Abstract
Workforce resilience in pharmacy is required to ensure the practice, education, and administrative systems remain viable and sustainable over time and when facing challenges. Whether it is addressing burnout of pharmacists or students, or the structure and policies/procedures of employment and professional organizations, working to increase resilience across all individuals and sectors is essential to relieve pressure and promote better well-being, especially during the recent pandemic. The purpose of this article is to describe the development of a community of practice global group focused on development of resilience within the pharmacy workforce that is inclusive of students, pharmacy interns/preregistration and registered pharmacists. The steering group meets monthly and has representation of 24 members across eight countries. Members meet to discuss pertinent issues they are facing in practice, as well as to share and progress ideas on education, research, and practice initiatives. To date, members have collectively implemented resilience training in pharmacy education, researched burnout and resilience in both students and pharmacists, and facilitated international collaborations both within and outside core group members. Future activities will focus on strengthening the community of practice in order to harness the power of the collective.
- Published
- 2021
21. How pharmacists perceive their professional identity: a scoping review and discursive analysis
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Lachmi Singh, Glyneva Bradley-Ridout, Mirjam G.A. oude Egbrink, Jamie Kellar, Cees P. M. van der Vleuten, Maria Athina Martimianakis, and Zubin Austin
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COMMUNITY PHARMACISTS ,SELF-PERCEPTION ,Scopus ,Pharmacist ,HOSPITAL PHARMACISTS ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Identity (social science) ,Pharmacy ,PsycINFO ,Pharmacists ,Critical discourse analysis ,Professional Role ,FUTURE ,HEALTH-CARE-SYSTEM ,SEARCH ,Physicians ,Cognitive dissonance ,Relevance (law) ,Medicine ,Humans ,ATTITUDES ,professional identity ,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ,Pharmacies ,Medical education ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,JOB-SATISFACTION ,REFORM ,Pharmaceutical Services ,ROLE INSIGHTS ,Pharmacy practice ,business - Abstract
ObjectivesThe objectives of this scoping review were to (a) explore how pharmacists perceive their professional roles and identities and (b) describe factors impacting which professional roles or identities pharmacists embody in different pharmacy practice settings.MethodsA scoping review using a deductive approach was undertaken for this study. Systematic searches were conducted in five databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid PsycINFO, EBSCO Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health and Scopus (Elsevier). Key words searched included pharmacist, identity, professional role and one variations of these. Results were double-blind screened for relevance by two authors. Data extraction was facilitated by the web-based software platform COVIDENCE. Foucauldian critical discourse analysis was used to deconstruct how pharmacists perceive their professional roles and identities.Key findingsIn total, 21 701 articles were retrieved in the search. Following de-duplication and screening, 23 studies from 11 different countries were included. Five major identity themes were identified: Clinician, Dispenser, Business Person, Patient Counsellor and Physician Supporter. The dispenser identity was the most widespread, but it was viewed by many pharmacists as undesirable. The clinician identity also had a strong presence but was viewed as an identity that pharmacists aspire to embody.ConclusionsThis scoping review illustrates that pharmacists do not uniformly perceive themselves to be clinicians. A significant gap exists between the profession’s desired identity and that embodied by practicing pharmacists. The resulting dissonance may be a contributing factor to the lack of wide-scale practice change that the profession has been seeking for decades.
- Published
- 2020
22. Should there be only one most responsible provider?
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Zubin Austin
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Opinion ,business.industry ,Family medicine ,MEDLINE ,medicine ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,business - Published
- 2020
23. COVID-19: How did community pharmacies get through the first wave?
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Paul A.M. Gregory and Zubin Austin
- Subjects
Service (business) ,2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Community pharmacies ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,MEDLINE ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,medicine.disease ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pandemic ,Medicine ,Medical emergency ,business ,Original Research - Abstract
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic of early 2020 was one of the most impactful events in living memory. As an essential service, community pharmacies remained open to provide care and service. The unprecedented nature and scale of the pandemic triggered considerable change in daily practice. In anticipation of future pandemic waves and similar mass-scale civil disruptions, it is important to understand how community pharmacies adapted and responded in the early weeks of COVID-19. Methods: A combination of convenience, snowball and purposive sampling methods was used to recruit staff from community pharmacies across Ontario, from a variety of different practice locations and types. A semistructured focus group interview protocol was used to elicit experiences. Data gathering was undertaken until the point of saturation. Thematic analysis was used to surface common experiences and to describe how community pharmacies adapted and responded. Results: A total of 39 participants (pharmacists, registered technicians and assistants) from 11 different pharmacies participated in this study. Data were coded based on 1) what happened, 2) how community pharmacies responded, and 3) what worked and did not work to support pharmacy staff in continued provision of service and care. Key findings included the collapse of provision of nondispensing remunerated services, the central role of managerial decisions in supporting resilience (e.g., change to 8-hour shifts from 12-hour shifts) and the central role of technology in supporting continuity of quality pharmacy services. Discussion: With anticipated future pandemic waves, preparedness of community pharmacy will be essential. This study provides important insights based on participants’ own experiences regarding ways employers can better support staff in provision of care and service to patients during times of mass-scale civil disruption. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2020;153:xx-xx.
