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This paper is devoted to the analysis of the semantics of Russian multidirectional verbs of motion (type ходить ). The author casts doubt on the traditional for Russistics, Russian as a foreign language teaching and lexicography conception of unidirectional verbs (type идти ) being the peak of the lexical-semantic pair and the possibility of explaining the meaning of the multidirectional verb through the meaning of the unidirectional one. The paper considers such rarely discussed meanings of multidirectional verbs as ‘specific process’ and potential meaning, which leads to interesting results and refutes some conventional ideas of the so called “pair” (or twinned) verbs of motion of the Russian language.

The Chronicon Bruxellense does not simply provide useful information on the date of the date (year, month, and day) of the Rus’ attack on the Constantinople (18 June 860), but is crucial for a deeper understanding of nature of this chronicle and his sources. The article reveals important details about the date and structure of the Chronicon Bruxellense. It also offers his sources of description of Rus’ raid and identifies George Monachus Continuatus’s chronicle as the principal model. By seeking to construction the victory over the Rus’, his anonymous author presents as a skilled compiler. This paper engages with recent discussion on the first attack of Rus’ on the Constantinople, while also contributing to the renewed interest in the reception of the Chronicon Bruxellense in the late Byzantine literature.

Byzantine incubation literature is the term used in research to denote early Byzantine collections of healing miracles (5th–7th century) in which the saint’s miraculous intervention is related to the incubation experience. Despite the centrality of the concepts of disease and healing in such literature, the relationship between medicine and Christian religion needs to be further explored. Based on the Egyptian collection of Miracles of Cosmas and Damian contained in manuscript Lond. Add. 37534 (BHG 373b) as a case study, this paper intends to: (1) present those miraculous accounts where food is treated as medicament, starting from a close reading of the relevant passages; (2) looking at the (Byzantine) medical knowledge integrated in these narratives.

The paper is devoted to a detailed analysis of direct and indirect references to Tărnovo, the capital of the so-called Second Bulgarian Tsardom (12th–14th centuries) in Roman history of Nikephoros Gregoras, an outstanding Byzantine scholar of the first half of the fourteenth century. An analysis of the passages devoted to this city leads to a conclusion that the status of the city was fully obvious to the Byzantine historian – this was the main, capital city of the Bulgarian state, in which its rulers permanently resided, without holding which one could not be a fully legitimate tsar of the Bulgarians and exercise real power of the northern neighbours of Byzantium. Thus the conflicts over power in contemporary Bulgaria focused primarily on taking Tărnovo. The Bulgarian tsar departed with military expeditions most often from this city, having gathered in its vicinity armed forces, and to this city Byzantines and rulers of other neighbouring countries sent their envoys to meet with the Bulgarian autocrat.

The multiple similarities between the Greek and Syriac eucharistic liturgies of Antioch and its hinterland on the one hand and the Jerusalem Liturgy of Saint James on the other hand situate Jerusalem within a single cultural area as regards liturgical life. Compared with Antioch, however, we have much more early evidence for the Liturgy of the Hours in Jerusalem. Main sources, which are briefly presented in the paper, are a) the Itinerary of Egeria, who in the 380s produced extensive liturgical notes on celebrations in the Anastasis cathedral and the related stational sites; b) the Armenian Lectionary, 5thcentury, which gives more specific detail of the services held in Jerusalem; c) the Georgian Lectionary, 6thcentury, which gives a slightly later stage of the material described in the Armenian Lectionary; d) the Old Iadgari, or first Jerusalem Tropologion, entirely preserved in Georgian. It is clear from these documents that the Anastasis Cathedral was officiated by monastic communities of different ethnic origins who used their own languages for their liturgical offices. We also have considerable evidence for this period for the Lavra of Saint Sabbas in the Judaean desert, where several ethnic communities prayed separately in their own languages, coming together only for the Eucharistic synaxis (in Greek). This multi-ethnic situation continues today on Mount Athos and continued throughout the Middle Ages on Sinai. The vast library of manuscripts at Saint Catherine’s monastery is well known. It contains manuscripts in a very wide variety of Christian languages, including numerous liturgical texts. The Manuscript Sinai Arabic 232 (13th century) contains a complete Psalter, a complete Horologion and other texts. It can be shown to be of Alexandrian Melkite origin, used by Arabic-speaking monks who were part of the Sinai community. There are archaic and specifically Egyptian, and even Coptic, elements that are of special interest.

The paper examines the terminology used by the Byzantine authors of the 10th and 11th century as regards the Samuel’s State, which was largely shaped by the Byzantine ideology and momentary aim of the political propaganda. The analysis of the Byzantine sources shows that by the end of the 10th century Basil II became known as “Scythicus”, because of his military achievements against Samuel’s State. The same context derives from Basil II’s verse Epitaph which contains ideological message about the accomplished mission given to Basil II by Christ himself in defeating the “Scythians”. Hence, Basil II was known and wanted to be remembered, among other, as the victor over the Scythians, thus designating the enemies coming from the Samuel’s State. Following this notion, in his narrative Michael Psellos portrayed Basil II as the vanquisher of the Scythians. Psellos even provided ideological context of the subjugation of the Samuel’s State, remarking that by this Basil II actually converted these people and turned them towards God.

