Search

Invective metaphors constitute a substantial portion of the metaphorical landscape within the Bulgarian language, and likely in other languages as well. This article endeavors to explore Bulgarian invective metaphors from various perspectives, including their vitality, expressiveness, conceptualization schemes, etc. To conduct this research, a questionnaire featuring 20 metaphors was administered to respondents. The collected data revealed two primary categories of metaphors: those with clearly discernible source images and those with obscure source images. Notably, the latter group appears to be transitioning towards historical metaphoricality. The paper proposes a hypothesis elucidating the reasons for that. Additionally, within the framework of the aforementioned aspects, efforts are made to systematize and delineate specific characteristics. Special attention is dedicated to examining Turkisms and insults prevalent not only among individuals, but also between distinct societal fractions, such as football fans.

The article deals with the ways of expressing concepts of state in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment and the peculiarities of their reproduction in the translation of the novel into Bulgarian by the poet and translator Georgi Konstantinov. The relevance of the work is determined by the insufficient study of Dostoevsky’s linguistic techniques in conveying the state of the characters and the environment, as well as the peculiarities of translating the concepts of state from Russian into Bulgarian. The problem of translatability of grammar, the dependence of discrepancies between the original and translation on the systemic features of languages is investigated. Research methods: comparative, contextual, structural-grammatical, lexico-semantic. The material is collected from the parallel Russian and Bulgarian texts of the novel and the Russian/Bulgarian subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The author of the article concludes that Georgi Konstantinov managed to convey both the global universal meanings of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment and the individual originality of the writer’s language. At the same time, the study reveals natural discrepancies between the original novel and its translation, which are explained by a number of reasons: 1) partial differences in the linguistic conceptualization of the world in the two languages: the Russian language picture of the world is characterized by objectspatial dominance, spatial models serve as a basis for the design of different types of relations, including state concepts; Bulgarian language focuses on the state as an action or a dynamic characteristic of a person; 2) systemic differences between modern Russian and Bulgarian languages, discrepancies in their grammatical, lexicallinguistic, lexical-semantic resources, which is regularly observed in the transition from Russian impersonal sentences to Bulgarian bipartite or definite-personal sentences, from prepositional-padding combinations of Russian to Bulgarian verb forms; 3) the translator’s skill, the nature of his perception of the content of the text, key and precedent words.

The review is devoted to the analysis of the new lexicographic work of the Bulgarian dialectologists of the Prof. L. Andreichin Institute of the Bulgarian Language. BAN, – a dictionary of one archaic dialect of the Ropka region in the Western Rhodope Mountains. The book is a logical continuation of S. Keremedchieva’s 1993 monograph, which describes the grammar of this dialect. The dictionary significantly complements the understanding of it, which makes it the first comprehensive study of the Rhodope dialect at several linguistic levels: phonological, morphological and lexical. Due to its basic linguistic features, this dialect became a link between the Thracian and central Rhodope dialects, whose speakers, due to a number of geopolitical reasons and events, found themselves outside the borders of modern Bulgaria, in Greece and Turkey. The local Bulgarian population was mostly Islamized in the XVII century, and after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1879–1882 and 1912, part of the families of Bulgarian Muslims from the villages of Pavelsko, Orekhovo and Studenets were resettled to Asia Minor, Turkey. According to one of the etymological versions of the origin of the name of the village Pavelsko, the fact of the existence here in the past of adherents of the Pavlikian heresy, whose center was the village of Pavelsko, is likely. This hypothesis is supported by numerous linguistic links between the Ropkа dialect and the Pavlikian dialect in Bulgaria. The Ropka dialect has accumulated features of a certain stage in the development of the Bulgarian language, preserving a number of its archaic features, including vocabulary and morphology. Despite the modern intensive changes taking place in everyday life, culture and language, the inhabitants of the Ropka region have preserved their ancestral memory and customs, songs and legends, melodious Rhodope dialect with its ancient features and inimitable architectonics. Rich authentic dialect material is a serious lexical database and a source for scientific research in various fields, including ethnolinguistics.

Once Again on Tertium Comparationis in the Confrontative Study of Linguistic Images of the World The work contains a preliminary proposal for fulfilling the demands placed before the tertium comparationis in linguistic confrontation, especially those related to the preparation of operational steps for building a basis for comparing concepts in different languages so that parallel (and de facto monolingual) descriptions can be replaced by sensu stricto comparisons. According to the authors, the application of the basic theoretical assumptions of linguistic confrontation will make it possible to create tools for comparing linguistic images of the world. The proposal is supported by the results of a preliminary comparative analysis of the concept of ‘faith’ in Polish and Bulgarian. Jeszcze raz o tertium comparationis w konfrontatywnym badaniu językowych obrazów świata Praca zawiera wstępną propozycję spełnienia postulatów stawianych przed tertium comparationis w konfrontacji językowej, zwłaszcza tych związanych z opracowaniem operacjonalnych kroków budowania podstawy porównania konceptów w różnych językach tak, żeby paralelne (i de facto jednojęzyczne) opisy zastąpić porównaniem sensu stricto. W opinii jej autorów zastosowanie podstawowych teoretycznych założeń konfrontacji językowej pozwoli stworzyć narzędzia do porównania językowych obrazów świata. Propozycja jest poparta wynikami wstępnej porównawczej analizy pojęcia ‘wiara’ w języku polskim i bułgarskim.

Semantic Structure of the Sentence and its Realisations (Bulgarian Аха and its Polish Equivalents) The aim of the paper is to establish the relevant semantic features of the Bulgarian particle аха in the predicative function. It is thought that its semantic structure includes a potential and a temporal component. Hence, the function of the analysed particle is a specific result of semantic condensation. Possibilities to form Polish semantic equivalents of Bulgarian sentences with аха are indicated. Polish language does not have any synonymous lexical unit with the Bulgarian аха, so equivalent sentences have the form of an analytical paraphrase. According to the model of semantic syntax, the categories of modality (M) and temporality (T) are not parts of the Dictum (D), which dominates the predicate (P) and its arguments (in the model of the elementary sentence structure). Therefore, the same semantic structures are realized as different formal structures in both languages. Struktura semantyczna zdania i jej realizacje (bułg. аха i polskie ekwiwalenty) Celem artykułu jest ustalenie relewantnych cech semantycznych partykuły bułgarskiej аха о funkcji orzeczenia. Przyjęto, że struktura semantyczna zawiera element potencjalności oraz decydujący o znaczeniu leksemu element temporalny. Funkcja badanej partykuły jest więc specyficznym efektem kondensacji semantycznej. Wskazano możliwości tworzenia semantycznych ekwiwalentów zdań bułgarskich w języku polskim. W polskim brak tożsamego odpowiednika leksykalnego, więc struktura synonimicznych zdań ma cechy parafrazy analitycznej. W semantycznym modelu struktury zdań elementarnych komponenty M (modalność) i L (lokalizacja) nie należą do Dictum, które dominuje nad P – predykatem i jego argumentami. Tak więc w obu językach strukturze semantycznej omawianych jednostek odpowiadają odmienne realizacje formalne.

