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Objectives: Cleaning validation is the procedure used to ensure that the cleaning process has eliminated the residues of drug substance from on the equipment surface after manufacture. A simple, sensitive, robust, and accurate high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the quantitative estimation of dipyridamole in swab samples obtained from the equipment surface after the manufacture of dipyridamole modified release capsules. Materials and Methods: The method was developed by using a Hypersil BDS C18 (150×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with mobile phase containing a mixture of buffer (potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, pH 7.0±0.05) and methanol in the ratio of 30:70 v/v. Flow rate was 1.5 mL/min, column temperature was 45°C, and injection volume was 5 μL. Results: The method was validated and a specificity study was conducted to prove that there was no interference from blank and swab blank at the retention time of dipyridamole. The limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ) were established by using a series of linearity solutions and were found to be 0.041 μg/mL and 0.124 μg/mL, respectively. The method precision at the LOQ level was 8.6% relative standard deviation (RSD), method precision was 0.2% RSD, and ruggedness was 0.3% RSD. The method was accurate from the concentration of 0.13 μg/mL to 21.80 μg/mL and the recovery results met the acceptance criteria. The linearity of the method was found from 0.12 μg/mL to 20.14 μg/mL and the r2 value was 0.997. The robustness for the flow rate, wavelength, column temperature, buffer pH, and mobile phase ratio variations was tested, and all the system suitability parameters were met. Conclusion: The method validation was performed as per the regulatory requirements and guidelines. The validation parameters met the acceptance criteria and the proposed method can be applied for the intended routine swab analysis.

Objective: This study describes a new, simple, precise, accurate, and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) cleaning validation method for simultaneous estimation of rosuvastatin and aspirin. Methods: The proposed RP-HPLC method was carried out on AGILENT-ZORBAX RP-Inertsil column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) in an isocratic mode utilizing potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 2.5 with OPA):acetonitrile (50:50,v/v) as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. Detection was carried out at 243 nm using UV detector. Results: The method was found specific as there was no swab interference. The Beer–Lambert’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0.5–20 μg/ml for both rosuvastatin and aspirin. The mean percentage recoveries at 100% level were 89.4% for rosuvastatin and 82.1% for aspirin. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for rosuvastatin and aspirin were 0.03 μg/ml and 0.1 μg/ml, respectively. The method was found to be robust and precise with percentage RSD

1. Abstract: Cross contamination is a major concern in pharmaceutical industry, especially with long term dosing and accumulative possible effects. The risk is dependent on many factors that can be divided into three main groups: - 1.1. Individual related - starting from the genomic makeup, age, gender, environment, even their diet and psychological state, which in return, alters the individual response to contamination and to any pharmaceutical API. 1.2. Formulation related: - like it`s clean-ability, solubility of the API, batch size, maximum daily dose or inactive materials and most importantly the PDE (permitted daily exposure) of the API/s, which covers the toxicological profile of this API, including its genotoxic, reproductive toxicity, sensitizing potential or any adverse effects that would result from long or short term cross contamination. 1.3. Facility related - As the machine SSA (Shared Surface area between product (A) as the contaminant and Product (B) as the contaminated). The following approach is based upon EMA recommendations on health based exposure limits. It aims to address all the three groups mentioned above to give a scientific rational, on how to evaluate the cleaning process efficiency. Keywords: - Cleaning validation; Cross contamination risk assessment; health-based exposure limits; Chemical swab limits; Chemical contamination. Abbreviations:- PDE( Permitted daily exposure), MACO( Maximum allowed carryover), SAL( Surface area limit), SSA(Shared surface area, ICH( International committee of harmonization), API( Active pharmaceutical ingredient)

Cleaning validation acceptance criteria in multiproduct facilities are established using maximum allowable carryover calculations. Carryover calculations incorporate the shared equipment surface area between two products to ensure that an acceptable limit for residue from the previously manufactured product to the subsequent product is determined. The shared surface area can be limited to areas where carryover presents the highest risk to product quality or patient safety. In these cases, specifically for biologic drug substance manufacturing, the shared surface area is limited to equipment after the purification process based on the assumption that the purification process would remove potential product fragment residues from the previous product. Until now, this assumption has been based on empirical knowledge without experimental data quantifying the clearance or removal of potential residues. We present a three-part study that determined the effects of cleaning conditions on selected monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and the generation of degraded fragments and evaluated the clearance of both the degraded mAb1 in a laboratory setting and the degraded fragments in the presence of a subsequent product, assessing the risk of co-purification. Several analytical techniques were used, including gel electrophoresis, capillary zone electrophoresis/laser-induced florescence detection, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Protein fragment generation was demonstrated for five different mAbs from different immunoglobulin G subclasses. The clearance of the degraded fragments in the absence and presence of the subsequent product was demonstrated by calculating fold clearance and log reduction value (LRV) for each chromatography step. The data showed that the fragments generated during cleaning could be removed by the purification process. The fold clearances were determined to be values of 5400 (3.7 LRV) in the absence of subsequent product and 4428 (3.6 LRV) in the presence of subsequent product. The results supported the removal of product residues from shared surface areas by the purification process in multiproduct biologic drug substance manufacturing facilities.