The article refers to some aspects of the history of today’s Bulgarian and Romanian territories, going back to the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century. First, the author emphasizes the impact of the Teutonic Order in Burzenland on Bulgarian-Cuman relations in the period under question. The article provides a different alternative viewpoint on the events of the second decade of the 13th century. Contrary to researchers who focus on the South and the Bulgarian-Latin conflict, the author seeks a solution to the problem by analyzing events in the North, reaching the lands of Burzenland region in Eastern Transylvania. He analyses the Teutonic-Cuman conflict of 1211–1222 and the success of the Teutons in Cumania after 1215. The author concludes that the dramatic change in the Bulgarian-Cuman relations could be explained by a new source of military and political influence that emerged in the second decade of the 13th century – the Teutonic Order. Next, the paper is aimed at the highly discussed and controversial issue of Bulgarian-Vlach relations during the rule of the Assenid dynasty. Based on the written sources, the author explains the mass presence of Vlachs in the actions of the first Assenids with specific social, economic and political factors in the last two decades of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century.

The issue of the Bosnian church – or more precisely the dualist heresy in Bosnia – has caused serious controversies among scholars since the 19th century. The main aim of this paper is to shed new light on this controversial issue, through the analysis of the doctrine of Slavonic dualism (ordo Sclavoniae) based on Western sources. The subject of the analysis will be the sources concerning the contacts of the Cathars from France and Italy with the heretics from Sclavonia and especially the sources containing information on the doctrine, such as the 13th-century Italian sources presenting the doctrines of the Cathars belonging to ordo Sclavoniae (Cathar churches of Bagnolo and March de Treviso) and later, 14th and 15th-century sources presenting the teachings of the heretics from Bosnia. The aim of the analysis will be to reconstruct the doctrines of Slavonic dualism (ordo Sclavoniae) in order to find its distinctive features (especially comparing with two main forms of Bogomil-Cathar dualism – Bulgarian and Drugunthian) and to answer the following question: which doctrinal conceptions had the most significant influence on its formation? Knowledge concerning the sources of inspiration for the dualist doctrine of the ordo Sclavoniae will enable us to draw conclusions concerning the origins of Slavonic dualism, its evolution and to assume an attitude towards scholars’ conceptions concerning the character of the Bosnian heresy.

Historiography about the medieval Bosnian Church is a vast and complicated labyrinth, with many different sections and subsections regarding its teachings, where authors are least likely to find a compromise, or some common ground. Very often, the ruling ideologies have intertwined their interests and influences in this field of medieval study, causing the emergence of very intense emotions in wider circles of population. One remarkable episode in history of research and study of the Bosnian Church is the occurrence of medievalist from United States of America, John V. A. Fine Jr., who arrived in Bosnia and Yugoslavia at the peak of the Cold War. Fine proved to be a very meticulous researcher, who produced a book under the title: The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation. A Study of the Bosnian Church and its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries which immediately caused disturbance and wide range of reactions. With his aligning with the historiographical stream which doesn’t see the Bosnian Church as a dualistic heretical institution, rather a monastic community independent from both of the big churches of the time, Fine gave additional fuel to this theory, a theory somewhat weakened in that period as its main protagonist Jaroslav Šidak had a change of mind. The main goal of this paper is to study the immediate reactions on Fine’s thesis, in forms of reviews of his book, as well its influence in the subsequent decades of the historiographical studies of the Bosnian Church.

This text supplements another, a paper presented a decade ago on the portrayal of Umayyad rulers in Chronography of Theophanes the Confessor (B. Cecota, Islam, the Arabs and Umayyad Rulers according to Theophanes the Confessor’s Chronography, “Studia Ceranea” 2, 2012, p. 97–111). I am limiting myself here to discussing only those source remarks which directly concern one of the Abbasid Caliphs, or alternatively, to narratives structured in such a manner that they implied certain traits of a ruler. General remarks concerning the portrayal of the entire dynasty have been included, both in the main text and in the footnotes, only where this was necessary for the understanding of the context in which the Caliphs’ descriptions appear.