Bulgarian Evidential Forms and Wierzbicka’s NSM Our focus in this paper is on the semantics of a particular grammatical category of Bulgarian, namely evidentiality. Our starting point is the account of evidentiality in Macedonian and Bulgarian in Wierzbicka (in Semantics: Primes and Universals. Oxford: 1996). We elaborate and expand on this proposal by suggesting semantic formulae for the renarrative, dubitative, inferential, and mirative forms, incorporating Wierzbicka’s universal semantic primitives know and think. Our aim is to provide a stepping stone towards precise intra- and inter-linguistic comparisons. Bułgarskie formy ewidencjalne i naturalny metajęzyk semantyczny A. Wierzbickiej Artykuł skupia się na semantyce specyficznego obszaru gramatyki języka bułgarskiego, znanego jako ewidencjalność. Wywód opiera się na dyskusji z koncepcją Anny Wierzbickiej dotyczącą ewidencjalności w językach bułgarskim i macedońskim (w: Semantics: Primes and Universals. Oxford: 1996). Autorki próbują określić znaczenie bułgarskich form renaratywnych, dubitatywnych, inferencjalnych i miratywnych, korzystając z proponowanych przez Wierzbicką uniwersalnych jednostek semantycznych ‘wiem’ i ‘myślę’. W rezultacie artykuł rewiduje oraz weryfikuje metodologię Wierzbickiej, ukazując jej przydatność w opisie kategorii gramatycznych oraz w badaniach międzykulturowych.

This article aims to trace the impact of the studies and ideas from the works of Prof. A. M. Selishchev in the publications and research directions of Bulgarian linguists. Attention is paid to his monographs and to articles devoted to the language and history of the population in the geographical area of Macedonia. The merits of the descriptions of the phonetic and morphological system of the territorial dialects, accompanied by the tracing of the parallels of the phenomena in Bulgarian dialects, are indicated. The article highlights the professor’s studies of vocabulary and toponymy. Prof. Selishchev paid special attention to the mutual influence of different languages (for example, Albanian and Bulgarian), studying not only the history of the given region and its dialectological specifics, but also the bilingualism of the population. The article also traces Selishchev’s interest in the historical facts that illustrated the issue of ethnic affiliation of the population of different zones in the Bulgarian language area. The historical facts described by Selishchev about the nationality of the population are described. The role of the subject’s research is considered in relation to the general state of Bulgarian linguistic science during the Renaissance, when the Bulgarian sources for the spread of knowledge and enlightenment were limited and were usually published outside the borders of the Ottoman Empire (of which Bulgaria was a part). The works of Selishchev should not be considered an isolated phenomenon, but part of a general trend, which is demonstrated by the works of V. Grigorovich, Al. Duvernoy, and so on. Examples are cited from the works of prominent Bulgarian scientists such as L. Miletich, B. Tsonev, St. Mladenov, and J. Zaimov, which testify to the deep impact left by the work of Prof. Selishchev.

The essay was written on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the Bulgarian Language Institute. prof. Lyubomir Andreichin BAN (Sofia), which was created in 1942 to form an explanatory dictionary of the Bulgarian literary language. The article acquaints the reader with the main milestones in the formation and development of the Institute, with the areas of scientific research, and individual significant works. The Institute is famous for outstanding achievements in the field of Paleo-Slavistics, Dialectology, Linguogeography, Grammar, Lexicology and Lexicography, Etymology, Ethnolinguistics.

A review of: Sosnowski, Wojciech. A Comparative Study of Bulgarian, Polish and Ukrainian Phraseology (Studium konfrontatywne frazeologii bułgarskiej, polskiej i ukraińskiej). Warsaw: Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences & Slavic Foundation, 2021 (series: Slavic Studies Works. Slavica 152). [In Polish: Sosnowski, Wojciech. Studium konfrontatywne frazeologii bułgarskiej, polskiej i ukraińskiej. Warszawa: Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk & Fundacja Slawistyczna 2021 (seria: Prace Slawistyczne. Slavica 152).] ISBN 978-83-66369-45-0, 216 pp.

A review of: Długosz, Natalia & Andreana Eftimova. Postcovid Syndrome in the Language. A Polish-Bulgarian Case Study (Experimental Research Report) [original title in Polish: Syndrom postcovidowy w języku. Polsko-bułgarskie studium przypadku (raport z badań eksperymentalnych)]. Poznan: Adam Mickiewicz University Press, 2023. ISBN: 9788323242062, 9788323242079 (pdf), 140 pp.

A review of: Hamze, Dimitrina. The Culture of Gender in Proverbs (on Material from Polish and Bulgarian Paroemiaе). Plovdiv University Press, 2023. 248 pp. ISBN 978-619-7663-47-1. [In Bulgarian: Хамзе, Димитрина. Културата на пола в пословиците (върху материал от полската и българската паремиология). Пловдив: УИ, 2023.]

Polish and Bulgarian Phrasemes with a Nominal Component ‘Ucho – Uszy’ / ‘Ухо – Уши’ [‘Ear – Ears’]: The paper analyzes Polish and Bulgarian phrasemes with the nominal component ‘ucho – uszy’ / ‘ухо – уши’ [‘ear – ears’]. Based on motivation, they form three internally different groups. The first group includes phrasemes whose meaning reveals functional, anatomical and spatial slogans inherent in the semantic structure of the lexeme ‘ear’ naming a part of the body. The second group consists of phraseological compounds with cultural motivation, and the third group includes units with the lexeme ‘ear’ used in figurative meanings. Most of the symbolic meanings attributed to the ear have been fixed in both Polish and Bulgarian phraseological compounds. The compounds that differ in meaning in the two languages are few; more common is the expansion of meaning in one of the languages. In both Polish and Bulgarian data, there are units that have no equivalent in the other language.