A detailed overview is provided for the possible patient exposure to highly potent active pharmaceutical ingredients (HPAPIs) from potential cross-contamination through the lyophilization process. The intent of this paper is to raise awareness of the risk(s) to patients and stimulate the implementation of adequate risk-based controls, such as containment process(es), use of adequate surrogates in cleaning validation/verification, and test method-sensitivity-based cleaning validation acceptance conditions. Although lyophilizers are considered to be nonproduct-contact surfaces because their surfaces and fixtures do not usually come into direct contact with the product, product contamination can occur at critical locations within a lyophilizer and/or during the unloading process. Contamination of the air because of released product particles can also create a risk. Therefore, special attention should be paid to HPAPIs, as the permitted daily exposures (PDEs) for patients are particularly low. During a lyophilizer cycle, areas of concern are spreading of the lyophilizer HPAPI powder because of air turbulence, contaminated plates, mechanical transfer systems, and spreading because of damaged vials or contaminated stainless steel or plastic surfaces. Specific considerations for contamination containment for the lyophilizer unloading process are presented. Suggestions are provided for the prevention of patient exposure through cross-contamination via direct-contact areas and prevention of manufacturing personnel exposure via non-direct-contact areas. A surface limit(s) of 1 PDE per square decimeter for nonproduct-contact surfaces inside a lyophilizer is proposed. Risk-based cleaning validation/verification strategies are discussed, with specific consideration of the quality control test method sensitivity expectations and use of suitable surrogates for lyophilized products in the cleaning verification studies. LAY ABSTRACT: This paper provides an overview of important points to consider during the manufacture of highly potent active pharmaceutical ingredients (HPAPI) with the intention to limit patient exposure and/or manufacturing personnel exposure to these highly toxic HPAPIs. HPAPI can potentially be spread during the freeze-drying process (lyophilization) and may cross-contaminate products. Manufacturing personnel and patients taking other freeze-dried products made in the same lyophilizer could be contaminated. It is therefore necessary to implement rigorous contamination controls. Within the lyophilizer, areas of concern are spreading of the lyophilizer HPAPI powder because of air turbulence, contaminated plates, mechanical transfer systems, and spreading because of damaged vials or contaminated stainless steel or plastic surfaces. Cleaning validation/verification studies, intended to demonstrate sufficient cleanability of the freeze-drying process as well as the recommended test method sensitivity to detect these highly toxic HPAPIs, are reviewed. Limits for the relevant production surface areas where cross-contamination and/or personnel exposure (through direct contact) could occur are proposed in this paper.

Cleaning validation is the documented evidence that shows the effectiveness of cleaning procedures for the removal of product residues and other contaminants. The cleaning procedures must be validated and methods to determine trace amounts of drugs have to be considered with special attention. An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (UHPLC-UV) method for the determination of mometasone furoate residues on stainless-steel surfaces was developed and validated in order to control a cleaning procedure. The chromatography separation was achieved on a Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) at 40°C using acetonitrile and water (1:1, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The injection volume was 2 µL, and the detection was performed at 254 nm. The swab and rinse procedures were optimized in order to obtain a recovery higher than 90% of mometasone furoate from stainless-steel surfaces, using ethanol as the extraction solvent. The method was validated in the range of 0.2–2.6 µg/mL and showed appropriate selectivity, limit of detection and quantification, linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. This method was found to be simple, fast, and sensitive for determination of mometasone furoate residues and, therefore, can be used for cleaning validation analysis.

In order to ensure compliance with the current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP), cleaning process of pharmaceutical manufacturers should be validated. This study was aimed to utilize a reusable flat-membrane in the electromembrane extraction (EME) for isolation of tamsulosin hydrochloride (TMS) from rinse samples of sterile production of pharmaceutical line. Moreover, validation of mentioned method was done. The residual concentration of TMS was determined by RP-HPLC. Effective parameters such as pH, applying voltage and extraction time were optimized individually. Optimum conditions were found 12, 100 V and 10 min for pH, applying voltage and extraction time, respectively. Figures of merit were calculated under optimum conditions, therefore, linear range and limit of detection (LOD) were obtained 0.5-1000 ng mL−1 with a good coefficient of determination (R2=0.9901) and 0.05 ng mL−1, respectively. Last but not least, RSD of determination was found 0.67% which shows a satisfactory repeatability. According to the obtained results, proposed method is a precise, accurate, relatively fast and applicable route to determine TMS concentrations in rinse samples.

Chromatography resins used for purifying biopharmaceuticals are generally dedicated to a single product. In good manufacturing practice (GMP) facilities that manufacture a limited amount of any particular product, this practice can result in the resin being used for a fraction of its useful life. A methodology for extending resin reuse to multiple products is described. With this methodology, resin and column performance, product carryover, and cleaning effectiveness are continually monitored to ensure that product quality is not affected by multiproduct resin reuse (MRR). Resin and column performance is evaluated in terms of (a) system suitability parameters, such as peak-shape and transition, and height equivalent theoretical plate (HETP) data; (b) key operating parameters, such as flow rate, inlet pressure, and pressure drop across the column; and (c) process performance parameters, such as impurity profiles, product quality, and yield. Historical data are used to establish process capability limits (PCLs) for these parameters. Operation within the PCLs provides assurance that column integrity and binding capacity of the resin are not affected by MRR. Product carryover defined as the carryover of the previously processed product (A) into a dose of the subsequently processed product (B) (COA→B), should be acceptable from a predictive patient safety standpoint. A methodology for determining COA→B from first principles and setting acceptance limits for cleaning validation is described. Cleaning effectiveness is evaluated by performing a blank elution run after inter-campaign cleaning and prior to product changeover. The acceptance limits for product carryover (COA→B) are more stringent for MRR than for single-product resin reuse. Thus, the inter-campaign cleaning process should be robust enough to consistently meet the more stringent acceptance limits for MRR. Additionally, the analytical methods should be sensitive enough to adequately quantify the concentration of the previously processed product (A) and its degradants in the eluent. General considerations for designing small-scale chromatographic studies for process development are also described. These studies typically include process-cycling runs with multiple products followed by viral clearance studies with a panel of model viruses. Small-scale studies can be used to optimize cleaning parameters, predict resin performance and product quality, and estimate the number of multiproduct purification cycles that can be run without affecting product quality. The proposed methodology is intended to be broadly applicable; however, it is acknowledged that alternative approaches may be more appropriate for specific scenarios. LAY ABSTRACT: Chromatography resins used for purifying biopharmaceuticals are generally dedicated to a single product. In good manufacturing practice (GMP) facilities that make a limited amount of any particular product, this practice can result in the resin being used for a fraction of its useful life. A methodology for extending resin reuse to multiple products is described. With this methodology, resin and column performance, product carryover, and cleaning effectiveness are continually monitored to ensure that product quality is not affected by multiproduct resin reuse. General considerations for designing small-scale chromatographic studies for process development are described. These studies typically include process-cycling runs with multiple products followed by viral clearance studies with a panel of model viruses. Small-scale studies can be used to optimize cleaning parameters, predict resin performance and product quality, and estimate the number of multiproduct purification cycles that can be run without impacting product quality. The proposed methodology is intended to be broadly applicable; however, it is acknowledged that alternative approaches may be more appropriate for specific scenarios.