The results of a historical and cultural commentary on a previously unknown inscription by S. A. Yesenin, made by him in 1921 on a piece of paper, which was subsequently pasted into the book “Triptych” (Berlin: Publishing House “Scythians”, 1920), are presented. The scientific study of writers' dedicatory inscriptions as a separate area in domestic literary criticism is currently at the stage of its formation, which determines the relevance of the proposed study. It is proved that the addressee of Yesenin's dedication inscription is his elder friend and mentor in poetry Nikolai Alekseevich Klyuev (1884—1937) and it was made by the poet in December 1921 simultaneously with a short letter also addressed to Klyuev after a twoyear break in their creative communication. It is pointed out that Klyuev’s nickname “deacon Kolya” in Yesenin's script does not have negative connotations and serves as a playful, gentle definition of Klyuev’s mentoring role in Yesenin's poetic fate. An analysis of the structural and semantic connections of Yesenin's texts of the dedicatory inscription and letter makes it possible to establish that the inscription contains an implicit personal message for the renewal of former friendly relations between poets who have drifted away from each other due to creative differences. On the basis of Klyuev's reply message from Vytegra (January 28, 1922), it was established that Yesenin, at the end of December 1921, along with a letter, gave him his new books (including the “Triptych” containing poems of 1917) through Nikolai Ilyich Arkhipov (1887—1967) (a Vytegorsk acquaintance of Klyuev), who came to Moscow as a delegate to the IX All-Russian Congress of Soviets (December 23—28, 1921). It is put forward and substantiated that Yesenin, not being able to make a dedication to Klyuev on the book, sent an autographed sheet with Arkhipov for its subsequent pasting into the book. The authors of the article do not rule out that the pasting of Yesenin's inscription on the title page of the Berlin edition may have a later character. However, even so, it has an undoubted symbolic meaning, appealing to the Scythian philosophy, which united the poets in 1915—1917, being one of the signs of their spiritual kinship, the feeling of which Yesenin will carry through his entire creative life.

The article is devoted to the study of doctor-patient verbal interaction, carried out in line with the patient-centered approach. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to identify the linguistic means used to organize the doctor-patient verbal interaction and to develop in the patient conscious desire to be involved in the treatment process. It is noted that giving the patient greater autonomy in the decision-making process regarding medical treatment methods, the doctor is expected to have the communication skills to structure the text of the conversation and to provide the information in a perception-friendly sequence. The object of the study is medical consultations with cancer patients. The purpose of the study is to identify structural components of the dialogues that include linguistic means aimed to verbalize the patient-centered approach. Authentic Russian-language medical consultations with low-risk prostate cancer patients served as the empirical material. The article presents a comparative analysis of approaches to structuring medical consultations based on Russian, English and German languages; identified structural components aimed to inform the patient in accordance with the patient-centered approach, and the examples of their verbal design. The paper draws conclusions about the semantic and linguistic content of the structural components that help to attract the patient to conscious participation in communication and treatment.

In 1824 Pushkin was exiled to his mother’s estate Mikhailovskoye, where he was to stay until 1826. Then he was set free by the enthroned Tsar Nicholas I. Praskovia Alexandrovna Osipova-Vulf, the mistress of Trigorskoye, and her numerous family were Pushkin’s only neighbours during his exile period. A myth was gradually forming in the minds of Pushkin’s readers and admirers. According to this myth Pushkin depicted Trigorskoye in the village chapters of “Eugene Onegin,” Trigorskoye ladies and their mother became the prototype of the novel’s female characters, and Osipova’s son Alexey Wulf, then a student in Dorpat, became the prototype of Lensky. This myth, which in fact ignores the aesthetic self-value of a literary text, was started by M.I. Semevsky’s essay “A Trip to Trigorskoye,” as well as by Alexey Wulf’s own “Diary.” The paper deals with this myth evolution, considering how it subsequently rises from the realm of essays and memoirs to become a part of scholarly works and forms the concept basis of the museum space after the house-museum in Trigorskoye was founded. The appendix contains the minutes of a scientific meeting of the Pushkin’s Reserve’s staff in 1960, which reveals the mechanism of Trigorskoye mythologemes’ introduction into the museums space.

At the request of the editorial board of the journal Slavic World in the Third Millennium, Tatyana Andreevna Pokivailova (born 1936), D.Sc. in History, senior researcher at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, recounts her life and career path in historical research. In 1960, she graduated from the Faculty of History of Moscow State University, and since 1968 all her professional activity has been associated with the Institute of Slavic Studies. Tatyana Andreevna is a recognised specialist in the modern history of Romania and on key issues in the history of Soviet-Romanian relations. She is the author of many dozens of papers and introduced into circulation a large number of archival documents revealing the offi cial position of Moscow towards Romania in different decades. Tatyana Andreevna spoke about her childhood and youth, student years, work with colleagues at the Institute of Slavic Studies, research trips abroad, and long-term contacts with Romanian colleagues within the framework of joint projects, as well as about the activities of the bilateral Russian-Romanian commission of historians. Her memoirs show how diffi culties in Russian-Romanian and Soviet-Romanian relations in the twentieth century affected the work of historians.

With the permission of the editorial board of the journal Historical expertise we publish the interview with Maria Voittovna Leskinen, Doctor of Historical Sciences, lead researcher of the Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Science. She was interviewed by Ekaterina Mikhailovna Boltunova, Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, head of the International Laboratory for the Regional History of Russia in the National Research University Higher School of Economics. The text of the interview was first published on the website of the journal Historical expertise in the April 2021 and hasn’t been printed before. Area of Maria Leskinen’s expertise is study of the images and perceptions of ethnocultural distinctivness of the peoples in the public and scientifi c discources. She analyzed the issues of formation of the Polish Sarmatian ideology of the 16th–17th centuries, also history and evolution of the hetero- and autostereotypes of the Poles and Finns in the ethnological and educational conceptions of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. Her last papers are dedicated to reconstruction of the perceptions of Great Russians and Little Russians as the „branches“ of the triune Russian people by russian academic community, and also to the debates about the ways of representation of the ideal type of a Great Russian during the period of emperial nationmaking. The interview touches on an issue of situation with reviewing in the national historical science, its quality and the state of the professional critisizing and polemic.