A review of: Arikova, Akulina & Anastasia Novikova & Vyara Mihaylova & Eslitsa Popova. We Read with Asya and Yavor. Sofia: Zaedno v chas, 2021. ISBN 978-619-90595-5-5, 100 pp. Appendix: Primer with Guidelines. ISBN 978-619-90595-4-8, 196 pp.; Appendix: My Letters. ISBN 978-619-90595-6-2, 22 pp. [In Bulgarian: Арикова, Акулина & Анастасия Новикова & Вяра Михайлова & Еслица Попова. Четем с Ася и Явор. София: Заедно в час, 2021.]

The article depicts the scientific path of the corresponding member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Professor Todor Boiadzhiev, who, on 11 November 2021, celebrated his 90th birthday. His academic life is mostly associated with Sofia University, “St Kliment Ohridski”. The major publications in dialectology, phonetics, grammar studies, lexicology, and stylistics by T. Boiadzhiev are outlined. Of special value are his books on the grammar of the Thracian dialects and his dialectal dictionaries. “The Ideographic Dialectal Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language”, which was compiled by T. Boiadzhiev with a team of Bulgarian linguists, was a monumental project of great significance. He authored several classical textbooks on the phonetics, morphology, stylistics, and lexicology of the Bulgarian language and many workbooks for school education. A prominent scholar, he gives his time and effort to academic and organizational activities, while also working to popularize science. T. Boiadzhiev is a gifted lecturer, teaching at the universities of Sofia, Veliko Tarnovo, Plovdiv, Burgas, and Lomonosov Moscow State University, amongst others, thus educating his successors in Bulgarian linguistics.

Syntactic Description of Mental-State Predicative Constructions. The paper examines the argument structure of constructions containing mental-state predicative words in the contemporary Bulgarian language. The source material was extracted from the Bulgarian National Corpus. The analysis focuses on predicates denoting knowledge, confidence and doubt. The research reveals that the role of such predicates can be performed by predicative adverbs (‘yasno’, ‘izvestno’, ‘samnitelno’), predicative nouns (‘istina’, ‘fact’) or predicative adjectives (‘uveren’, ‘siguren’). Cases containing explicit or implicit experiencer arguments are discussed along with the possibilities for expressing the object and the content of knowledge. Some adverbs could express the experiencer’s degree of confidence. The analysis of the empirical data leads to conclusions about the common argument structure of predicative constructions denoting mental state and for the syntactic expression of the arguments.

Observations on the Syntactic Realization of Emotional Predicates. The object of the analysis in the following paper are sentences with verbs for emotions (psychological verbs, Experiencer verbs) in the modern Bulgarian language. The main goal is to present the syntactic realization of arguments to the verb obicham (to love) as representative of the syntactic features of the verbs for positive emotions. The selective restrictions for the realization of the arguments are determined by lexical semantics and thematic structure of the predicates. For psychological verbs, the subject is marked with the thematic role Experiencer, and the complements are either Theme (Object of emotion) or Stimulus. The external complement of the transitive verb obicham (to love) is marked as Theme and represents object – specific, generic, as well as propositional one, to which the emotional relationship is directed. Observations show that in the subject position, in addition to nouns denoting animate objects, names of specific inanimate or abstract objects can also be used. Da-clauses are the main means for the realization of object complements to the verb obicham. In certain contexts, subordinate clauses with free relatives can also be used.

The Latest Neologisms: Another Contribution to Bulgarian Lexicography. A review of: Blagoeva, Diana & Siya Kolkovska & Vanina Sumrova & Atanaska Atanasova & Cvetelina Georgieva & Nadezhda Kostova & Svetlomira Manova. Dictionary of New Words in the Bulgarian Language (from the First Two Decades of the 21st Century). Edited by D. Blagoeva & S. Kolkovska. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 2021, 336 pp. ISBN 978-954-020-351-5. [In Bulgarian: Благоева, Диана & Сия Колковска & Ванина Сумрова & Атанаска Атанасова & Цветелина Георгиева & Надежда Костова & Светломира Манова. Речник на новите думи в българския език (от първите две десетилетия на XXI век). Ред. Д. Благоева & С. Колковска. София: Наука и изкуство, 2021, 336 с.]

Expressive Units as a Rhetoric Means in Public Speech. The aim of the study is to establish which language units in Bulgarian could be defined as expressive and what is their frequency and function in public speech. The source material for the study was excerpted mainly from national TV and radio programs during the years 2018–2021. The analysis reveals that the most frequent expressive units in the contemporary Bulgarian public language are phrases, metaphors and words of Turkish origin. Their function in public speech is mainly rhetoric, with several examples of poetic meanings resulting in occasional metaphors and creative innovations. The paper concludes with the discussion of the socio-cultural reasons behind the specifics of contemporary Bulgarian expressive units.

Constructions with Predicatives for Psychological States in the Bulgarian Language – Nomenclature and Differential Characteristics. The study attempts to classify the possibilities for predicative constructions in the Bulgarian language from the semantic standpoint. The scope of the analysis are predicative constructions denoting internal experiences interpreted in Bulgarian as psychological states (and not processes, activities, etc.). Three main points of reference serve as a springboard for the analysis: (1) Predicative constructions are chosen as a research goal. (2) Semantic description operates along the lines of the thematic role of the Experiencer as long as it meets the criteria for constructions with predicatives for psychological states. (3) The place and the role of case relations, and in particular their markedness concerning clitics, are considered exemplary of a syncretic grammatical category at the morphology-syntax-semantics interface, thus playing a significant role in liaising the specifics of the construction under scrutiny at all levels of form and function. Special attention is paid to the role of the thematic and type-of-action (Vendlerian) classification of predicates and predicatives capable of entering into the constructions used for expressing psychological states of the Experiencer.

The subject are Polish archaic words whose equivalents are in active use in modern Bulgarian. The aim is to reveal the composition of this group of archaisms and to show the main reasons that led to the Polish-Bulgarian asymmetry in terms of archaism. The conducted research shows that about 140 lexemes that have been archaized in Polish are present in Bulgarian. Among them, lexical and semantic archaisms prevail, while archaic words are in a smaller number. The thematically studied archaisms belong mainly to categories related to human, for example, to physical and mental characteristics, to everyday life or to interpersonal relations. By origin, archaisms are both native and borrowed words. From a formal point of view, Polish archaic words and their modern Bulgarian counterparts are identical, with minimal or more divergence. From the point of view of semantics, most Polish-Bulgarian lexical pairs have the same meaning, there are also pairs with a greater or lesser meaning divergence consisting in broadening or narrowing the semantics of the Bulgarian word compared to the Polish one. The reasons that contributed to the occurrence of the Polish-Bulgarian asymmetry in the field of the archaization of lexis are not strictly linguistic in nature, but represent the social, historical and political aspect of the language. They reflect the way in which scientific terminology was developed, social attitudes towards influences from foreign languages, the specificity of social relations and the process of shaping the standard language in both countries.