The swab sampling and HPLC methods for residual estimation of meloxicam in swab samples from equipment surfaces after manufacturing of Mobicam 15 mg (meloxicam 15 mg) uncoated tablets were developed and validated. The swab sampling method was developed and optimized in order to obtain a suitable recovery (>90 %). Polyester swabs were moistened with diluent - a mixture of methanol, 1 M sodium hydroxide solution and water 28:2:20, v/v/v. The HPLC method was developed using Luna C18(2) 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm column with a mobile phase - a mixture of solution A and solution B (63 : 37); the flow rate – 0.8 mL/min; the column temperature - 40°C; the detector wavelength - 254 nm; the injection volume – 25 μL. The calibration curve is linear (the r2=1.00000) over a concentration range 0.11–88 μg/mL; the limit of detection and the limit of quantitation are 0.11μg/mL and 0.014 μg/mL, respectively; no interference from swab solution was observed and samples were stable for 24 h. The determined concentration varying 0.016 – 5.8 μg/mL are well below the calculated limit of contamination. So the proposed validated HPLC method with appropriate swab wipe procedure could be applicable for cleaning validation on residues of meloxicam

Due to newly introduced EU GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) guideline for Medicinal Products for Human and Veterinary use, product specific permitted daily exposure (PDE) for toxicological evaluation in multi-purpose facilities are required within a documented process for risk assessment. European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidance on setting PDE limits so far focused on systemic administration routes such as intravenous (IV), oral or inhalation. This article provides guidance on setting PDE values for risk management purposes in multi-purpose facilities for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) applied as topical otic drugs to the outer ear canal. The therewith determined PDE otic, is used for the calculation of maximum safe carry-over (MSC) in manufacturing scenarios where a topical otic product is manufactured followed by another topical otic product.

Limits for the carry-over of product residues should be based on toxicological evaluation such as described in the "Guideline on setting health based exposure limits for use in risk identification in the manufacture of different medicinal products in shared facilities". The toxicological evaluation should be performed also for locally administered drugs to ensure patient safety. Currently, there is no guidance on setting PDE for ocular drug substances in particular. The purpose of this investigation was to identify and describe a method for calculating a PDE value for topical ocular drugs (PDE

Determining traces of pharmaceuticals in equipment is an important step for controlling cross-contamination during the production cycle. Time-consuming analysis is not applicable because it of incremental costs, especially in evaluating residuals as steroids and alkaloids that require a fast and specific technique. Here, an isocratic reversed-phase HPLC method was developed for the trace analysis of Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate (PSP), Homatropine (HOM), Atropine (ATR), and Prednisolone (PRE) in cleaning samples from pharmaceutical equipment. For this, a mobile phase mixture of 35/65 (V/V) acetonitrile/potassium dibasic phosphate 10 m mol L−1, pH 6.9 at 1.0 mL min−1, with a phenyl-hexyl column, were used. These parameters enabled quantifying the analytes within 7.0 min, detecting ATR and HOM at 210 nm, while PSP and PRE were monitored at 240 nm, being lineal between 1–100 µg mL−1 in all cases. The quantification and detection limits were 0.04 and 0.02 µg mL−1 for PSP, ATR, and HOM and 0.02 and 0.01 µg mL−...

The advent of UPLC (known more widely as U-HPLC) brought with it the prospect of achieving high efficiencies through the use of sub-2 µm particles but it has been used more to achieve fast separations using short columns. It was therefore sought to assess whether the efficiency obtainable on such short columns was sufficient for a range of pharmaceutical applications involving active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) Mobile phase optimization was required, but this could be done very quickly without resorting to computer-aided strategies. It proved possible to separate paroxetine from its related substances in under 1.2 min, to reduce by 1/10th the time needed for a routine QC assay, to rapidly develop conditions employing on-column sample focusing that allowed the separation and detection of low levels of ‘worst-case scenario’ drugs that might be involved in cleaning validation, and, using a longer column, achieve a rapid separation of benzodiazepines suitable for an identity test. While mobile phase opt...

Purpose: To validate a new and simple method for cleaning a manufacturing line for creams and ointments. Methods: The worst case product of the line chosen was a cream containing three practically insoluble ingredients: betamethasone, tolnaftate and cliquinol. The cleaning method utilized hot water and a commercial detergent, followed by rinsing. Validation methods included the visual inspection of the machine surface, swab sampling, microbial bioburden determination and testing the final rinse for conductivity, pH and total organic carbon (TOC) limits. Acceptance limit calculations depended on the figure tip unit (FTU). Results: No visual residue or chemical residue was detected above 674.37 ppm, which is the maximum allowable carry-over level of the drug. Similarly, microbial bioburden was < 25 CFU/swab - the acceptable limit. Conclusion: The method adopted to get rid of insoluble drug residue and microorganism from the cream and ointment production facility was successful. The method is simple and reproducible as indicated by the results of the three cleaning cycles. Keywords: Validation, Worst case product, Swab sampling, Finger-tip unit, Acceptance limits, Cream and ointment manufacturing line