The paper focuses on Dostoevsky’s influence in D. Tartt’s novel The Secret History. The author shows how the main plot collisions of Crime and Punishment are inverted in the book of the American writer. The character of the book is the collective antagonist of Raskolnikov who recognizes the right to kill. The Übermensch is portrayed in the novel as the impeccable rationalist Mycroft Holmes. The spiritual force that guides Tartt’s characters on the path of transformation into an Übermensch is the pagan god Dionysus, to whom the students go to kill. The novel shows the self-destruction of a murderer who refused to see a person in his victim. The author’s voice in the novel is designed on the model of Dostoevsky’s poetics, using the reception of strange phrases uttered by the hero for no reason, as it happens during the wake with the family of a murdered student. At this moment, a phrase pops up in Richard’s head by itself: “It was I who killed the old woman and her sister Lizaveta with an axe and robbed her”. This phrase of Raskolnikov is a brief synopsis of the plot of Crime and Punishment. In Donna Tartt’s novel, this phrase expresses the author’s position, the author’s explanation of what is happening in the book: other characters in another world repeat Raskolnikov’s fate, and the author shows what this leads to. Raskolnikov managed to escape by converting to Christ and accepting his human nature. Donna Tartt’s Übermensch could not be saved, because instead of Christ he communicated with Dionysus. Taking communion with Dionysus in the ancient ritual of homophagy, students go to murder. The novel shows the self-destruction of all five murderers who refused to see a person in their victim: suicide (Henry), suicide attempt (Francis), alcohol and drugs up to complete desocialization (Charles), selfpunishment in the form of rejection of the joys of life and communication with people (Camilla), loneliness (Richard). Thus, Donna Tartt proves from the opposite the same idea that Dostoevsky expressed in his Orthodox novel: every life is priceless, murder destroys people and the world.

The formation of the terminological system of the polycode text theory as part of the lexical system of the Russian language is the current interest of Russian scientists’ research. The purpose of the proposed study is to overview the existing terms describing a complex text that combines series of semiotically heterogeneous codes to express a common idea. The relevance of the research is explained by the need to create a unified system of terms to describe the polycode text. The material of the study are scientific works devoted to the polycode text; the authors give quotes from scientific works that have the greatest influence on the formation of the theory of polycode text. The study considers terminological pairs: polycode - creolized text; linear - nonlinear text; polycode - polymodal text; iconic - non-verbal components of a polycode text; primary - secondary polycode text; and a separate term “paragraphemic means of a polycode text.” Currently, the polycode text is implemented in various types of discourse. The largest number of scientific papers that the authors consider are composed on the material of academic, advertising, cinema and educational discourses. Interest in the polycode text as an object of scientific analysis, on the one hand, and as an instrument, on the other, is increasing in view of growing significance of digital technologies and the semiotic series accompanying them in modern communication. As the results of the study, the authors note the relevant aspects of the polycode text studies, which include the problem of decoding, the difficulties in translating the polycode text, the prospects of a comparative analysis of the polycode text on the material of several languages, and the social orientation of the polycode text.

This paper initiates a series of publications on the morphology of the dialect of Staroshvedskoye (Sw. Gammalsvenskby), which is the only surviving Scandinavian dialect on the territory of the former Soviet Union. The village of Staroshvedskoye is located in the Kherson region, Ukraine. Its Swedish dialect historically belongs to the group of Swedish dialects of Estonia and goes back to the dialect of the island of Dagö (Hiiumaa). The dialect of Gammalsvenskby is of interest to slavists as an example of a language island in the Slavonic environment. From around the 1950s, the main spoken language of all village residents, including dialect speakers, has been surzhik. Due to the complete lack of studies of the present-day dialect and because of the severe endangerment in which the dialect is currently situated, the most urgent task is to collect, classify and publish the factual material. This paper introduces comprehensive material on nouns in the conservative variety of the present-day dialect. It lists all masculine nouns of type 1a together with their cognates from Estonian Swedish dialects; comments on the history of the forms are given as well. The sources for the material presented here are interviews with speakers of the conservative variety of the dialect recorded by the author during fieldwork in the village from 2004 to 2012. We plan to publish nouns of other types in later articles.

