Search

Abstract: A series of novel and selective N-[3-(6-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propyl] amides has recently been shown to possess sub-nanomolar range binding affinity to the type 2 melatonin receptor (MT2). Pharmacokinetics studies suggested that these compounds were subject to vigorous CYP450-mediated metabolism, resulting in a series of metabolites with significantly decreased or diminished binding affinities toward MT2 receptor. The ether bonds were found to be the major positions susceptible to metabolism. In this study, the benzyl ether bond was either removed or replaced with a carbon–carbon bond in an attempt to improve metabolic stability and enhance their resistance towards phase I oxidation. The synthesis, receptor binding affinity, intrinsic potency and metabolic stability of modified structures are reported in this article. By removal or replacement of metabolic labile ether linkerage with carbon linkers, a novel compound was identified with good potency and MT2 selectivity, and with increased metabolic stability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract 1. 7-Methoxy-6-(3-methoxy-benzyloxy)-2-methylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one (named as IS0042) is a newly identified melatoninergic agonist which exhibits selectivity to the type 2 melatonin receptor. Here, we examined the in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetics properties of IS0042 in rats. 2. IS0042 was considerably lipophilic with a modest aqueous solubility of 27.3 μg/mL. It was stable in simulated gastrointestinal fluid, and readily penetrated across differentiated Caco-2 cell model of intestinal barrier, suggesting good oral absorption. 3. IS0042 underwent metabolism in rat intestinal and liver microsomes with an in vitro half-life of 367.5 ± 36.6 and 17.5 ± 2.7 min, respectively. Metabolite identification suggested that the major biotransformation pathways included the cleavage of ether bond, hydroxylation and demethylation. The same metabolites were also present in blood circulation following oral administration, indicating a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo metabolism. 4. The pharmacokinetics parameters of IS0042 were evaluated after intravenous administration (10 or 25 mg/kg) and oral administration (100 mg/kg) of the drug to rats. IS0042 showed moderate clearance (0.73–1.02 L/h/kg), large volume of distribution (1.76–3.16 L/kg) and long elimination half-life (3.11–6.04 h) after intravenous administration. The absolute oral bioavailability of IS0042 was relatively low (9.8–18.6%). Overall, these results provide important parameters for the further development of this novel class of melatoninergic ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing subtype-selective melatoninergic ligands has been a subject of considerable interest in drug discovery. A series of 3-methoxyphenylpropyl amide derivatives showing selective binding capacity to type 2 melatonin receptor with subnanomolar range of affinities has been identified recently by our laboratory. In the present study, their physicochemical properties, Caco-2 cell and mdr1-MDCK cell permeability, plasma protein binding, and metabolic stability were investigated. The selected compounds are lipophilic in nature, exhibiting aqueous solubility ranging from 40 to 200 µg/mL. Cell permeability studies on Caco-2 and mdr1-MDCK model revealed that they were readily transported through intestinal epithelium and possessed high penetration potential through blood–brain barrier, implying good oral absorption and central nervous system (CNS) distribution potential. They also showed substantial binding to human plasma protein ranging from 78.5% to 92.3%. These compounds were, however, subjected to rapid cytochrome P450-mediated degradation in rat and human liver microsomes with in vitro half-life of 9.5–31.9 min in rat and 5.5–66.7 min in human, which were much shorter than that of melatonin (∼73 min). Metabolite profiling unveiled that C6-ether linkage and methoxy substituents were likely the major metabolic soft spots in their structures, which provided important information for further improvement of their structural stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]