Prevention of cross contamination with active pharmaceutical ingredients is crucial and requires special attention in pharmaceutical industries. Current method validation describes the determination of Nabumetone (NAB) residue on a stainless steel surface using swab sampling with a sensitive HPLC-DAD analysis. The acceptance limit was decided as 2 μg swab per 100 cm2. Cotton swabs impregnated with extraction solution were used to determine residual drug content. Recoveries were 90.88%, 91.42%, and 92. 21% with RSD ranging from 2.2% to 3.88% at three concentration levels. Residual concentration was found to be linear in the range of 0.1â4.56 μg/mL, when estimated using a Phenomenex Luna C18 (25 cmÃ5 μmÃ4.6 mm i.d.) column at 1.0 mL/min flow rate and 230 nm. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol:acetonitrile:water (55:30:15, v/v/v). The LOD and LOQ for NAB were found to be 0.05 and 0.16 μg/mL, respectively. The validated method was found to be simple, selective and sensitive for demonstration of cleaning validation of NAB residues on a stainless steel surface. Keywords: Nabumetone, Residual estimation, Swab sampling, Cleaning validation, HPLC-DAD

The work was aimed at the evaluation of a cleanliness of pharmaceutical equipments after the end of the production and subsequent cleaning process. The influence of a dirty-hold time, a time interval between the end of the production period and the beginning of the cleaning process on its efficiency and the cleanliness of the equipment has been studied. The evaluation was performed for commercial tablet antihypertensive formulation with API losartan potassium. Sampling was carried out by a wet-swabbing method from the equipments and consequently obtained samples were analytically evaluated using HPLC. In the production of the concerned pharmaceutical, it has been found that the cleaning process is properly designed and validated. Despite the concentration of losartan in swabs from the equipment was in all cases within the limits of acceptance criteria, the effect of the dirty-hold time was proved. In the equipments with long hold-time period, the monitored substance was found in substantially higher concentrations.

The goal of pharmaceutical industry is to manufacture products that meet patients’ needs and expectations, while satisfying the regulatory requirements. The products need to meet the required quality and purity characteristics that are represented to possess. Therefore, in a multi-product manufacturing facility, appropriately designed cleaning processes are essential to avoid cross-contamination between products and ensure patients’ health and safety. The latest trend in the development of cleaning validation is using quality by design methodology (QbD) to determine the most appropriate parameters of the cleaning processes that will reduce the risks of cross-contamination. The present study highlights the model-based approach for robust engineering design in order to achieve an efficient, reliable, and cost-effective cleaning process simultaneously.

The objective of this work was the development and validation of atomic absorption spectrometric (AAS) methods for the determination of residual active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in rinse samples for cleaning validation. AAS as an indirect method for the determination of API in rinse samples can be applied when it is in the form of salt with metal ions or when the metal ion is a part of the API's structure. The electrothermal AAS methods (aqueous and ethanol medium) for the determination of magnesium in esomeprazole magnesium and the flame AAS method for the determination of lithium in lithium carbonate in rinse samples were developed. Various combinations of solvents were tested and a combination of 1% aqueous or ethanol solution of nitric acid for esomeprazole magnesium and 0.1% aqueous solution of nitric acid for lithium carbonate were found to be the most suitable. The atomization conditions in the graphite furnace and in the flame were carefully studied to avoid losses of analyte and to achieve suitable sensitivity. The cleaning verification methods were validated with respect to accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection, and quantification. In all the cases, the limits of detection were at the microgram level. The methods were successfully applied for the determination of esomeprazole magnesium and lithium carbonate in rinse samples from cleaning procedures.

The suitability of micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the simultaneous trace determination of several compounds (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, sulfanilic acid, sulfanilamide, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid and nonoxynol-9) was assessed. The mixture was separated within 14 min at an applied voltage of 22 kV by using 30 mM phosphate electrolyte, containing 10 mM SDS, adjusted to pH 7.8. Under optimized separation conditions acceptable levels of linearity, precision and accuracy were obtained for all compounds. The method could be used as part of a cleaning validation study when assaying trace levels of co-trimoxazole drug, some of its decomposition products and detergent in the swab samples collected from pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment, after cleaning.

One way of ensuring effective cleaning in the pharmaceutical industry is to analyze the batch of a product for a potential carry over contamination from a previously manufactured one. The potential cross contamination of timolol maleate (TM) eye drops with cortisone compounds, deserves special consideration, due to the well known deleterious effect of cortisones on glaucoma. Therefore, it was the objective of this study to develop and validate a HPLC method for the detection and quantitative determination of cortisones in TM eye drop preparations. The chromatographic behaviors of the five cortisones that were most likely to be present as contaminants in TM eye drops were characterized on different HPLC stationary phases (normal silica, C18, C8, and CN). Mobile phase and buffer constituents were further optimized on the best stationary phase material (C18). The final recommended mobile phase consisted of a mixture of THF:methanol:0.01M phosphate buffet at ratios of 15:25:60 and containing 0.01 M c...

A cleaning validation method, ion chromatographic method with conductivity detection was developed and validated for the determination of traces of a clean-in-place (CIP) detergent. It was shown to be linear with a squared correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.9999 and average recoveries of 71.4% (area response factor) from stainless steel surfaces and 101% from cotton. The repeatability was found to be 2.17% and an intermediate precision of 1.88% across the range. The method was also shown to be sensitive with a detection limit (DL) of 0.13 ppm and a quantitation limit (QL) of 0.39 ppm for EDTA, which translates to less than 1 microL of CIP diluted in 100mL of diluent in both cases. The EDTA signal was well resolved from typical ions encountered in water samples or any other interference presented from swabs and surfaces. The method could be applied to cleaning validation samples. The validated method could be included as a suitable one for rapid and reliable cleaning validation program.