This paper initiates a series of publications on the morphology of the dialect of Staroshvedskoye (Sw. Gammalsvenskby), which is the only surviving Scandinavian dialect on the territory of the former Soviet Union. The village of Staroshvedskoye is located in the Kherson region, Ukraine. Its Swedish dialect historically belongs to the group of Swedish dialects of Estonia and goes back to the dialect of the island of Dagö (Hiiumaa). The dialect of Gammalsvenskby is of interest to slavists as an example of a language island in the Slavonic environment. From around the 1950s, the main spoken language of all village residents, including dialect speakers, has been surzhik. Due to the complete lack of studies of the present-day dialect and because of the severe endangerment in which the dialect is currently situated, the most urgent task is to collect, classify and publish the factual material. This paper introduces comprehensive material on nouns in the conservative variety of the present-day dialect. It lists all masculine nouns of type 1a together with their cognates from Estonian Swedish dialects; comments on the history of the forms are given as well. The sources for the material presented here are interviews with speakers of the conservative variety of the dialect recorded by the author during fieldwork in the village from 2004 to 2012. We plan to publish nouns of other types in later articles.

This paper presents a word order analysis of sentence in Croatian anonymous prose comedies that originate from the 17th century Dubrovnik area. The results of the analysis are compared with the word order of the Dubrovnik’s literary language of that time. A comparison with Lazibat’s research results on Dubrovnik’s archive documents from the 17th and 18th century, and Lovrić Jović’s ones about Dubrovnik’s testaments from the same period of time are adjecent to the synchronic approach; a diachronic review is made in comparison to Rešetar’s language research from Ranjina’s collection of papers, Držić’s language, Lovrić Jović’s research of frančezarije and Budmani’s research of the nineteen-century Dubrovnik speech. Special attention is dedicated to the placing of the enclitics, which is, as expected, mostly older so pronominal enclitic precedes the verb enclitic, but depending on smješnica, a lot of exceptions were also perceived.

The basic methodological framework for research is established in the paper. In order to establish the methodological starting point for analysing word order in the Kajkavian syntax, it was first necessary to provide an overview and analysis of syntactic descriptions of word order of (unstressed) syntactic units in Croatian grammars and other language reference books, whereby the emphasis was placed on the overview of research on the Kajkavian syntax based on Kajkavian grammars and individual analyses of contemporary Kajkavian subdialects. Based on the survey conducted by the authors in May and June 2012, the paper presents and describes the order of unstressed syntactic units in the Kajkavian dialect.

This paper deals with the characteristics ofthe accents in the dialects and toponymy of Zažablje and Popovo. In the first part ofthe paper important characteristics of phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon of Zažablje and Popovo are analyzed and this area is compared to other štokavian dialect areas. In the second part ofthe paper the local accentual characteristics are analyzed, e.g. the accentuation ofold and contemporary loanwords, the distinctive role ofthe accent and reflexes ofthe Proto-Slavic accentual paradigms. In the last part ofthe paper some differences in accentuation in different local dialects are analyzed, especially those corresponding to national affiliation.

The aim of this paper is to present the origin and distribution of the accents in the dialects of the eastern Ludbreg-Podravina region. The prosody of the dialects belonging to the area on the east of Ludbreg on the route Ludbreg – Legrad has not yet been presented in the up-to-date studies of the local dialects in this area, and this paper aims to describe the current situation subject to ongoing change due to the media influence and population migration. One of the expected changes in the development of phonology systems of local dialects is the disappearance of the difference in length. This study is a continuation of recent studies of phonology systems of the dialects of the Ludbreg-Podravina region.

The paper deals with the publishing history in the post-Soviet era of three very prominent works in Gulag literature in Italian translation – Life and Fate by Vasilij Grossman, Kolyma Tales by Varlam Šalamov and The Gulag Archipelago by Aleksandr Solženicyn – in order to reconstruct their Italian reception in the years 1991-2022. The controversies surrounding the publication of these works in Italy are also discussed, and it is noted how the Italian press has paid particular attention to them, with major Italian writers reviewing the editions and contributing to their Italian reception. Finally, the lack of critical reflection by Italian Russianists on Gulag literature is discussed.

This paper offers a survey of the reception of Ivo Andrić in Italy from 1991 to 2021. The most widely translated South Slavic author, Andrić is unique in having not only major but also minor works translated into Italian. In some cases, various translations of the same text have been carried out, and numerous translators have worked with a wide range of publishers, from small to large publishing houses. In addition to novels, short stories represent the part of Andrić’s oeuvre that translators have cultivated more intensely over the last thirty years. Formal studies of the author’s work have increased since the early 1990s, but only one monograph has been published (P. Lazarević Di Giacomo, I romanzi-cronache di Ivo Andrić).