- Published
- 2020
24. Professional identity in pharmacy: Opportunity, crisis or just another day at work?
- Author
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Naomi Steenhof, Jamie Kellar, Zubin Austin, and Jennifer Lake
- Subjects
Opinion ,Work (electrical) ,business.industry ,Media studies ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Identity (social science) ,Pharmacy ,Sociology ,business - Published
- 2020
25. Pharmacist—Pharmacy Technician Intraprofessional Collaboration and Workplace Integration: Implications for Educators
- Author
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Maryam Jetha, Zubin Austin, Ali Walji, Dalya Abdulla, and Paul A.M. Gregory
- Subjects
community pharmacy practice ,Scope of practice ,education ,Pharmacist ,lcsh:RS1-441 ,Pharmacy ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,Article ,lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,pharmacy technician education ,parasitic diseases ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,Pharmacology (medical) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,media_common ,continuing professional development ,Medical education ,business.industry ,Technician ,Undergraduate education ,collaboration ,Continuing professional development ,pharmacy technician ,Educational interventions ,business ,Psychology ,Pharmacy technician - Abstract
Globally, concerns have been expressed regarding the impact of regulation of pharmacy technicians. After more than a decade of experience with technician regulation in Ontario, Canada, uptake of the full scope of practice for technicians has been sporadic at best. The objective of this study was to examine barriers and facilitators to intraprofessional collaboration between pharmacists and pharmacy technicians for the purpose of identifying possible curricular or educational interventions to enhance workplace integration. A qualitative, interview-based study of 24 pharmacists, technicians, educators, pharmacy managers, and owners was undertaken using a semi-structured interview guide. Key findings of this research include: i) Confirmation of suboptimal utilization of regulated technicians in practice, ii) identification of crucial knowledge and skills gaps for both pharmacists and technicians, and iii) proposals for undergraduate education and training, and continuing professional development learning opportunities to address these gaps. In order to achieve the promise and potential of regulation of pharmacy technicians, system-wide change management―beginning with education―will be required and will benefit from multiple stakeholder engagement and involvement.
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
26. How do patients develop trust in community pharmacists?
- Author
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Zubin Austin and Paul A.M. Gregory
- Subjects
education ,Acknowledgement ,Pharmacist ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Interpersonal communication ,Community Pharmacy Services ,Pharmacists ,Trust ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Professional Role ,Nursing ,Health care ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Medical prescription ,health care economics and organizations ,Ontario ,business.industry ,030503 health policy & services ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Psychology ,Inclusion (education) ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Background Pharmacists frequently self-describe as “the most trusted health care professional” in society. Beyond the rhetoric of such self-promoting statements, there is little empirical evidence regarding how trust between pharmacists and patients is formed, nurtured, and sustained. Objectives This exploratory qualitative study in Ontario, Canada was undertaken in early 2020 to characterize trust-enhancing factors in community pharmacy practice. Methods Recruitment posters/handouts in purposively-selected pharmacies using a convenience sampling of people collecting prescriptions was used to recruit 28 patient-participants. Inclusion criteria included a minimum of six conversations with a pharmacist regarding health/medication use in the previous 12 months. A semi-structured interview protocol was used to elicit descriptions from patients regarding how experiences with community pharmacists shaped or influenced trust formation in both individual pharmacists and the profession as a whole. Results A total of 28 patients were interviewed for this study. Five trust-enhancing factors were identified: i) availability; ii) affability; iii) acknowledgement; iv) respect; and v) interpersonal chemistry. Within each factor, sub-factors or facets were also identified that focused on specific behaviours of community pharmacists that helped enhance trust. This study suggests that trust-enhancing factors include a series of interpersonal communication behaviours and skills that are within the control of pharmacists; leveraging these behaviours and skills in a more consistent and effective manner may support more trusting relationships between pharmacists and patients. Conclusions For pharmacists to truly live up to the moniker of “most trusted health care professional” it is important to better understand how trust is built and sustained, and to consider opportunities to focus on specific trust-enhancing behaviours that ultimately support better patient care and outcomes.
- Published
- 2020
27. Professional identity formation: The experience of regulated pharmacy technicians in Ontario
- Author
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Paul A.M. Gregory and Zubin Austin
- Subjects
Medical education ,business.industry ,education ,MEDLINE ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Professional identity formation ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Research and Clinical ,parasitic diseases ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Psychology ,business ,health care economics and organizations - Abstract
Background: Despite being regulated and spoken about as professionals, there is little formal research examining professional identity formation among regulated pharmacy technicians. Methods: A semistructured interview protocol was generated, based on Holden et al.’s typology of professional identity formation (PIF). Regulated pharmacy technicians in Ontario with a minimum of 2 years’ experience working a minimum of 32 hours/week were recruited to participate. Interviews were transcribed, coded and analyzed based on professional identity formation. Results: A total of 15 regulated pharmacy technicians from southern Ontario participated in this study. Regardless of demographic background, most participants demonstrated identity splinting as the dominant form of professional identity formation. Issues related to social valuing of the role of the technician and environmental opportunities to develop and grow were highlighted as significant barriers. Interpretation: These findings suggest regulated pharmacy technicians have incomplete professional identities due in part to reasons linked to pharmacists and the pharmacy profession. The type of professional identity expressed by participants in this study may limit opportunities for full and optimal expression of their role. Conclusions: Further work is necessary to better understand the professional identity formation of regulated pharmacy technicians, to help support the evolution of this role. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2020;153:xx-xx.