In-Depth and Interesting: on New Bulgarian Feminatives. A review of: Sumrova, Vanina. New Feminitives in Bulgarian. Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov – BAS, 2018, 196 pp. ISBN 978-954-322-952-9 [In Bulgarian: Сумрова, Ванина. Новите феминални названия в българския език. София: БАН – Проф. Марин Дринов, 2018].

Against the background of the achievements of Bulgarian studies at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, the author considers the problems discussed in the 8th volume of the book “Slawistik” (2020) entitled “Linguistic Perspectives of Bulgaria: State — Innovation — Challenges”. Particular attention is paid to the areas of scientific research of Bulgarians from around the world. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the thematic issue of the book is analyzed in connection with the processes that the modern Bulgarian language and the science about it are going through in the digital civilization. The analysis is projected on the achievements of Bulgarian linguistics, developing after the collapse of the USSR and the disappearance of the socialist camp in the broad context of the linguistic science of the European Union. The authors of the article proceed from the fact that the language of the people numbering about 9 million people cannot but experience the powerful influence of the languages of international communication. The importance of turning Bulgarians to the common origins of Slavic culture, establishing scientific and cultural contacts to maintain the national identity of the languages of the Slavic peoples is emphasized in the article. The relevance of the results of the proposed analysis is due to the need for closer cooperation of Slavists, including Russia and Bulgaria, in order to comprehensively study and support the Bulgarian language.

Habitual Verbs Expressing Pure Causativity in the Bulgarian Language: A Syntactic-Lexicographic Approach This article presents the semantics and syntax of habitual verbs expressing pure causativity in Bulgarian. The linguistic data is modelled according to the predicate-argument theory with a particular focus on syntactic condensation processes. The lexical units under investigation are presented in the form of a semantic-syntactic dictionary with examples of different types of formalisations of the two opened argument positions (“cause” and “effect”). The latter of the two positions is less compatible with non-abstract nouns as the only formal exponent of the proposition. The following units were selected for the study: Bul. води, довежда, докарва, идва от (причината), предизвиква, причинява, произлиза, произтича. Habitualne czasowniki wyrażające czystą kauzację w języku bułgarskim: w ujęciu syntaktyczno-leksykograficznym W artykule omówiono semantykę i składnię habitualnych czasowników wyrażających czystą kauzację w języku bułgarskim. Dane językowe zostały wymodelowane w oparciu o teorię predykatowo-argumentową ze szczególnym naciskiem położonym na procesy kondensacji syntaktycznej. Zbadane jednostki zostały zaprezentowane w formie semantyczno-syntaktycznego słownika z przykładami różnych typów formalizacji obu otwartych pozycji argumentowych („przyczyny” i „skutku”). Druga z omawianych pozycji jest mniej kompatybilna z rzeczownikami nieabstrakcyjnymi w funkcji jedynego wykładnika propozycji. Do badania wybrano następujące jednostki: bg. води, довежда, докарва, идва от (причината), предизвиква, причинява, произлиза, произтича.

A New Research on Contemporary Bulgarian Speech. A review of: Stalyanova, Nadezhda. Speech in Modern Bulgarian Society. Sofia: Paradigma, 2020, 154 pp. ISBN 978-954-326-413-1 [In Bulgarian: Сталянова, Надежда. Речта в съвременното българско общество. София: Парадигма, 2020, 154 с.].

The Derivative Word in the Monolingual Dictionary. The study focuses on some aspects of lexicographic description of derivative words (formed through derivation) in various monolingual dictionaries of the contemporary Bulgarian language. Attention is drawn to the place of derivatives in the structure of single- and multi-volume dictionaries, with emphasis on the types of explanatory definitions of the words of mutational, modificational and transpositional type. As a result of the analysis, the following recommendations for a future lexicographical description are made: introduction of uniform principles for presenting the different types of derivatives in monolingual dictionaries (regardless of their volume); using an appropriate explanatory definition of the lexical meaning; revealing the motivational relationships between the derivative word and its generative counterpart; avoiding the nesting approach.

The issues related to the transformation of Slavic languages at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries are considered. Special attention is paid to the tendencies of enrichment of Bulgarian and Russian languages with phraseological units. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that for the first time a comparative analysis of dictionaries containing phraseological neologisms is made. The results of a comparison of the sources of phraseological units and their areas of functioning are presented. The author proceeds from the fact that the enrichment of phraseology is subject to two trends - borrowing and updating at the expense of its own reserves. It is established that borrowed phraseological units are represented by calques, semi-calques and units that preserve the original sound appearance. It is emphasized that they function in technical, political, financial, military, sport and other spheres of communication. The author dwells on the differences between Bulgarian and Russian neologisms: Bulgarians have mainly folk and folklore units; Russians have many expressions from synthetic genres of art. The higher productivity of such “suppliers” of neologisms as international political discourse, military and slang spheres in the Russian language, and financial and economic sphere in the Bulgarian language is proved. The relevance of the study is proved by the need to create the Russian-Bulgarian and Bulgarian-Russian dictionaries of phraseological neologisms.

New Research in the Field of Comparative Slavic Morphology. A review of: Stoychev, Stiliyan. The Bulgarian Resultative Form and the Czech Language. On the Modern Bulgarian Morphological Resultative Form and its Functional Equivalents in the Modern Czech Language. Sofia: Silhouette, 2019, 356 pp. ISBN 978-619-194-053-0; Stoychev, Stiliyan. The Bulgarian Relative Form and the Czech Language. On the Modern Bulgarian Morphological Relative Form and its Functional Equivalents in the Modern Czech Language. Sofia: Silhouette, 2019, 405 pp. ISBN 978-619-194-054-7.

A Poor Relative at the “Wedding” (Excerpts of the Play Translated into Bulgarian): Fragments of the Bulgarian translation of Stanisław Wyspiański's "The Wedding" ("Wesele") with comments made by the translator.

Specialized Translation – Challenges and Perspectives. A review of: Kreytchova, Elena. Translation and Its Challenges. Sofia: Paradigma, 2020, 165 pp. ISBN 978-954-326-414-8 [original publication in Bulgarian: Крейчова, Елена. Преводът и неговите предизвикателства. София: Парадигма, 2020, 165 с., ISBN 978-954-326-414-8.]