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of residues of acetaminophen (paracetamol), caffeine, and codeine phosphate on swabs collected from pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment surfaces. Any residues of the compounds remaining on process equipment after cleaning are removed by swabbing with wet Texwipe® swabs, premoistened with methanol/water, followed by dry Texwipe® swabs. These residues are extracted from the swabs by means of an ultrasonic bath and the amounts of the compounds are determined. The chromatography was performed in the isocratic mode on a RP‐18 column using a mobile phase consisting of 25 mM ortho‐phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (90:10, v/v). UV‐ and fluorescence detection was performed in order to improve the method's sensitivity. The method was validated by specificity, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantification, accuracy, and precision for the residues of acetaminophen (paracetamol), caffeine, a...

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the detection of traces of LpHse (4-tert-amylphenol and 2-phenylphenol) has been developed and validated. The method was shown to be linear in the range from 0.5 to 10.00 ppm in solution. The method was also shown to be accurate with a recovery of up to 95% by area response for amylphenol and up to 94% by area response for phenylphenol from metal surfaces (4''x4'' un-polished 304 stainless steel plates) by means of swab material. The reproducibility of the method was determined to be 1.61% by area response and 1.52% by height response for amylphenol and 5.40% by area response and 13.77% by height response for phenylphenol from solutions reported as the pooled relative standard deviation. The developed method was also shown to be rugged by comparisons of different preparations by different analysts. The limit of detection was established to be 0.076 ppm by peak area, 0.079 ppm by peak height for amylphenol and 0.34 ppm by peak area, 0.82 ppm by peak height for phenylphenol from solution, and 1.77 ppb by peak area, 1.23 ppm by peak height for amylphenol and 1.23 ppm by peak area, 1.44 ppm by peak height for phenylphenol from recovery from metal studies. The limit of quantitation was established to be 0.25 ppm by peak area, 0.26 ppm by peak height for amylphenol and 1.14 ppm by peak area, 2.73 ppm by peak height for phenylphenol from solution, and 3.89 ppm by peak area, 4.11 ppm by peak height for amylphenol and 4.11 ppm by peak area, 4.79 ppm by peak height for phenylphenol from recovery from metal plates studies. This method can be employed to determine the presence of LpHse residues in cleaned equipments where the detergent was used.

Pipes of various designs were constructed. Pipes were filled with a model solution resembling a dermal solution product. After the removal of the model solution, pipes were rinsed several times with ethanol and rinsing solutions of each step analyzed by gas chromatography. The results gave the information about the dependency between the configuration of the pipe and the efficiency of the cleaning operation. From concentrations measured in the reactor, expected concentrations in rinsing solutions from pipes were predicted. The obtained results confirm that the amount of residues per surface area increases when a pipe includes bends and valves. In terms of extra contamination, each bend was equal to 25 cm, while each valve was equal to 100 cm of pipe length when pipes of 1.8 cm in diameter were used. It was proven that the contributions of individual valves and bends in the pipe are additive in the calculation. The validity of the proposed model was confirmed by experimental data.

In the pharmaceutical industry, an important step consists in the removal of possible drug residues from the involved equipment and areas. The cleaning procedures must be validated and the methods to determine trace amounts of drugs have therefore to be considered with special attention. A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of amlodipine residues in swab samples was developed and validated in order to control a cleaning procedure. The swabbing procedure was optimized in order to obtain a suitable recovery of amlodipine from stainless steel. A mean recovery close to 90% was obtained when two swabs moistened with methanol were used. The residual amlodipine was chromatographed at 25 degrees C in the isocratic mode on a RP-18 stationary phase using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, methanol and pH 3.0 triethylamine solution (15:35:50 v/v/v). UV detection was performed at 237 nm. The method was shown to be selective and linear into the concentration range varying from 0.39 to 1.56 microg/ml. Accuracy and precision of the method were also studied. The limits of detection and quantitation were evaluated to be 0.02 and 0.08 microg/ml, respectively. The stability of amlodipine at different steps of the sampling procedure and the precision of the swabbing procedure were also investigated.

Objective: To validate simple analytical method and its application in the determination of residual aripiprazole in production area equipment and to confirm the efficiency of cleaning procedure.Methods: The swab sampling and UV method for residual estimation of aripiprazole in swab samples from equipment surfaces after manufacturing of three consecutive batches of aripiprazole 10 mg uncoated tablets were developed and validated.Results: The swab sampling method was developed and validated in order to obtain the suitable recovery (>90%). The swabs were saturated with acetonitrile. The UV method was developed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 255 nm. The calibration curve was linear (r2 =1.0000) over a concentration range of 1-30 µg/ml. The LOD and LOQ were 0.43 µg/ml and 1.32µg/ml, respectively. No interference from swab solution was observed and samples were stable for 24h. The determined concentration varying from 1.00-5.687µg/swab was well below the calculated limit of contamination i.e., 24.2µg/swab or 24.2 µg/25 cm2.Conclusion: The results obtained from cleaning procedure confirmed that the proposed procedure was able to remove aripiprazole from equipment surfaces below the value of 10 ppm criteria. So the proposed validated UV method with appropriate swab wipe procedure could be applicable for cleaning validation on residues of aripiprazole.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for the determination of residual levels of cisplatin from extracts of surfaces with very low surface area; from extracts of surfaces of coupons made of Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE), stainless steel, and glass; and in aqueous solution collected after rinsing equipment and parts. Initially, the method was developed to determine cisplatin at concentrations ranging from 20 to 200 ng/ml by direct injection. Retaining the same method conditions, the scope of the method was expanded by the addition of a sample preconcentration step, allowing analyses at levels ranging from 0.5 ng to 20 ng/ml. Preconcentration is necessary for the determination of cisplatin in rinse waters at a quantifiable concentration of about 2 PPB. Under these conditions, the detection limit is about 0.2 to 0.3 ng/ml. Residual cisplatin on different types of surfaces, including surfaces with very low surface area, can be determined by swabbing each test surface with a derivatizing solution. The cisplatin recovered in the swabbing solution can be analyzed by HPLC using direct injection or preconcentration, depending on the expected level of cisplatin in the sample. Initial methods were developed to quantitate at a cisplatin concentration of about 100 PPB or higher in solution extracted from surfaces. However, when surface areas are limited because of the size of the parts, solution concentration becomes very low as a result of the minimum volume required for extraction. To support the application of swabbing techniques to surface analysis, stainless steel, Teflon, and glass surfaces were spiked with cisplatin at 2.5 to 20 ng/cm2. Satisfactory overall recoveries of 90% +/- 10% were obtained from all surfaces. Cisplatin has no ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectral-active functional group that can be used to detect low levels of cisplatin. Hence, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) was used as a derivatizing agent to increase sensitivity to UV absorption at 340 nm. Diethyldithiocarbamate forms complexes with the platinum in cisplatin to yield a platinum-DDTC (Pt-DDTC) complex with a high molar-extinction coefficient. The Pt(DDTC)2 complex thus formed was chromatographically separated and the quantitated by comparison of its detector response to that of a similarly derivatized standard preparation. DDTC also has application as a cleaning agent for cisplatin (e.g., for production equipment cleaning, spill cleanup). Destruction of cisplatin can be affected by the reaction of cisplatin with this cleaning agent. Derivatization of cisplatin will convert active cisplatin to platinum-DDTC on surfaces or in solution. Final cleaning can be accomplished using a water-for-injection rinse. After such a cleaning process, the rinse water, when collected and analyzed, showed levels of free cisplatin less than the detection concentration of 0.2 PPB and a total platinum concentration less than 10 PPB as Pt-DDTC complex.