- Published
- 2020
28. Community pharmacists' perceptions of leadership
- Author
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Paul A.M. Gregory, Zubin Austin, and Winston Seuthprachack
- Subjects
Charismatic authority ,Attitude of Health Personnel ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Community Pharmacy Services ,Pharmacists ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,Power (social and political) ,03 medical and health sciences ,Power model ,0302 clinical medicine ,Professional Role ,Perception ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,media_common ,Ontario ,business.industry ,Repertoire ,Public relations ,Leadership ,Continuing professional development ,Community pharmacy ,business ,Psychology - Abstract
Background Concerns have been expressed regarding a “leadership crisis” in pharmacy. Previous research has identified potential barriers to pharmacists assuming leadership roles and signposted opportunities for further exploration of leadership issues in the profession related to psychological comfort with use of power. Objectives This study explored community pharmacists’ perceptions of the effectiveness and impact of power leveraged by formal and informal pharmacy leaders. Methods A theoretical framework based on Raven's 7 Sources of Power model was used to guide this research. Semi-structured interviews with community pharmacists in Ontario, Canada were undertaken, and data were coded and categorized using this framework. Findings 29 pharmacists participated in this study. Participants in this study highlighted over-reliance on charismatic power, underuse of rewards and punishments, and general lack of effectiveness or impact in use of informational, expertise, positional, and relational powers amongst pharmacy leaders. Opportunities to broaden the power repertoire of pharmacy leaders, including leadership education, were identified as potentially valuable for individual leaders and the profession as a whole. Conclusions Effectively leveraging power is important for leaders. This study has highlighted patterns of power use amongst community pharmacy leaders and identified opportunities for further research in this area and for continuing professional development for leaders.
- Published
- 2019
29. Community pharmacists’ attitudes, opinions and beliefs about leadership in the profession: An exploratory study
- Author
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Muhammad Arabi, Zubin Austin, Davin Shikaze, and Paul A.M. Gregory
- Subjects
03 medical and health sciences ,Medical education ,0302 clinical medicine ,Research and Clinical ,business.industry ,Exploratory research ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,Psychology ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy - Abstract
Background: The profession of pharmacy needs effective leaders to navigate change. Indirect indicators suggest there are insufficient numbers of pharmacists who actually want to be leaders. A paucity of research limits our understanding of what motivates and demotivates pharmacists to be leaders. This exploratory study was undertaken to investigate community pharmacists’ attitudes, opinions and beliefs about leadership. Methods: Interviews with 38 pharmacists were conducted either in person or using telecommunication applications such as Skype. A semistructured interview guide was used to elicit comments about leadership in general and in pharmacy, perceived leadership roles and barriers/enablers to leadership. Data were analyzed using Chan and Drasgow’s motivation-to-lead framework. Results: Key barriers to assuming leadership roles included lack of education/support, inadequate compensation, concerns about work-life balance, time constraints and a generalized discontent about leadership in society and in the profession. Discussion: While some of these barriers could be addressed through formal education (such as conflict management training) or through managerial influence (e.g., remuneration or scheduling to improve work-life balance), some (such as cynicism about leadership) will be more challenging to address. The need to address these barriers will grow as the need for new and emerging leaders in pharmacy continues to evolve.
- Published
- 2018
30. Development and evaluation of a continuing pharmacy education (CPE) program in thrombosis management
- Author
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Peter S. Pennefather, William H. Geerts, Merrick Zwarenstein, Artemis Diamantouros, Zubin Austin, and Romina Marchesano
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Best practice ,education ,Pharmacist ,Pharmacy ,Pharmacists ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Nursing ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Outcome Assessment, Health Care ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Education, Pharmacy, Continuing ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Ontario ,business.industry ,Disease Management ,Pharmacy education ,Continuing education ,Thrombosis ,Knowledge acquisition ,Educational research ,Continuing professional development ,Female ,business ,Program Evaluation - Abstract
Background and purpose A continuing education (CE) course in thrombosis management for pharmacists was developed through the Office of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) at the University of Toronto to address pharmacists' needs for the knowledge and skills to provide care to patients receiving anticoagulants. This article describes the development of the course as well as the evaluation designed to assess its impact on pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, and changes in practice. Educational activity and setting A three-day course was developed. Outcomes were evaluated using a feedback questionnaire, pre- and post-session quizzes and semi-structured interviews conducted six months after course completion. Participant satisfaction, knowledge acquisition and perceived change in knowledge, skills and practice were evaluated. Findings Thirty-seven pharmacists enrolled in the program, 21 of whom participated in a semi-structured interview. More than 90% reported that the program exceeded their expectations. Pharmacists' knowledge in thrombosis care improved significantly after each day of the course. Participants felt the greatest benefits of the program were increases in knowledge and confidence and the opportunity to network. The case-based discussions and practical tips gained from experts and peers were highly ranked. Participants strongly agreed that they were applying what they learned in the course to clinical practice, and they provided numerous examples of how their practice changed because of the program. Discussion and summary The development of this CE course demonstrates application of best practices in continuing education. The evaluation of the program suggests that a CE course in thrombosis improves pharmacist knowledge, confidence and ability to incorporate what was learned into practice. This course design and evaluation can serve as a model for other CE courses for pharmacists as this field continues to grow and encourages thoughtful use of theoretical principles and well-designed evaluation for continual improvement of CE.
- Published
- 2017
31. How are pharmacists in Ontario adapting to practice change? Results of a qualitative analysis using Kotter’s change management model
- Author
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Zubin Austin, Paul A.M. Gregory, and Beatriz Teixeira
- Subjects
Medical education ,Knowledge management ,business.industry ,Change management ,MEDLINE ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Practice change ,Qualitative analysis ,Research and Clinical ,Community pharmacy ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,Pace - Abstract
Background: The pace of practice change in community pharmacy over the past decade has been significant, yet there is little evidence documenting implementation of change in the profession. Methods: Kotter’s change management model was selected as a theoretical framework for this exploratory qualitative study. Community pharmacists were interviewed using a semistructured protocol based on Kotter’s model. Data were analyzed and coded using a constant-comparative iterative method aligned with the stages of change management outlined by Kotter. Results: Twelve community pharmacists were interviewed. Three key themes emerged: 1) the profession has successfully established the urgency to, and created a climate conducive for, change; 2) the profession has been less successful in engaging and enabling the profession to actually implement change; and 3) legislative changes (for example, expansion of pharmacists’ scope of practice) may have occurred prematurely, prior to other earlier stages of the change process being consolidated. Interpretation: As noted by most participants, allowing change is not implementing change: pharmacists reported feeling underprepared and lacking confidence to actually make change in their practices and believe that more emphasis on practical, specific implementation tactics is needed. Conclusions: Change management is complex and time and resource intensive. There is a need to provide personalized, detailed, context-specific implementation strategies to pharmacists to allow them to take full advantage of expanded scope of practice.