Registers in Bulgarian Journalist Discouse: Review: Andreana Eftimova, Registri v zhurnalisticheskiia diskurs, Universitetsko izdatelstvo “Sv. Kliment Okhridski”, Sofiia 2018, 244 pp. The article is a review of Andreana Eftimova’s study Registri v zhurnalisticheskiia diskurs [Registers in Journalistic Discourse]. Rejestry w bułgarskim dyskursie dziennikarskim. Rec.: Андреана Ефтимова, Регистри в журналистическия дискурс, Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски”, София 2018, 244 ss. Artykuł stanowi recenzję pracy Andreany Eftimowej Регистри в журналистическия дискурс [Rejestry w dyskursie dziennikarskim].

Forms of Representation of Propositional Argument in Bulgarian, Polish and Russian Expressions Based on the Mental Predicate This article offers a discussion of Bulgarian, Polish and Russian mental verbs from the perspective of syntactic valence. The author examines grammatical forms of propositional argument in sentences with mental verbs which represent predicate-argument structure P (x, q). All syntactic forms in the focus of this study are classified into several patterns: observance, compression and splitting. The author demonstrates that what they involve is analogical reflection of propositional structure, greater or smaller compression of propositional argument, or its segmentation and doubling of syntactic position. The author examines the regularity of implementation of each grammatical form in Bulgarian, Polish and Russian on the basis of relevant quantitative data. Formy reprezentacji argumentu propozycjonalnego w bułgarskich, polskich i rosyjskich zdaniach ufundowanych na predykacie mentalnym Tematem prezentowanego artykułu są bułgarskie, polskie i rosyjskie czasowniki mentalne, badane w perspektywie walencji syntaktycznej. Autor analizuje gramatyczne formy realizacji argumentu propozycjonalnego w zdaniach z czasownikami mentalnymi w pozycji orzeczenia, które reprezentują strukturę predykatowo-argumentową P (x, q). Wszystkie formy syntaktyczne podzielono na kilka typów: przestrzeganie, kompresja i rozszczepienie. Autor pokazuje, że w tym zakresie mamy do czynienia z kalkowaniem struktury propozycjonalno-semantycznej, z mniej lub bardziej intensywną kompresją argumentu propozycjonalnego lub z jego rozczłonkowaniem i podwojeniem pozycji syntaktycznej. Została zbadana regularność realizacji każdej formy gramatycznej w systemie trzech języków. Wnioski są oparte na danych kwantytatywnych.

Slavic equivalents to the English term sustainability The paper examines the issue of how the term sustainable development (sustainability), coined exactly 30 years ago by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, has been reproduced in the Slavic languages. The history of the primary English term’s first use as well as its source have been discussed, with special consideration given to the fact that both English and Slavic terms expressing the concept of sustainability have native components. Using a semasiological approach to the studied terminological units, the author analyzes their outer and inner form of the terms in relation to their meaning (definition). The study emphasizes the semantic progression within the various Slavic words used as terms expressing the contemporary idea of sustainable development. This semantic evolution is observable, among other things, in the component of positive evaluation inherent in the terms’ meanings and definitions. Słowiańskie odpowiedniki terminu sustainability Artykuł porusza kwestię sposobów oddawania w językach słowiańskich terminu sustainable development (‘zrównoważony rozwój’), ukutego 30 lat temu przez Światową Komisję ds. Środowiska i Rozwoju Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych. Omówiono historię powstania angielskiego terminu i jego źródło, zwracając uwagę szczególnie na to, że zarówno angielski termin sustainability, jak i jego słowiańskie odpowiedniki wywodzą się z rodzimych elementów. Stosując semazjologiczne podejście do badanych jednostek terminologicznych, autorka analizuje ich zewnętrzną i wewnętrzną formę w odniesieniu do ich znaczenia (definicji). W wynikach analizy na pierwszy plan wysuwa się progresja semantyczna ogólnosłowiańskich wyrazów użytych jako terminy na określenie współczesnej idei zrównoważonego rozwoju. Tę semantyczną ewolucję można zaobserwować m.in. w pozytywnym wartościowaniu, które stanowi wewnętrzny komponent znaczenia i definicji terminów.

Clitic doubling of the proposed direct object in Bulgarian The presence or absence of accusative clitic doubling in Bulgarian clauses with direct object preposing serves grammatical or pragmatic purposes and falls within the discussion on word order, in particular the analysis of clauses exhibiting marked word order. Grammatical doubling occurs in clauses where the clitics are part of the verb’s morphological make-up and in clauses where the clitics serve as case markers for disambiguating the syntactic function of the initial noun phrase (NP). Pragmatic clitic doubling does not affect the clause grammaticality or in terms of semantics: it serves as a topicality marker, signaling the discourse-old status of the preposed NPs’ referents or is used to activate such referents. Pragmatic clitic doubling may occur with focused discourse-old NPs, which at first sight may appear as an inconsistency: one would expect that the topic and focus should be identified differently. In Bulgarian pragmatic accusative clitic doubling is not admissible only when the preposed NP realizes contrastive, emphatic focus. Podwajanie klityki zaimkowej dopełnienia bliższego w języku bułgarskim Podwajanie klityki zaimkowej dopełnienia bliższego w języku bułgarskim (jej obecność lub brak) służy funkcji gramatycznej lub pragmatycznej i wiąże się z zagadnieniem szyku wyrazów, zwłaszcza we frazach nacechowanych na szyk. Repryza występuje w funkcji gramatycznej w wyrażeniach, w których klityki stanowią część frazy werbalnej i służą ujednoznacznieniu funkcji składniowej frazy nominalnej, występującej w pozycji inicjalnej w zdaniu. Czynniki pragmatyczne nie naruszają kształtu gramatycznego czy semantyki frazy: pragmatyczne podwajanie służy topikalizacji, sygnalizując status referenta poprzedzającej frazy nominalnej, lub służy do aktywacji takiego referenta. Pragmatyczna repryza może wystąpić po frazie nominalnej, która jest specjalnie wyróżniona (in focus), co na pierwszy rzut oka może się wydawać niekonsekwencją: oczekiwalibyśmy raczej, że temat (topic) i fokus (specjalny akcent) powinny być identyfikowane językowo w sposób różny. W języku bułgarskim pragmatyczne podwajanie obiektu jest niedopuszczalne jedynie wówczas, gdy poprzedzająca fraza nominalna służy funkcji kontrastywnej, tj. wyrażaniu specjalnej emfazy.