The objective of this work was the development and validation of procedures designed to clean glass and stainless steel surfaces after exposure to the experimental anticancer drug, bisnafide. The cleaning procedures, using 5% acetic acid water, Alconox, and water, were validated using a wipe test and an HPLC method developed to quantitate low levels of bisnafide. The procedure developed for cleaning stainless steel is more stringent than that for glass because of the apparent greater affinity of bisnafide for stainless steel. The HPLC method is shown to be linear and reproducible (RSD 4.4% or less), with a detection limit of 4 ng/ml. Recoveries of 95.1, 83.5, and 70.0% were obtained from the wipe pads, glass plates, and stainless steel plates, respectively, at levels of approximately 0.7-1.7 ng/cm2. The cleaning procedures are shown to clean glass and stainless steel plates to less than 0.19 and 0.33 ng bisnafide/cm2, respectively. These results further demonstrate the need to fully characterize the recovery of drugs from surfaces and swabs in order to properly validate cleaning procedures. In addition, they demonstrate the potential need to develop surface-specific cleaning procedures.

Carefully designed cleaning validation and its evaluation can ensure that residues of active pharmaceutical ingredient will not carry over and cross-contaminate the subsequent product. UV spectrophotometric and total organic carbon–solid sample module (TOC-SSM) method was developed and validated for the verification and determination of atorvastatin residues in the production area and to confirm the efficiency of the cleaning procedure as per ICH guideline. Atorvastatin was selected on the basis of a worst-case rating approach. It exhibited good linearity in the range of 5 to 25 μg/mL for UV spectrophotometric and 7300 to 83800 μg for the TOC-SSM method. The limit of detection was 0.419 μg/mL and 4.19 μg in the UV spectrophotometric and TOC-SSM methods, respectively. The limit of quantitation was 1.267 μg/mL and 12.69 μg in UV spectrophotometric and TOC-SSM methods, respectively. Percentage recovery from spiked stainless steel plates was found to be 95.37% and 92.82% in UV spectrophotometric and TOC-SSM methods, respectively. The calculated limit of acceptance per swab for atorvastatin (35.65 μg/swab) was not exceeded during three consecutive batches of production after cleaning procedure. Both proposed methods are suitable for quantitative determination of atorvastatin on manufacturing equipment surfaces well below the limit of contamination. The ease of sample preparation permits fast and efficient application of the proposed methods in quantitation of atorvastatin residue with precision and accuracy. Above all, the methodology is of low cost, and is a simple and less time-consuming alternative to confirm the efficiency of the cleaning procedure in pharmaceutical industries. LAY ABSTRACT: Carefully designed cleaning validation and its evaluation can ensure that residues of active pharmaceutical ingredient will not carry over and cross-contaminate the subsequent product. Atorvastatin was identified as a potential candidate among existing drug substances in production areas based on a worst-case rating approach. Atorvastatin residues were detected and quantified below acceptance limits after cleaning of production equipment using two proposed methods, namely, the UV spectrophotometric and total organic carbon–solid sample module (TOC-SSM) methods. The ease of sample preparation permits fast and efficient application of the proposed methods in quantitation of atorvastatin residue in production equipment area to confirm the efficiency of the cleaning procedure in pharmaceutical industries. Above all, the methodology is of low cost, and is a simple and less time-consuming alternative for cleaning validation.

The validation of a procedure designed to clean glass and stainless steel surfaces after exposure to the experimental anticancer drug losoxantrone is described. The cleaning procedure, using water and hypochlorite bleach, was validated using a wipe test and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method developed to quantitate low levels of losoxantrone. The HPLC method is shown to be linear and reproducible (relative standard deviation (RSD): 7.1% or less), with a detection limit of 2 ng/ml. Recoveries of 71.0%, 50.1%, and 57.6% were reproducibly obtained from the wipe pads, glass plates, and stainless steel plates, respectively, at levels of 70-140 ng per 100 cm2. The cleaning procedure is shown to clean glass and stainless steel plates to less than 20 ng and 17 ng losoxantrone per 100 cm2, respectively. These results demonstrate the need to fully characterize the recovery of drugs from surfaces and swabs in order to properly validate cleaning procedures.