- Published
- 2017
32. Conflict in community pharmacy practice
- Author
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Zubin Austin and Paul A.M. Gregory
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,MEDLINE ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,Patient care ,Clinical pharmacy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Research and Clinical ,Nursing ,Community pharmacy ,Family medicine ,medicine ,Pharmacy practice ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business - Abstract
Background: Intraprofessional conflict among pharmacists, regulated technicians and assistants may undermine attempts to advance patient care in community pharmacy. There is no available research examining this issue in light of the evolution of the profession and roles within the profession. Methods: A combination of interviews and focus groups involving pharmacists, technicians and assistants was undertaken. Each participant completed the Conflict Management Scale as a way of identifying conflict management style. Data were analyzed and coded using a constant-comparative, iterative method. Results: A total of 41 pharmacy team members participated in this research (14 pharmacists, 14 technicians and 13 assistants). Four key themes were identified that related to conflict within community pharmacy: role misunderstanding, threats to self-identity, differences in conflict management style and workplace demotivation. Interpretation: As exploratory research, this study highlighted the need for greater role clarity and additional conflict management skills training as supports for the pharmacy team. The impact of conflict in the workplace was described by participants as significant, adverse and multifactorial. Conclusions: To support practice change, there has been major evolution of roles and responsibilities of pharmacists, technicians and assistants. Conflict among pharmacy team members has the potential to adversely affect the quality of care provided to patients and is an issue for managers, owners, regulators and educators.
- Published
- 2016
33. Learning Needs of Pharmacists for an Evolving Scope of Practice
- Author
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Zubin Austin and Paul A.M. Gregory
- Subjects
Scope of practice ,scope of practice ,maintenance of competency ,Mentoring approach ,lcsh:RS1-441 ,Pharmacy ,quality assurance ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,Experiential learning ,Coaching ,Article ,lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pharmacology (medical) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,continuing professional development ,Medical education ,business.industry ,Instructional design ,pharmacy practice ,Continuing professional development ,Work (electrical) ,sense organs ,business ,Psychology - Abstract
Around the world, changes in scope of practice regulations for pharmacists have been used as a tool to advance practice and promote change. Regulatory change does not automatically trigger practice change, the extent and speed of uptake of new roles and responsibilities has been slower than anticipated. A recent study identified 9 pre-requisites to practice change (the 9Ps of Practice Change). The objective of this study was to describe how educationalists could best apply these 9Ps to the design and delivery of continuing professional development for pharmacists. Twenty community pharmacists participated in semi-structured interviews designed to elicit their learning needs for scope of practice change. Seven supportive educational techniques were identified as being most helpful to promote practice change: (i) a coaching/mentoring approach, (ii) practice-based experiential learning, (iii) a longitudinal approach to instructional design, (iv) active demonstration of how to implement practice change, v) increased focus on soft-skills development, (vi) opportunities for practice/rehearsal of new skills, and (vii) use of a 360-degree feedback model. Further work is required to determine how these techniques can be best applied and implemented to support practice change in pharmacy.
- Published
- 2019
34. Competency and Its Many Meanings
- Author
-
Zubin Austin
- Subjects
competency assessment ,020205 medical informatics ,business.industry ,Energy (esotericism) ,Professional development ,pharmacy education ,Pharmacy education ,lcsh:RS1-441 ,Pharmacy ,Professional practice ,02 engineering and technology ,outcomes assessment ,lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Competency assessment ,competency ,Commentary ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Engineering ethics ,030212 general & internal medicine ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,business ,Psychology - Abstract
Competency and competency assessment are central to much of professional education, regulation, and practice. In the name of safe and effective professional practice, elaborate competency education and competency assessment systems have evolved, and consume significant time, energy, and financial resources. This paper will review the evolution of competing competency discourses in pharmacy and discuss implications of these approaches on professional practice, with particular emphasis on understanding the consequences of outsized focus on competency at the expense of other potential lenses for understanding professional practice.
- Published
- 2019
35. Understanding psychological engagement and flow in community pharmacy practice
- Author
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Paul A.M. Gregory and Zubin Austin
- Subjects
Canada ,Appreciative inquiry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,education ,Pharmaceutical Science ,050109 social psychology ,Pharmacy ,Community Pharmacy Services ,Pharmacists ,Altruism ,Professional Role ,0502 economics and business ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,health care economics and organizations ,media_common ,Research method ,Pharmacies ,Medical education ,Data collection ,Admiration ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Community pharmacy ,business ,Psychology ,050203 business & management ,Autonomy - Abstract
Background Psychological engagement in work has been identified as a crucial predictor of peak performance and enhanced productivity. A theoretical framework for understanding engagement as the peak of a continuum including satisfaction, commitment, motivation, and flow describes the various states of psychological relationship that exists between individuals and their work/profession. Application of this theoretical framework and these constructs to the pharmacy profession has not been fully described previously. Objectives To characterize, describe, and gain greater insight into engagement by pharmacists in community pharmacy practice. Methods A purposeful recruitment method was used to invite exemplary Canadian pharmacists who had won prestigious awards to participate in interviews exploring their engagement with their profession. A psychotherapeutic appreciative inquiry research method using techniques proposed by Kratochwill and Levin was used to guide data collection; data analysis was undertaken using the theoretical framework. Results Thirteen award winning community pharmacists participated in this study. These exemplary pharmacists rarely described engagement and instead more frequently described flow in their practice. Common determinants of flow in community pharmacy described by participants included: i) autonomy; ii) altruism; iii) admiration; iv) agreement/acceptance; v) alignment; and vi) aspiration. Conclusions Engagement as conceptualized in management literature did not feature prominently for these award winning pharmacists. Further research is required to better understand how peak performance in community pharmacy practice manifests and is sustained.