Some remarks on the formalization of the propositional argument pCaus in sentences with prepositional causative predicative expressions in Bulgarian The paper focuses on the means of expressing propositional arguments in sentences with prepositional causative predicative expressions. Special attention is devoted to the causal argument (pCaus) and the processes of syntactic condensation and decondensation. Kilka uwag o formalizacji argumentu propozycjonalnego pCaus w zdaniach z przyimkowymi kauzatywnymi wyrażeniami predykatywnymi w języku bułgarskim W artykule skoncentrowano się na środkach wyrażania argumentów propozycjonalnych w zdaniach z przyimkowymi kauzatywnymi wyrażeniami predykatywnymi. Więcej miejsca poświęcono argumentowi przyczynowemu (pCaus) oraz procesom kondensacji i dekondensacji składniowej.

Description of inflected numeral types in Bulgarian (as applied in the work on a normative grammar) This article describes the principles of defining the types of inflected numerals in Bulgarian which are used in the work on a normative grammar of the language. The numerals are divided into types according to the form of the article, possibility of shifting the stress to the article and presence of two codified variants. Eight formal types of numerals are thus formed. Opis typów liczebników odmiennych w języku bułgarskim (jako część gramatyki normatywnej) W artykule opisano zasady definiowania typów liczebników odmiennych w języku bułgarskim, które zostały zaproponowane w pracy nad gramatyką normatywną. Liczebniki podzielono na typy według form rodzajnika, możliwości przesunięcia akcentu na rodzajnik i występowania dwóch skodyfikowanych wariantów. W ten sposób uzyskano osiem formalnych typów liczebników.

Semantic dictionary of kinship denominations in the Bulgarian language The article is a presentation of Semantic dictionary of kinship denominations in the Bulgarian language, which is integral part of my monograph Kinship and kinship denominations in the Bulgarian language (semantics and lexicographic presentation). The dictionary is organized according to digital codes (ideal terms), then a metalanguage in the form of definitions, and finally the particular language signs themselves. 111 particular kinship-related referents are presented (men, women, children and couples), for whom we have at least one denomination. The article provides information about a range of potential theoretical and scientific applications of the dictionary. Semantyczny słownik nazw stopnia pokrewieństwa w języku bułgarskim Artykuł jest prezentacją Semantycznego słownika nazw stopni pokrewieństwa w języku bułgarskim, stanowiącego integralną część mojej monografii Pokrewieństwo i nazwy stopni pokrewieństwa w języku bułgarskim (semantyka i opis leksykograficzny). Słownik zorganizowany jest według kodów cyfrowych (terminy idealne), następnie według tworzących metajęzyk definicji, w końcu zaś według samych poszczególnych znaków językowych. Prezentuję w nim 111 desygnatów-stopni pokrewieństwa, dla których dysponujemy choć jedną nazwą (kobiety, mężczyzny, dziecka czy pary). Artykuł wskazuje także szereg potencjalnych teoretycznych i naukowych zastosowań słownika.

Some types of nouns in Bulgarian in view of their formal description This article presents a part of the formal description of nouns in Bulgarian made for the purposes of the Normative grammar of modern Bulgarian. It reviews the descriptive approach that has been adopted and some issues that can be solved through its implementation. In particular, cases of variation of forms within the paradigm of the nouns as well as types of nouns with “defective” paradigm are discussed. Niektóre typy rzeczowników w języku bułgarskim ze względu na ich opis formalny W artykule przedstawiono część formalnego opisu rzeczowników w języku bułgarskim. Opis został sporządzony na potrzeby Gramatyki normatywnej współczesnego języka bułgarskiego. Zaprezentowano przyjęte kryteria opisu oraz ich zastosowanie na wybranych przykładach. W szczególności omówiono przypadki wariancji form wewnątrz paradygmatu rzeczownikowego i przeanalizowano typy rzeczowników o „wadliwym” paradygmacie.

On a new approach in describing adjectives in Bulgarian (with the ontext of the development of a normative grammar) The article presents a new approach in the description of adjectives in Bulgarian, one that is based on strict differentiation between form and semantics by applying a purely morphological criterion. The relevant features of the adjectives are grouped in separate inflection types based on the presence of ending or lack thereof, the lexeme’s ending combinations, the presence of morphonological (including stress) changes (alterations) in inflection, as well as on the presence of doublet forms. The formation of inflectional types according to the above specified relevant features is illustrated with examples, followed by a proposal of changes to the traditional classification of the parts of speech. O pewnym nowym podejściu w opisie przymiotników w języku bułgarskim (w kontekście opracowania gramatyki normatywnej) Artykuł przedstawia nowe podejście do opisu przymiotników w języku bułgarskim, oparte na wyraźnym rozróżnieniu formy i znaczenia poprzez zastosowanie wyłącznie kryterium morfologicznego. Relewantne cechy przymiotników są pogrupowane w typy fleksyjne na podstawie obecności lub braku końcówki, kombinatoryki końcówek w leksemie, występowania zmian morfonologicznych (w tym akcentu), alternacji we fleksji, oraz form obocznych. Formowanie typów fleksyjnych zgodnie z wyżej wymienionymi cechami dystynktywnymi zilustrowano przykładami, a następnie zaproponowano zmiany w tradycyjnej klasyfikacji części mowy.

Mental and emotional verbs in semantic and syntactic description The main issue of this article concerns relations between the semantic plane of the sentence, which is presented by means of notions of predicate argument structure, and the plane of formal realisation of this structure. The existing attitudes to the studied verb classes are presented. Then rules governing the model of description used are specified (the article has been written within an elaborate scientific grant concerning Bulgarian, Polish and Russian). Obligatory semantic features of both classes are pointed out, followed by an elaboration on the scope of analysis of semantic and syntactic phenomena. This scope is determined by basic semantic sentence categories on which comparative, including contrastive, research is based. Drawing on examples of particular units studied, I then discuss the effectiveness of the analysis which enables comparing differences between sets of sentence structures allowable for each class studied. Those differences stem from semantic differences typical of those classes. Czasowniki mentalne i czasowniki emocji w opisie semantyczno-syntaktycznym Tematyka artykułu dotyczy relacji między płaszczyzną semantyczną zdania, ujętą w terminach struktury predykatowo-argumentowej, a płaszczyzną realizacji formalnej tej struktury. Zarysowane zostały dotychczasowe podejścia do opisu badanych klas czasowników oraz sprecyzowano ustalenia dotyczące zastosowanego w artykule modelu opisu (artykuł powstał w związku z realizacją obszernego grantu dotyczącego języka bułgarskiego, polskiego i rosyjskiego). Wskazano obligatoryjne dla obu klas cechy semantyczne oraz scharakteryzowano zakres analizy zjawisk semantyczno-składniowych. Zakres ten wyznaczają podstawowe semantyczne kategorie zdaniowe, których badanie stanowi podstawę dla porównań, także porównań konfrontatywnych. Zaprezentowane zostały przykłady opracowania wybranych jednostek oraz wskazana skuteczność analizy, która pozwala ukazać różnice między zbiorami dopuszczalnych dla każdej z badanych klas struktur zdaniowych. Różnice te wynikają z charakteryzujących te klasy różnic semantycznych.