In the present paper, we have developed two different approaches based on ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for the cleaning validation of diacetyl midecamycin in the surfaces of manufacture equipment: a semi-quantitative approach based on the use of a sample wand and a quantitative procedure based on the swab test. The simultaneous determination of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and cleaning agents has been performed without important effects of ionization suppression upon the analysis of swabs containing multiple components. Sensitivity, in the ng range, and appropriate selectivity ratify IMS as a serious alternative, a fast and serious alternative in cleaning validation. Other advantage imply its potential for at-line use to perform a semi-quantitative procedure using a sample wand which allows Teflon membranes, swabbed onto the stainless steel surfaces, to be introduced directly into the instrument with no dilution or extraction.

The present work reports a rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of 12 beta-lactam components for cleaning validation and cross-contamination. A strategic experimental approach was implemented for the method development. The desired chromatographic separation was achieved on a Symmetry C18 (4.6 X 75 mm, 3.5 μm) column using gradient elution. The optimized mobile phase consisted of the buffer tetrabutylammonium hydroxide pH-6.8 and acetonitrile. The eluted compounds were monitored at 215 nm and 254 nm wavelength using a photodiode array detector. The developed method separated 12-beta-lactam compounds from each other within a run time of 50 min. The method is effective for the determination of cross-contamination of penicillin and cephalo-sporin production blocks. The present method is specific and a lower limit of quantification was determined on the basis of the signal-to-noise ratio method, it is 1 μg/mL for all components. The developed RP-HPLC method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.

In pharmaceutical industry, an important step consists in the removal of possible drug residues from the involved equipments and areas. The cleaning procedures must be validated and methods to determine trace amounts of drugs have, therefore, to be considered with special attention. An HPLC-UV method for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium residues on stainless steel surface was developed and validated in order to control a cleaning procedure. Cotton swabs, moistened with extraction solution (50% water and 50% mobile phase), were used to remove any residues of drugs from stainless steel surfaces, and give recoveries of 91.12, 93.8 and 98.7% for three concentration levels. The precision of the results, reported as the relative standard deviation (RSD), were below 1.5%. The method was validated over a concentration range of 1.15-6.92 μg ml(-1). Low quantities of drug residues were determined by HPLC-UV using a Hypersil ODS 5 μm (250×4.6 mm) at 50 °C with an acetonitrile:water:pH 7:pH 5 (39-55-5.5-0.5) mobile phase at flow rate of 1.5 ml min(-1), an injection volume of 20 μl and were detected at 254 nm. A simple, selective and sensitive HPLC-UV assay for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium residues on stainless steel surfaces was developed, validated and applied.

The pharmaceutical industry is required to perform cleaning validation studies to verify that equipment used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals is adequately cleaned from one product or process to the next. Typically, these cleaning validation studies require an analytical method that uses some form of chromatographic technique. In the case of products that may have an inorganic constituent, however, if can often be easier to verify the cleanliness of equipment by using a non-chromatographic technique. A method is described to certify the cleanliness of processing equipment by determining lithium in cleaning validation swabs using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).

An ultra performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method was developed for simultaneous determination of seven steroid (dienogest, finasteride, gestodene, levonorgestrel, estradiol, ethinylestradiol, and norethisterone acetate) active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) residues. A new, generic method is presented, with which it is possible to verify the cleaning process of a steroid producing equipment line used for the production of various pharmaceuticals. The UPLC method was validated using an UPLC BEH C18 column with a particle size of 1.7 microm (50 mm x 2.1 mm) and acetonitrile-water (48:52, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.55 ml/min. Method development and method validation for cleaning control analysis are described. The rapid UPLC method is suitable for cleaning control assays within good manufacturing practices (GMP) of the pharmaceutical industry.

Cleaning validation is an integral part of current good manufacturing practices in any pharmaceutical industry. Nowadays, azathioprine and several other pharmacologically potent pharmaceuticals are manufactured in same production area. Carefully designed cleaning validation and its evaluation can ensure that residues of azathioprine will not carry over and cross contaminate the subsequent product. The aim of this study was to validate simple analytical method for verification of residual azathioprine in equipments used in the production area and to confirm efficiency of cleaning procedure. The HPLC method was validated on a LC system using Nova-Pak C18 (3.9 mm x 150 mm, 4 microm) and methanol-water-acetic acid (20:80:1, v/v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min(-1). UV detection was made at 280 nm. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range from 2.0 to 22.0 microg mL(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The detection limit (DL) and quantitation limit (QL) were 0.09 and 0.29 microg mL(-1), respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision expressed as relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) were below 2.0%. The mean recovery of method was 99.19%. The mean extraction-recovery from manufacturing equipments was 83.5%. The developed UV spectrophotometric method could only be used as limit method to qualify or reject cleaning procedure in production area. Nevertheless, the simplicity of spectrophotometric method makes it useful for routine analysis of azathioprine residues on cleaned surface and as an alternative to proposed HPLC method.

Analytical method validation, determining the recovery rate from the equipment surface and the stability of a potential contaminant are important steps of a cleaning validation process. A rapid, sensitive and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of pyrimethamine (PYR) and sulfadoxine (SUL) in cleaning validation swab samples. The active compounds can be selectively quantified in a sample matrix containing detergent and swab material as low as 0.12 microg/ml. The swabbing procedure used on stainless steel coupons was validated and the stability of PYR and SUL in the swab samples was assessed. The calculated limit of contamination values for PYR (4.99 microg/cm2) and SUL (19.14 microg/cm2) were not exceeded during four consecutive equipment cleaning trials. This confirms that the desired level of cleanliness is achieved with the current cleaning procedures, which are consequently validated.