The specific features of the calendar of the Ostromir Gospel are discussed in this paper in comparison with the calendars of other Slavonic manuscripts, gospels and apostoli. The Ostromir Gospel contains a large number of rare commemorations that are typical of the Typikon of the Great Church Hagia Sofia. The paper provides a list of these commemorations together with data from the other Slavonic manuscripts in which they are included. The list shows that the largest number of these commemorations are found in several Bulgarian apostoli: the Enina Apostol, the Ohrid Apostol, Apostol No. 882 in the National Library in Sofia, Apostol and Gospel No. 508 in the National Library in Sofia, and in two Bulgarian menaia: the Draganov Menaion and the Menaion from the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg No. F.п.I.72. The paper also examines another specific feature of the Ostromir Gospel: the short hagiographic information it contains on some of the saints. These data are very similar to the notes in the Typikon of the Great Church. Hagiographic notes of this kind are also preserved in the calendars of several other Slavonic manuscripts, i.e., the same apostoli and menaia mentioned above. The paper also discusses the Western commemorations in the Ostromir Gospel, which are also found in the above-mentioned Bulgarian apostoli and menaia. All these data could be interpreted as evidence that the calendars of all these manuscripts have a common source, an archetype that contained a translation of the calendar of the Typikon of the Great Church Hagia Sophia. I argue that this archetype was the first calendar translated by the Holy Brothers Cyril and Methodius, and that it was embedded in the book of Acts and Epistles that they most likely translated themselves, or in a book which contained both the Acts and Epistles and the Gospels. The calendar of that book most likely was supplemented with Western commemorations during the mission in Great Moravia. This larger book was brought to Bulgaria by the disciples of the Holy Brothers and was later divided into an Apostolus and a Gospel. ____________________ В статье рассмотрены специфические черты календаря Остромирова евангелия в сравнении с календарями других славянских рукописей, евангельских и апостольких. Остромирово евангелие содержит большое количество редких памятей, характерных для Устава Великой церкви. В статье приводится список этих памятей вместе с данными других славянских рукописей, в которые они включены. Из данного списка явствует, что наибольшее количество таких памятей оказывается в нескольких болгарских апостолах: Енинском, Охридском, Апостоле № 882 Народной библиотеки им. Кирилла и Мефодия в Софии (НБКМ) и Апостоле с Евангелием № 508 НБКМ — и в двух болгарских минеях: Драгановой Минее и Минее Российской национальной библиотеки (СПб.), № F.п.I.72. В статье также проанализированы другие специфические черты Остромирова евангелия, а именно содержащиеся в нём краткие агиографические сведения о некоторых святых. Эти данные весьма близки записям в Уставе Великой церкви. Агиографические записи подобного рода сохранились также в календарях нескольких славянских рукописей, а именно в тех же упомянутых выше апостолах и минеях. Содержащиеся в них западные памяти, параллельные тем, что находятся в Остромировом евангелии, также рассмотрены в настоящей статье. Приведённые данные могут быть интерпретированы как свидетельство того, что календари всех этих рукописей восходят к общему источнику, который содержал перевод календаря из Устава Великой церкви. Я утверждаю, что данный архетип был первым календарём, переведённым святыми братьями Кириллом и Мефодием, и что он входил в состав Апостола, который они, по всей видимости, сами и перевели, или же в книгу, объединяющую Апостол и Евангелие. Календарь этой книги, скорее всего, был дополнен западными памятями во время Моравской миссии Солунских братьев. Эта более пространная книга была принесена в Болгарию уже их учениками и позднее оказалась разделена на Апостол и Евангелие.

The article touches upon logical culture as a factor in argumentation. The paper traces interaction of two ancient disciplines — rhetoric and logic, which are regarded as the basis for the development of ancient and modern theories of language and style. The author believes that logical and rhetoric methods have a universal character. The examples of using the deductive techniques taken from the works of G. Galileo, the creator of experimental physics, and N.M. Gersevanov, the Russian scientist of the 20th century and the founder of the Russian school of building mechanics are given in this paper.

The specific features of the calendar of the Ostromir Gospel are discussed in this paper in comparison with the calendars of other Slavonic manuscripts, gospels and apostoli. The Ostromir Gospel contains a large number of rare commemorations that are typical of the Typikon of the Great Church Hagia Sofia. The paper provides a list of these commemorations together with data from the other Slavonic manuscripts in which they are included. The list shows that the largest number of these commemorations are found in several Bulgarian apostoli: the Enina Apostol, the Ohrid Apostol, Apostol No. 882 in the National Library in Sofia, Apostol and Gospel No. 508 in the National Library in Sofia, and in two Bulgarian menaia: the Draganov Menaion and the Menaion from the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg No. F.п.I.72. The paper also examines another specific feature of the Ostromir Gospel: the short hagiographic information it contains on some of the saints. These data are very similar to the notes in the Typikon of the Great Church. Hagiographic notes of this kind are also preserved in the calendars of several other Slavonic manuscripts, i.e., the same apostoli and menaia mentioned above. The paper also discusses the Western commemorations in the Ostromir Gospel, which are also found in the above-mentioned Bulgarian apostoli and menaia. All these data could be interpreted as evidence that the calendars of all these manuscripts have a common source, an archetype that contained a translation of the calendar of the Typikon of the Great Church Hagia Sophia. I argue that this archetype was the first calendar translated by the Holy Brothers Cyril and Methodius, and that it was embedded in the book of Acts and Epistles that they most likely translated themselves, or in a book which contained both the Acts and Epistles and the Gospels. The calendar of that book most likely was supplemented with Western commemorations during the mission in Great Moravia. This larger book was brought to Bulgaria by the disciples of the Holy Brothers and was later divided into an Apostolus and a Gospel.