Review: Todor Bojadžiev, Vladimir Žobov, Georgi Kolev, Maksim Mladenov, Darina Mladenova, Vasilka Radeva, Ideografski dialekten rečnik na bălgarskija ezik, Vol. 1: A–D, Sofija 2012, 1055 pp. The article is a review of the first volume of An ideographic dialectal dictionary of the Bulgarian language. One of the crucial distinguishing features of the dictionary are the entry words, which are lexemes of literary Bulgarian naming the particular concepts. The entries are listed alphabetically but in keeping with the conceptual, onomasiological order. The particular entries contain all the registered dialectal forms along with their phonetic and morphological variants and information on the variants’ geographical distribution. Such way of presentation is supposed to provide a full picture of the equivalents of the general-language lexeme (concept) and demonstrate the diversity, lexical richness and nominational capabilities of Bulgarian dialects, while the choice of particular motivational features in the formation of words is supposed to reflect the specifics of the language users’ culture. The dictionary also contains words with no equivalents in the general language, a fact that allows for establishing the thematic groups (or semantic circles) in which Bulgarian dialects developed lexis that is peculiar to them. Rec.: Todor Bojadžiev, Vladimir Žobov, Georgi Kolev, Maksim Mladenov, Darina Mladenova, Vasilka Radeva, Ideografski dialekten rečnik na bălgarskija ezik, T. 1: A–D, Sofija 2012, ss. 1055 Artykuł stanowi recenzję pierwszego tomu Ideograficznego słownika dialektów języka bułgarskiego. Jednym z podstawowych wyróżników omawianego słownika są wyrazy hasłowe – leksemy języka literackiego, nazywające poszczególne pojęcia. Artykuły hasłowe są uporządkowane alfabetycznie, ale z zachowaniem układu pojęciowego, onomazjologicznego. Poszczególne hasła zawierają zarejestrowane formy gwarowe i ich warianty fonetyczne oraz morfologiczne z uwzględnieniem rozmieszczenia terytorialnego danych postaci. Taka prezentacja ma dawać pełny obraz ekwiwalentów gwarowych danego leksemu (pojęcia) z języka ogólnego oraz pokazać różnorodność, leksykalne bogactwo i możliwości nominacyjne gwar bułgarskich, a wybór określonych cech motywacyjnych w kreacji wyrazów ma oddawać specyfikę kulturową użytkowników języka. W słowniku można też odnaleźć szereg specyficznych wyrazów, które nie mają odpowiedników w języku ogólnym, co pozwala ustalić, w jakich grupach tematycznych (czy też kręgach semantycznych) gwary wykształciły swoją własną leksykę.

Review: Речник на книжовния български език на народна основа от ХVII век (върху текст от Тихонравовия дамаскин), гл. ред. Е. И. Дьомина, Валентин Траянов, София 2012, 1143 стр. The article is a review of Речник на книжовния български език на народна основа от ХVII век (върху текст от Тихонравовия дамаскин), edited by E. I. Dyomina (Sofia 2012) – a dictionary of 17th-century Bulgarian language, compiled on the basis of the material of the Tikhonravov damaskin. Rec.: Речник на книжовния български език на народна основа от ХVII век (върху текст от Тихонравовия дамаскин), гл. ред. Е. И. Дьомина, Валентин Траянов, София 2012, 1143 стр. Artykuł stanowi recenzję słownika XVII-wiecznego języka bułgarskiego opartego na tekście Tichonrawowego damaskinu: Речник на книжовния български език на народна основа от ХVII век (върху текст от Тихонравовия дамаскин), red. E. I. Djomina, Sofia 2012.

Modern Slavic languages and academic Slavic Studies: processes, tendencies, communication and derivation (review) The article is a review of the volume Specyfika leksyki i słowotwórstwa języków słowiańskich na przełomie XX i XXI wieku (“Prace Slawistyczne – Slavica” series, vol. 136), ed. Zofia Rudnik-Karwatowa, Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy, Warszawa 2012, 188 pp. Współczesne języki słowiańskie a akademicka slawistyka: procesy, tendencje, komunikacja i derywacja (recenzja) Artykuł stanowi recenzję pracy Specyfika leksyki i słowotwórstwa języków słowiańskich na przełomie XX i XXI wieku („Prace Slawistyczne – Slavica”, 136), red. Zofia Rudnik-Karwatowa, Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy, Warszawa 2012, 188 ss.

An important contribution to the study of South Slavic palaeotypes A review of the new monograph on history of the Bulgarian language: Ivan Petrov, Od inkunabułów do pierwszych gramatyk. Konteksty rozwoju bułgarskiego języka literackiego (koniec XV – początek XVII wieku), Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2015. Ważny wkład w badania nad paleotypią południowosłowiańską Recenzja nowej monografii z zakresu historii języka bułgarskiego: Ivan Petrov, Od inkunabułów do pierwszych gramatyk. Konteksty rozwoju bułgarskiego języka literackiego (koniec XV – początek XVII wieku), Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2015, ss. 268.