- Published
- 2019
36. Pharmacy in the 21st century: Enhancing the impact of the profession of pharmacy on people's lives in the context of health care trends, evidence and policies
- Author
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Kelly Grindrod, Lisa McCarthy, Barbara Farrell, Beth Sproule, Sherilyn K.D. Houle, Lori MacCallum, Nancy M. Waite, Zubin Austin, Lisa Dolovich, and Feng Chang
- Subjects
business.industry ,MEDLINE ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Context (language use) ,Pharmacy ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Nursing ,Research and Clinical ,Health care ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business - Published
- 2019
37. Overcoming our nature and nurture
- Author
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Zubin Austin, Ross T. Tsuyuki, Meagen Rosenthal, and John Farrell
- Subjects
Opinion ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Environmental ethics ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Pharmacy ,Psychology ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,Nature versus nurture - Published
- 2016
38. Pharmacy Technicians Are People, Too! Let's Consider Their Personal Outcomes Along With Other Pharmacy Outcomes
- Author
-
Tess Fenn, Shane P. Desselle, Alex J. Adams, and Zubin Austin
- Subjects
Attitude of Health Personnel ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Pharmacist ,Pharmacy Technicians ,Allowance (money) ,Pharmacy ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Pharmacists ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Professional Role ,Medicine ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Interpersonal Relations ,Function (engineering) ,media_common ,Pharmacies ,Medical education ,business.industry ,Technician ,Professional Practice ,Pharmaceutical care ,Education, Pharmacy ,Pharmaceutical Services ,Clinical Competence ,business ,Pharmacy Service, Hospital ,Pharmacy technician - Abstract
Studies have found that expanded pharmacy technician roles can help “free up” pharmacist time, leading to role optimization. However, these studies and the positions taken by many are quite pharmacist-centric. We seem to have underestimated the importance of support staff in pharmacy operations. If research demonstrates that technicians can perform a function safely and effectively, that alone should compel the function’s allowance in practice. Freeing up pharmacist time for higher-order care is a positive corollary to technician advancement, but it need not be a precondition for it.
- Published
- 2018
39. Letter to the Editor: 'Development and validation of key performance indicators for medication management services provided for outpatients' [Res Social Adm Pharm 15 (9) (2019) 1080-7]
- Author
-
Shane Desselle, Jennifer Lake, Naomi Steenhof, Jamie Kellar, and Zubin Austin
- Subjects
Medical education ,Letter to the editor ,Medication Therapy Management ,Outpatients ,Humans ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Performance indicator ,Psychology - Published
- 2019
40. Facilitating integration of regulated pharmacy technicians into community pharmacy practice in Ontario: Results of an exploratory study
- Author
-
Paul A.M. Gregory, Natali Surkic, Zubin Austin, Daniel Yeung, and Luna Salameh
- Subjects
03 medical and health sciences ,Medical education ,0302 clinical medicine ,Community pharmacy ,Research and Clinical ,business.industry ,Exploratory research ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Business ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy - Abstract
Background: The integration of regulated pharmacy technicians (RPTs) into community pharmacy practice was intended to relieve pharmacists of certain technical duties to facilitate greater provision of direct patient care services, commensurate with expanded scope of practice. There is scant data available regarding the success, value and impact of RPT integration, either in Canada or in other jurisdictions. Methods: Pharmacists and RPTs working in community practices were interviewed. Qualitative data were categorized using an iterative coding process to identify themes related to barriers and facilitators to integrating and optimizing the role of the RPT in community practice in Ontario. Results: A total of 16 RPTs and 12 pharmacists were interviewed from community sites in Ontario. Strategies for facilitating successful integration of RPTs into daily workflow were identified, based on 4 major themes: environmental factors, interpersonal factors, professional identity formation and innovative use of delegation. Interpretation: Integration of RPTs into community practice is complex and requires careful management, planning, training and follow-up to ensure attainment of objectives. Simply hiring RPTs and placing them into existing workflow patterns is generally not a successful implementation strategy. Conclusions: Implementation strategies identified through this study can provide employers, managers, pharmacists and RPTs with opportunities to enhance RPT integration and optimize the role of both pharmacists and RPTs in community practice.
- Published
- 2018
41. What does it take to change practice? Perspectives of pharmacists in Ontario
- Author
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Zubin Austin, Beatriz Teixeira, and Paul A.M. Gregory
- Subjects
business.industry ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Public relations ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Research and Clinical ,Political science ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,Lagging ,Pace - Abstract
Background: This is a time of rapid change in the profession of pharmacy. Anecdotally, there are concerns that the pace, extent and rate of practice evolution are lagging. There is little evidence documenting the influencers and mechanisms that drive practice changes forward in pharmacy in Canada. Methods: An exploratory qualitative method was selected, using both one-on-one interviews with self-categorized typical pharmacists and larger focus groups to provide context and confirmation of themes generated through interviews. Data were analyzed and coded using a constant-comparative iterative method, in order to generate themes related to the factors influencing pharmacists to actually change their practice. Results: A total of 46 pharmacists meeting inclusion criteria participated in this study in focus groups, interviews or both. Nine themes were identified: 1) permission, 2) process pointers, 3) practice/rehearsal, 4) positive reinforcement, 5) personalized attention, 6) peer referencing, 7) physician acceptance, 8) patients’ expectations and 9) professional identity supportive of a truly clinical role. One theme that did not emerge was payment, or remuneration, as a specific or isolated motivational factor for change. Interpretation: The complexity of practice change in pharmacy and the multiple factors highlighted in this study point to a more deliberate and concerted effort being needed by diverse pharmacy organizations (educators, regulators, employers, professional associations, etc.) to support pharmacists through the change management process. Conclusions: The “9 Ps of practice change” identified through this study can provide pharmacists with guidance in terms of how to better support evolution of the profession in a more time-efficient and effective manner.