Cultural artefacts (musical instruments) and music in the Bible: On the question of the music of poetry, hymnography and the lyric poetry of Nikolay Liliev The present paper is dedicated to the symbols of musical culture in semiotic and cultural discourse, as reflected by the category “cultural artefacts” (musical instruments) in the Bible. At the same time, it is as an attempt to demonstrate the literary critical and musicological potential of the problem. The category “musical instruments” in biblical texts has been discussed in a historical perspective. Another issue analysed in the paper are the rhythmic and metric structures of Byzantine and Bulgarian hymnography. Both these questions are viewed from the perspective of musical and poetical homology in Bulgarian symbolist poetry, specifically in the lyric poetry of Nikolay Liliev, and of the connections of Orthodox hymnography with broadly understood musicality of poetry. Artefakty (instrumenty muzyczne) i muzyka w Biblii. O muzyczności tekstu literackiego, hymnografii i liryki Nikołaja Liliewa Artykuł poświęcony jest roli symboli kultury muzycznej w dyskursie semiotycznym i kulturowym na podstawie kategorii artefaktów kulturowych (instrumentów muzycznych) w Biblii oraz stanowi próbę ukazania literacko-krytycznego i muzykologicznego potencjału zagadnienia. Kategoria „instrumenty muzyczne” w tekstach biblijnych została omówiona w perspektywie historycznej. Tekst analizuje również problematykę struktur rytmicznych i metrycznych hymnografii bizantyjskiej i bułgarskiej. W drugiej części artykułu oba zagad­nienia rozpatrywane są w aspekcie muzycznej i poetyckiej homologii poezji symbolistów bułgarskich, na podstawie liryki Nikołaja Lilijewa. Inną kwestię podejmowaną w wyżej wymienionym kontekście są niektóre związki i relacje pomiędzy hymnografią prawosławną a szeroko rozumianą muzycznością poezji.

The paper deals with questions regarding the formation of the modern Ukrainian nation and, particularly, the impact of the political activities and writings of G. A. Poletika (1725–1784). The author reconstructs the context of the genesis of Poletika’s views of the history of “Malorossiya” and the Zaporozhian Host. The paper shows that the debates about the rights and duties of the nobility, in which Poletika was deeply involved, could not produce radically new political language capable of questioning the integrity of the Russian Empire. This, in turn, derives from the fact that preservation of “Malorossiyan rights” was an important element of political bargaining for the Ukrainian Cossack elite. The purpose of this bargain was to consolidate the privileged position of the Cossack elite. In Poletika’s writings, the ideal of the “Hetmanate” or independent “Ukrainian Cossack state,” as well as feelings about the loss of the “Ukrainian state,” was absent, even though this concept was common to all Malorossiyan social groups. The Cossack past was considered by Poletika as an “age of misfortune,” in contrast to the Polish times. The author concludes that there were significant ruptures in the process of building the modern Ukrainian nation.

The paper offers a short analysis of the main subject in Taras Ševčenko’s famous ballad Topolja from 1839; in the ballad, a young girl forced to marry an older man by her own mother asks nature for help and, eventually, finds herself turned into a slim poplar. In Ukrainian philology, Ševčenko’s poetic masterpiece was initially compared to similar subjects in Ukrainian folk songs. Ivan Franko, however, already in 1890 also mentioned ancient Greek and Roman literature and Russian and Polish Romanticism as a broader European context for Topolja. Underlining this broader European approach as offered by Franko, the paper delivers further material from Greek, Russian, Slovene, and German literature from Homer and Aleksandr S. Puškin up to the German expressionist poet Georg Heym. The various works of all these writers clearly demonstrate that comparing a girl with a poplar was a poetic subject used at least up until the beginning of the 20th century. Next to this, the comparison as introduced into Ukrainian literature by Taras Ševčenko in 1839, is also typical of Pavlo Tyčyna’s early collections of poems, which are now appreciated as masterpieces of Ukrainian modernism.

The paper firstly presents the theoretical basis for an analysis of prepositions as a type of word in terms of general linguisticics and standard language. A review of papers dealing with prepositions within general linguistics, the Croatian language and the Čakavian dialect is given. According to the given aims and tasks of the research, based firstly on a lack of systematic descriptions of prepositions in the chosen dialect area, and according to previously established methodology which includes dialectal parameters into analysis and description of the language features of local speeches on one hand, and general linguistics and standard theoretical findings in the description of the meaning of prepositions on the other, we have established a basic inventory of prepositions in the Ekavian and Ikavian Čakavian dialects, the distribution of prepositions with case in a sentence and a descriptive model for the meaning of prepositions in their syntactic environment. the paper also provides a comparison of prepositions in dialects with those in the standard language. This model shows that the presence of the linguistic principles of general linguistics can be confirmed in the dialectal corpus, as well as in any other inorganic or organic, abstract or concrete language system.