The article deals with tip effects between evidential and epistemic components in the meaning potential of evidential markers in Bulgarian, the focus being on sentential adverbs with inferential functions. We justify (and start with) the following assumptions: (i) for any unit we should distinguish its stable semantic meaning from its pragmatic potential which can be favored (or disfavored) by appropriate discourse conditions; (ii) there is a trade off between evidential and epistemic meaning components that are related to each other on the basis of mutual or one-sided implicatures; (iii) one-sided implicatures occur with certain hearsay markers whose epistemic implicatures can be captured as Generalized Conversational Implicatures (GCIs). On this basis, we show that (iv) GCIs work also with inferential markers; they can be classified depending on which component (the inferential or the epistemic one) can be downgraded more easily. A crucial factor favoring the inferential meaning is a perceptual basis of the inference. In general, (v) the more complicated the reconstruction of the cognitive (or communicative) basis leading to an inference, the clearer the epistemic function emerges while the evidential function remains in the background, and vice versa. The study is corpus-driven and also includes an attempt at classifying micro- and macro-contextual conditions that (dis)favor a highlighting of the evidential function. ____________________ Статья посвящена условиям, при которых происходит попеременная актуализация то эвиденциального, то эпистемического компонента в семантическом потенциале эвиденциальных показателей болгарского языка. Сосредоточиваясь на сентенциальных наречиях с инферентивными функциями, мы опираемся на следующие предпосылки: (i) для каждой единицы следует отличать её устойчивое семантическое значение от прагматического потенциала, выявлению которого способствуют (или препятствуют) те или иные коммуникативные условия; (ii) эвиденциальные и эпистемические компоненты значения довольно легко вытесняют друг друга из позиции доминанты, причём процесс подавления то одного, то другого компонента обусловлен действием обоюдных или однонаправленных импликатур; (iii) однонаправленные импликатуры происходят с определёнными показателями репортивных значений, эпистемические импликатуры которых могут быть подведены под категорию обобщённой коммуникативной импликатуры (Generalized Conversational Implicatures, GCIs). На этом основании мы показываем, что (iv) GCIs срабатывают также в значении инферентивных показателей; они могут быть классифицированы в соответствии с тем, какой из компонентов (инферентивный или эпистемический) больше подвержен по давлению. Существенным фактором, способствующим выдвижению на передний план инферентивного компонента, является перцептивная основа инференции. В общем и целом, (v) чем сложнее реконструкция когнитивной (или коммуникативной) основы, ведущей к инференции, тем ярче на переднем плане укрепляется эпистемическая функция, тогда как эвиденциальная (инферентивная) функция остаётся в тени, и наоборот. Наше исследование можно признать экспериментально-эвристическим, и оно содержит попытку классификации условий микро- и макроконтекста, которые способствуют или препятствуют высвечиванию эвиденциальной функции.

The exponents of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness and a certain type of expressive expressions in Bulgarian and Polish The paper focuses on the functions of the pronoun exponents of the semantic category of definiteness / indefiniteness in Bulgarian examples of the following type: Свършихме я. Тънко я преда. Свърши се вашата, etc. Their reference to sentences such as Свършихме я тази работа. allows interpreting the function of the phrase as thematic. This type of sentences was confronted with examples such as Тя му я изтърси една… И ти ми ги говориш едни… The features of intonation and the semantic features of the double object phrase indicate its rhematic nature. Specific formal traits of such sentences, including the usage of the exponents of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness, are related with their expressive markedness.

Multi-volume Polish-Bulgarian Confrontative Grammar Polish-Bulgarian Confrontative Grammar (GKBP) is the first and so far the only expanded attempt to make the semantic confrontation with the gradually developed interlanguage. GKBP consists of 9 volumes which were published in 12 volumen. It was decided to arrange the description of Polish-Bulgarian confrontative grammar in the direction from the contents to the form. The semantic interlanguage enabled the emergence of two equivalent grammars: the grammar of the modern Bulgarian language and the grammar of the modern Polish language. The analysis of semantic categories, which was applied in GKBP, ensures the coherent confrontative description, irrespective of whether the described languages have grammatical exponent of meanings or not. GKBP falls into the stream of modern theoretical confrontative research based on the logical theory of quantification, on the modern theory of processes titled „Petri nets”, and on the theory of logical predicate-argument structures. Our research removes the exact division into grammatical and lexical levels, thanks to which our research has introduced a lot of new observations of the examined phenomena. Universal semantic linguistic categories such as the time, the modality, the definiteness / the indefiniteness and the semantic case – which are essential for the language description, but have not yet been examined and have not been sufficiently described in the academic grammars of the Polish and Bulgarian languages – have been selected. The sequence of description in this synthesis was established not on the basis of order of developed volumes of GKBP, but on the basis of the generally accepted order of elements of the semantic structure of the sentence. The most external in the semantic structure of the sentence is its modal characteristics. Thereafter, the time, quantifiers and their order in the semantic structure of the sentence as well as the predicate-argument items are placed. Therefore, it is not an abbreviated summary of the issues analyzed in GKBP volumes. It is the description of selected semantic categories organized in accordance with the semantic order of the semantic structure of the Polish and Bulgarian sentences.

Neologisms with suffix -[а]джий(а) in Bulgarian The article examines the Bulgarian neologisms with suffix -[а]джий(а) in the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. The study is carried out on a material from two Bulgarian dictionaries of neologisms. The trend to nationalization is one of the leading trends in Bulgarian. Neologizmy z przyrostkiem -[а]джий(а) w języku bułgarskim Autorka bada bułgarskie neologizmy utworzone za pomocą przyrostka -[а]джий(а) pod koniec XX oraz na początku XXI wieku. Podstawę studium stanowi materiał z dwóch słowników neologizmów w języku bułgarskim. Tendencja do nacjonalizacji jest jedną z naczelnych tendencji w języku bułgarskim.

An annotated bibliography of academic works in the field of Bulgarian studies published in Poland between 1947 and 2012 The bibliography of Bulgarian studies includes publications by Polish and foreign authors published in Poland in the period 1947–2012. The main language of the works cited in the bibliography is Polish, a small portion (approx. 5%) is written in Bulgarian. The following bibliography is of a subject selective nature. It takes into account monographs – excluding continuous publications the inclusion of which would involve the planning of work over several years at least. The scope of the bibliography is limited to scientific publications which include studies on Bulgarian literature, Bulgarian cultural studies and research on Bulgarian history and society. Bibliografia adnotowana naukowych prac bułgarystycznych wydanych w Polsce w latach 1947–2012 Bibliografia bułgarystyczna obejmuje publikacje autorów polskich i zagranicznych, wydane na terenie Polski w latach 1947–2012. Podstawowym językiem przywołanych w bibliografii prac jest polski, niewielka część (ok. 5%) została napisana w języku bułgarskim. Poniższa bibliografia ma charakter przedmiotowy selektywny. Uwzględnia wydawnictwa zwarte – z pominięciem wydawnictw ciągłych, których umieszczenie wiązałoby się z pracą zaplanowaną na co najmniej kilka lat. Zakres bibliografii ograniczono do publikacji naukowych, które obejmują literaturoznawstwo bułgarskie, kulturoznawstwo bułgarskie, badania nad historią i społeczeństwem bułgarskim.