- Published
- 2018
42. Relationship between personality traits and pharmacist performance in a pharmacy practice research trial
- Author
-
Zubin Austin, Ross T. Tsuyuki, Meagen Rosenthal, and Jane Sutton
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Medical education ,business.industry ,education ,Alternative medicine ,Pharmacist ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Research and Clinical ,Pharmaconomist ,Medicine ,Pharmacy practice ,Big Five personality traits ,business - Abstract
Background: Pharmacy practice research is one avenue through which new pharmacy services can be integrated into daily pharmacy practice. However, pharmacists’ participation in this research has not been well characterized. Drawing from the literature on work performance and personality traits, 4 hypotheses were developed to gain insight into pharmacists’ performance in a pharmacy practice research trial. Methods: This study was an observational, cross-sectional survey of pharmacists participating in a research trial. All pharmacists were asked to complete the Big Five Inventory (BFI), a validated, reliable instrument of personality traits. These results were then compared with measures of pharmacists’ performance in the trial. Results: Thirty pharmacists expressed interest in participating in the trial; 23 completed the BFI and 14 actively participated in the pharmacy practice research trial. No statistically significant differences were identified in the examination of the predetermined hypotheses. Exploratory analyses revealed significant relationships between the BFI trait of extroversion and pharmacists’ participation in the study, obtaining prescribing authority for the study and the number of patients lost to follow-up. Discussion: In addition to identifying a number of personality traits that have been shared by other samples of pharmacists, this work suggests the possibility of an interaction between pharmacists’ personality traits and their performance in a pharmacy practice research trial. Conclusion: Future research should better characterize the relationship between pharmacists’ personality traits and participation in pharmacy practice research trials to gain insight into the context of pharmacy practice and how pharmacists are integrating this research into their practices.
- Published
- 2015
43. Medication Therapy Management - It's Complicated
- Author
-
Zubin Austin
- Subjects
Medicines management ,business.industry ,Medication Therapy Management ,Pharmacist ,MEDLINE ,Pharmacy ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,01 natural sciences ,Education ,010104 statistics & probability ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Education, Pharmacy ,Cognitive services ,Medication therapy management ,medicine ,Commentary ,Humans ,Medical emergency ,0101 mathematics ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,business - Abstract
Around the world, the essential role of the pharmacist is rapidly evolving. What was historically referred to as “cognitive services” in the United States is now called Medication Therapy Management (MTM). In the United Kingdom, MTM is called Medicines Management. And in Canada, we call it
- Published
- 2017
44. Initial perceptions of key stakeholders in Ontario regarding independent prescriptive authority for pharmacists
- Author
-
Nedzad Pojskic, Linda MacKeigan, Heather Boon, and Zubin Austin
- Subjects
Ontario ,Government ,Scope of practice ,business.industry ,education ,Pharmacist ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Federal Government ,Pharmacy ,Pharmacists ,Drug Prescriptions ,Patient safety ,Professional Role ,Snowball sampling ,Nursing ,Humans ,Medicine ,Perception ,Professional association ,business ,health care economics and organizations ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Background A number of jurisdictions, both in Canada and internationally, have recently expanded pharmacists' scope of practice to allow prescriptive authority. Objective To ascertain the initial perceptions of the Ontario government and health professional stakeholder groups regarding the prospect of prescriptive authority for pharmacists. Methods Qualitative research methods were used; data sources were policy documents and semi-structured interviews with key informants from the Ontario government and pharmacy and medical professional organizations. Purposive and snowball sampling strategies were used to identify 17 key informants. Fifty-one relevant policy documents were retrieved through searches of organizational websites and interviewee suggestions. Interview transcripts and documents were content analyzed independently by 2 researchers; and once consensus was achieved on key themes, the primary investigator analyzed the remainder. Results Pharmacy organizations and Ontario government representatives both expressed support for pharmacist prescriptive authority, suggesting that it would enhance patient access to primary care. Medical organizations were opposed to this expanded pharmacist role, arguing that pharmacists' lack of training and experience in diagnosis and prescribing would endanger patient safety. Other concerns were fragmentation of care and pharmacists' lack of access to patient clinical information. Some government and pharmacy informants felt that pharmacist prescribing would decrease health system costs through substitution of cheaper health professionals for physicians, while others felt that costs would increase due to increased utilization of services. Medical organizations preferred delegated medical authority as the policy alternative to pharmacist prescribing. Conclusions Widely different views were expressed by the Ontario government and pharmacy organizations on the one hand and medical professional organizations on the other hand, regarding the potential impact of pharmacist prescribing on patient safety and access to primary care. This is likely due, at least in part, to the lack of evidence on the expected impact of this expanded pharmacist role. More research is needed to help inform discussions regarding this issue.