A validação de limpeza é parte integrante do conjunto de normas que compõem as boas práticas de fabricação de medicamentos. Trata-se de sistemática utilizada para assegurar que os procedimentos de limpeza de equipamentos, efetivamente, removam os resíduos existentes até um nível de aceitação pré-determinado. Poucos trabalhos abordando a validação de limpeza estão disponíveis na literatura concernente à área. Neste, apresenta-se estratégia para validação do processo de limpeza utilizado na fabricação do medicamento zidovudina, produzido pelo LAFEPE® (Recife - PE, Brasil) largamente prescrito no tratamento da AIDS. Utilizou-se um método analítico por via espectrofotométrica e técnica de amostragem de superfícies por swab. O critério de aceitação da limpeza utilizado foi de 10 ppm de zidovudina no produto subseqüente (estavudina). Os resíduos de zidovudina encontrados nos equipamentos após a limpeza foram inferiores aos critérios de aceitação da limpeza, bem como do menor nível de concentração capaz de provocar ação farmacológica. The cleaning validation is integrant part of the laws of good manufacturing practices of medicines. Cleaning validation procedures are carried out in order to assure that residues are within acceptable limits after the cleaning process. Very little has been published regarding practices within the pharmaceutical industry. This work presents a strategy for cleaning validation of the process equipments of the medicine zidovudine produced by LAFEPE (Recife - PE, Brazil) utilized in AIDS treatment. An analytical method by spectrofotometry and samples surfaces by swab was utilized. The acceptance criteria from the cleaning utilized was 10 ppm of zidovudine in the subsequent product (stavudine). The residues of zidovudine found in the equipment after cleaning were lower that limits established as well as to the smaller level of concentration capable of producing pharmacological effects.

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the assay of sumatriptan succinate residues in swabs collected from manufacturing equipment surfaces was developed and validated in order to control a cleaning procedure. The swabbing procedure using two cotton swabs moistened with water was validated applying a wipe-test and a HPLC method developed to determine low quantities of the drug. The HPLC method involves a C18 column at 25 °C, a mixture of ammonium phosphate monobasic (0.05 M)–acetonitrile (84:16, v/v) as a mobile phase and UV detection at 228 nm. Using the proposed method, the average recoveries obtained are of 88.5% for vinyl, 94.2% for glass and 95.2% for stainless steel plates with RSD of 5.5 (n=36), 2.3 (n=36), 2.2% (n=36), respectively. The method was successfully applied to the assay of real swab samples collected from the equipment surfaces.

In the manufacturing plants of many pharmaceutical companies the reaction apparatus is suitable to produce different active pharmaceutical ingredients. After completing the production of a compound the equipment should be cleaned in order to avoid the cross contamination in the next lot of the other products. In the authors' laboratory several chromatographic methods were introduced to measure the amount of the residual substances remaining on the surface of the apparatus after the cleaning procedure. A sensitive and fairly rapid overpressured layer chromatographic (OPLC) procedure--suitable to separate and control five steroid hormone compounds (allylestrenol, estradiol, ethynodiol diacetate, levonorgestel, norethisterone) produced in the same equipment at different times--was developed and validated.

A method using pharmacologically based and visual limit of detection criteria to determine the acceptable residue level for Meclizine Hydrochloride (MH) on pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment surfaces after cleaning is described. A formula was used in order to determine the pharmacologically safe cleaning level for MH. This level was termed as specific residual cleaning Level (SRCL) and calculated to be 50 microg 100 cm(-2). The visual limit of detection (VLOD) was determined by spiking different levels of MH on stainless steel plates and having the plates examined by a group of observers. The lowest level that could be visually detected by the majority of the observers, 62.5 microg 100 cm(-2), was considered as the VLOD for MH. The lower of the SRCL and VLOD values, i.e. 50 microg 100 cm(-2), was therefore chosen as the cleaning acceptance criterion. A sensitive reversed-phase HPLC method was developed and validated for the assay of MH in swabs used to test equipment surfaces. Using this method, the mean recoveries of MH from spiked swabs and '180-Grit' stainless steel plates were 87.0 and 89.5% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of +/- 3.3 and +/- 2.4%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the assay of actual swab samples collected from the equipment surfaces. The stability of MH on stainless steel plates, on cleaning swabs and in the extraction solution was investigated.

Microgram levels of clarithromycin residues on various surfaces are quantitated. After cleaning, any residual clarithromycin remaining is removed from the surface by a wet swab–dry swab technique. High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection is used for quantitation of the resulting solutions. Recoveries ranged from 93 to 118%.

A capillary gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of methenamine hippurate residue in swabs collected from manufacturing equipment surfaces. Any residual methenamine hippurate remaining on process equipment after cleaning is removed by swabbing with one wet polyester Absorbond swab (4" x 4") pre-moistened with water followed by a dry Absorbond swab. The residual methenamine hippurate is chromatographed on a 30 x 0.32 mm (i.d.) Supelcowax-10 capillary column of 0.25-micron film thickness. The amount of residual methenamine hippurate is determined by comparing the ratio of methenamine hippurate peak area response to that of p-cresol (internal standard) obtained for the sample to a linear calibration curve obtained for a series of standard solutions. The method is demonstrated to be sufficiently linear, accurate, precise, sensitive and rugged for the determination of low levels of methenamine hippurate on equipment surfaces. Using this method, the mean recovery of methenamine hippurate from spiked Absorbond swab samples contained in high density polyethylene bottles was 105.2%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of +/- 7.1% (n = 25). The mean recoveries of methenamine hippurate from spiked test plates for '180 Grit' Stainless Steel, Teflon and WARCO White (neoprene and PVC) gasket material were 77.2, 96.1 and 50.6%, with RSDs of +/- 9.4 (n = 25), +/- 4.3 (n = 25) and +/- 36% (n = 20), respectively. Recovery correction factors have been incorporated into the method. The method was successfully applied to the assay of actual equipment cleaning validation swab samples. Stability studies demonstrate that methenamine hippurate is not very stable on the equipment surfaces or in the swabs. It is recommended that the surfaces be swabbed immediately after cleaning and the swabs analyzed within 24 h after sample collection. The results demonstrate that in order to fully validate the cleaning procedures, it is not only necessary to investigate the recovery of the drug from equipment surfaces and swabs but also that the stability of the drug on the surfaces and swabs be determined.