- Published
- 2014
45. Descriptive Analysis of Pharmacy Students’ Impressions on Virtual Interactive Case Software
- Author
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Miranda So, Cindy Natsheh, Karen Cameron, Zubin Austin, Gordon Tait, and Marie Jam Bravo
- Subjects
Medical education ,Descriptive statistics ,business.industry ,education ,Experiential education ,030208 emergency & critical care medicine ,Pharmacy ,Problem-Based Learning ,General Medicine ,Research Brief ,Education ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Software ,Students, Pharmacy ,Education, Pharmacy ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Humans ,Curriculum ,030212 general & internal medicine ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,business ,Psychology - Abstract
Objective. To assess students’ impressions on whether Virtual Interactive Cases (VICs) contribute to their learning experience. Methods. Ten fourth- year pharmacy students each independently completed the same four VICs followed by a semi-structured interview conducted by VIC project team members. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded for themes using qualitative research methods. Results. All participating students completed all the cases. Overall, students’ feedback on VIC was positive. Five main themes emerged from the transcripts: VIC facilitated their skills in information gathering; they learned from the built-in, real-time, formative feedback; they had a fun and positive learning experience; VICs were realistic; and VIC system was user-friendly. Students also recommended that VIC be incorporated into classroom learning. Some students required additional explanation on the concept of time and costs associated with each action they selected, and the associated performance score. Conclusion. Pharmacy students’ positive experiences with VICs support its use to bridge classroom learning with clinical practice.
- Published
- 2019
46. CPD and revalidation: Our future is happening now
- Author
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Zubin Austin
- Subjects
Medical education ,Health professionals ,business.industry ,Health Personnel ,education ,Happening ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Pharmacists ,United Kingdom ,United States ,Revalidation ,Professional Role ,Nursing ,Work (electrical) ,Continuing professional development ,Pharmaceutical Services ,Humans ,Medicine ,Clinical Competence ,Clinical competence ,business ,Delivery of Health Care ,Quality of Health Care - Abstract
Around the world, there is growing interest in ensuring health professionals (including pharmacists) maintain and demonstrate competency throughout their careers. Mechanisms to assure regulators, employers, colleagues, and--most importantly--patients that practitioners are indeed competent to provide safe and effective care are evolving, but generally include both continuing professional development (CPD) and assessment components. This commentary reviews current work in these areas within the pharmacy profession, in both the UK and the US.
- Published
- 2013
47. Barriers to pharmacy practice change: Is it our nature or nurture?
- Author
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Ross T. Tsuyuki, Meagen Rosenthal, and Zubin Austin
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03 medical and health sciences ,Medical education ,Opinion ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy practice ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Pharmacy ,Psychology ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,Nature versus nurture - Published
- 2016
48. Application of a systematic approach to evaluating psychometric properties of a cumulative exit-from-degree objective structured clinical examination (OSCE)
- Author
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Zubin Austin, Mohammad Diab, Ahmed Hesham Sobh, Kyle John Wilby, and Mohamed Izham
- Subjects
Predictive validity ,Systems Analysis ,020205 medical informatics ,Psychometrics ,Universities ,Objective structured clinical examination ,education ,Concurrent validity ,Validity ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,Pharmacy ,Assessment ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Content validity ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Internal validity ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Evaluation ,Qatar ,Medical education ,business.industry ,Reproducibility of Results ,Inter-rater reliability ,Students, Pharmacy ,OSCE ,Clinical Competence ,Educational Measurement ,business ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Background and purpose Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) are considered gold standard performance-based assessments yet comprehensive evaluation data is currently lacking. The objective of this study was to critically evaluate the psychometric properties of a cumulative OSCE for graduating pharmacy students in Qatar for which policies and procedures were adapted from a Canadian context. Educational activity and setting A 10-station OSCE was conducted for graduating students in Qatar. Evaluation included assessment of pass rates, predictive validity, concurrent validity, internal validity, content validity, interrater reliability, and internal consistency. Findings Twenty-six students completed the OSCE. Three stations achieved pass rates < 80%. Scores from professional skills and case-based learning courses, formative OSCEs, and cumulative grade point averages correlated with OSCE scores (p < 0.05). Average correlation between assessors’ analytical and global scoring was moderate (r = 0.52). Average interrater reliability was excellent for analytical scoring (ICC = 0.88) and moderate for global scoring (ICC = 0.61). Excellent internal consistency was demonstrated for overall performance (α = 0.927). Students generally agreed stations represented real practice scenarios (range per station, 30–100%). Discussion and summary The evaluation model identified strengths and weaknesses in assessment and curricular considerations. The OSCE demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability as an adapted assessment. Scopus
- Published
- 2016
49. Objective structured clinical examination for pharmacy students in Qatar: cultural and contextual barriers to assessment
- Author
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Samar Aboulsoud, Emily Black, Zubin Austin, Banan Mukhalalati, Sherief Khalifa, Kyle John Wilby, ويلبي, كابل, بلاك, إميلي, أوستن, زوبن, مخللاتي, بنان, أبو السعود, سمر, and خليفة, شريف
- Subjects
Educational measurement ,020205 medical informatics ,Objective structured clinical examination ,Culture ,Concurrent validity ,Validity ,Pharmacy ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Professional Competence ,0302 clinical medicine ,clinical examination ,Nursing ,Blueprint ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Qatar ,Reliability (statistics) ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Students, Pharmacy ,pharmacy students ,Feasibility Studies ,OSCE ,Educational Measurement ,business - Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and psychometric defensibility of implementing a comprehensive objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) on the complete pharmacy programme for pharmacy students in a Middle Eastern context, and to identify facilitators and barriers to implementation within new settings. Eight cases were developed, validated, and had standards set according to a blueprint, and were assessed with graduating pharmacy students. Assessor reliability was evaluated using inter-class coefficients (ICCs). Concurrent validity was evaluated by comparing OSCE results to professional skills course grades. Field notes were maintained to generate recommendations for implementation in other contexts. The examination pass mark was 424 points out of 700 (60.6%). All 23 participants passed. Mean performance was 74.6%. Low to moderate inter-rater reliability was obtained for analytical and global components (average ICC 0.77 and 0.48, respectively). In conclusion, OSCE was feasible in Qatar but context-related validity and reliability concerns must be addressed prior to future iterations in Qatar and elsewhere. "الفحص السريري الموضوعي المنظَّم" لطلاب الصيدلة في قطر: العوائق الثقافية والسياقية لإجراء التقييم. كابل ويلبي، إميلي بلاك، زوبن أوستن، بنان مخللاتي، سمر أبو السعود، شريف خليفة. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم الجدوى والقدرة الدفاعية النفسية للتنفيذ الشامل "للفحص السريري الموضوعي المنظّم " OSCE للبرنامج الكامل للصيدلة في أحد سياقات الرق الأوسط، وإلى التعرف عى ميرِّات ومعيقات تنفيذه في مواقع جديدة. وقد أعِدَّت ثان حالات، ووُثِّقت مصدوقيتها، ووُضعت لها معاير وفقاً لمخطط محدد، وقيِّمت عن طريق طاب صيدلة متخرجن. وجرى تقييم موثوقية المقيِّمن باستخدام معامِات ما بن الصفوف. وقيِّمت المصدوقية المتزامنة بمقارنة نتائج "الفحص السريري الموضوعي المنظّم" بدرجات مقرَّر المهارات المهنية. وتم الاحتفاظ بالملاحظات الميدانية لوضع توصيات تنفَّذ في سياقات أخرى. كانت علامة النجاح في الامتحان 424 نقطة من أصل 700 (%60.6). وقد نجح جميع المشاركين ال 23. وكان متوسط الإنجاز %74.6. تم الحصول عى موثوقية منخفضة إلى متوسطة ما بن المقيِّمن بشأن المكوِّنات التحليلية والعالمية (متوسط مُعامل ما بن الصفوف 0.77 و 0.48 عى التوالي). وفي الخلاصة: إن "الفحص السريري الموضوعي المنظّم " كان مجدياً في قطر، لكن المخاوف بشأن المصدوقية والموثوقية المتعلقة بالسياق يجب أن تعالج قبل التكرار مستقبلاً في قطر وغيرها. Examen clinique objectif structuré complet au Qatar : évaluation des barrières culturelles et contextuelles. La présente étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer la faisabilité et la solidité psychométrique de la mise en place d’un examen clinique objectif structuré (ECOS) du programme pharmaceutique complet pour les étudiants en pharmacie au Moyen-Orient, ainsi que d’identifier les leviers et les obstacles à sa mise en place dans les nouveaux établissements. Huit cas ont été élaborés, validés, se sont vus attribuer des normes en fonction d’un modèle, et ont ensuite été soumis à des étudiants en pharmacie pour évaluation. La fiabilité des examinateurs a été mesurée au moyen de coefficients intra-classe (CIC). La validité concourante a été évaluée en comparant les résultats de l’ECOS aux notes finales de cours sur les compétences professionnelles. Des notes d’observation ont été conservées en vue de la production de recommandations pour la mise en place du test dans d’autres contextes. La note de passage de l’examen était de 424 points sur 700 (soit 60,6 %). Les 23 participants ont tous réussi l’examen. La performance moyenne était de 74,6 %. Des taux de fiabilité intra-examinateur faible à moyen ont été obtenus pour les composantes analytiques et globales (CIC moyen de 0,77 et 0,48 respectivement). Pour conclure, l’ECOS était réalisable au Qatar, mais les questions de validité et de fiabilité dépendant du contexte doivent être prises en compte avant toute reproduction du test au Qatar et dans d’autres pays.
- Published
- 2016
50. Pharmacist-based health coaching: A new model of pharmacist-patient care
- Author
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Imninder Gill, Cherie Tsingos-Lucas, Rosalie Nguyen, John M. Lonie, and Zubin Austin
- Subjects
Counseling ,Health coaching ,Medication Therapy Management ,education ,Health Behavior ,Motivational interviewing ,Pharmacist ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Pharmacy ,Health Promotion ,Motivational Interviewing ,Pharmacists ,Coaching ,Medication Adherence ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Professional Role ,Nursing ,Medication therapy management ,Health care ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Pharmacology & Pharmacy ,business.industry ,030503 health policy & services ,Communication ,Health promotion ,Pharmaceutical Services ,Patient Care ,0305 other medical science ,business ,human activities - Abstract
© 2016 Elsevier Inc. This paper describes a provider-patient communication process, which although not new to health care in general, is new to the pharmacy profession. Health coaching is a technique that empowers patients to make lasting health behavior changes that improve overall well-being. It provides patients with health care implementation options that better suit their lifestyle and abilities. Health coaching programs have the potential to foster better health outcomes, especially with patients who are chronically ill or represent an at risk population for medication non-adherence (e.g. elderly, patients on psychotropic medications). Other health professions (e.g. nursing and medicine) have had success with the implementation of health coaching models. For example, nurse coaching is recognized by the American Nurse Association and recent statistics show 3.1 million nurses in the U.S.A are also trained in nurse coaching. The pharmacy profession has yet to tap the patient-related benefits of health coaching. This commentary will discuss (i) The theoretical foundations of health coaching (ii) Distinctions between health coaching, motivational interviewing and traditional medication therapy counseling (iii) Training necessary for health coaching; and (iv) How pharmacists can use health coaching in practice.
- Published
- 2016
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