The Gornja Lonja dialect is distinguished by some fundamental characteristics, for which reason this dialect is separated into a special entity of its own. Based on the current studies of largely Zelina and Vrbovec vernaculars of this dialect and the papers published to date (Kalinski, Lončarić, Šojat), this paper describes the fundamental linguistic properties of the Gornja Lonja dialect at all linguistic levels. The accentual properties include cross circumflex and acute metatony and cross metataxis, change of short syllablic stress location. From the basic Kajkavian lopàta and nosìti, the vernaculars of this dialect obtained lòpata and nòsiti, and from jàgoda, plàkati they obtained jagòda, plakàti. The third property is another specific and important accentual phenomenon – stress withdrawal from the second syllable with the long-descending and older acute towards the end of the word. For instance, from older govȇdina and pȋtamo / mlȃtimo, the vernaculars obtained govēdìna and pītàmo / mlātìmo. The vocalism consists of two vocal systems, which are distinguished by the diphthongs ie and ou in long syllables of Zelina vernaculars. The consonantism is constituted of an inventory of phonemes equal to the basic Kajkavian system. The main difference is depalatalisation of ļ and ń peculiar to Zelina vernaculars. In the context of morphological properties, which are largely characteristic of the dialect, it is important to single out the first person plural present: in Zelina vernaculars the ending is -mȩ and in Vrbovec -mo. Some basic or specific syntactic properties are shown in the syntax of cases and tenses on the examples from Vrbovec vernaculars. The dialect retained the lexical stock characteristic of the Kajkavian lexis typical of ancient linguistics or by meaning and use peculiar to that dialect. The lexis is also characterised by the common Kajkavian use of diminutives and hypocorism, Germanisms and Hungarianisms, but also by a rich inventory of Kajkavian phrases. In the end, as commonly done in the dialectal landscape of a language, in the framework of the dialectal entity of the specific Kajkavian dialect, in this case the Gornja Lonja dialect, it is possible to consider more conservative and revolutionary properties that also depend on the geographical position of dialects inside the Kajkavian dialect group.

In the paper The meaning of "e-": Neologisms as Markers of Culture and Technology, Lucinda McDonald analyses the meaning of the element e- in the English language. The authors of this paper collected a corpus of Croatian e-words and analyzed them from different viewpoints: orthographic, lexicographic, terminological and semantic. They attempted to formulate orthographic rules describing the way in which the words with this element should be written, and suggest that some of these words be included in future Croatian general and terminological dictionaries. The authors also analyze words that are synonymous or quasi-synonymous with e-words, and try to determine the status of e-terms.

Numerous linguistic studies have attempted to analyze the presence of Romanisms in the dialect of the central Dalmatian Coast. However, the speech used in the surrounding area (the Dalmatian hinterland) has been less extensively researched and studied. This paper analyses the remnants of Romance influences in the large yet sparsely populated area surrounding Biokovo. In light of the fact that linguistic borrowings are mostly evident in noun and verb categories, this paper pays particular attention to the morphological characteristics of Romance adjectives, since less research has been carried out in this specific area. The observed corpus was obtained by extracting Romanisms from recent lexicographic works. An overview of the social and historical background of the Biokovo area is provided, which explains how the Romance influences came to be. A lexicographical and etymological analysis of adjectives of Romance origin is provided, followed by an examination of the adaptation of these adjectives.

The paper analyses the poetry of Czesław Miłosz as a field of intersubjective relationships, referring to the aesthetics of Mikhail Bakhtin. In the collection “Oca­lenie” (1945), the subject is viewed as a mediator, and this is more fully elaborated in the later poetical works of Miłosz. Various ways of expressing the subject “I” as the mediator actualize its problematic status and intersubjective relationships, its dialogue with the ot­her characters of other poetical texts. Poetical charac­ters differ in either being dead (and thus existing only in memory related with biographical texts) or acting in another world (God and Daemonion). The subject gives voice to characters of the other world and in this way becomes a mediator. A specific emphasis is given to the concept of Daemonion. The paper ana­lyses different texts in which this image appears, and morphs. A question arises whether Daemonion is a character, or whether it is related to the complicated issue of form and content. To conclude, Daemonion appearing in poetry is the form itself. Also presented are various forms of the expressed subject (subject-witness, subject-chronicler, subject-shaman), which are related to the changing poetry, and the visual development of the characters.

The author of the article presents a structural analysis of the Homeric Hymns. Drawing on the results of a research based upon a quantitative approach, that is, calculation of various formal textual parameters sup­plemented by a qualitative interpretation of achieved results, he discusses the structural features of the cor­pus of the Homeric Hymns as a textual whole, the distribution of the hymns according to the dedica­tions attached to them, i. e. according to their divine or heroic addressee, and the structural framework of the hymns of different length.First of all, in the first chapter of the article, which serves as an introduction to the investigative part of this paper (the presentation of the results of the research proper), the author briefly discusses the historical process of the formation of the Hymns’ corpus and some other textological issues relevant to the ensuing research.After that, in the second chapter of the article, the author focuses on the compositional structure of the whole corpus of the Homeric Hymns, suggesting a hypothetical scheme of dividing the overall narra­tive sequence of the whole corpus of the Homeric Hymns into eight sequential groups. It is argued that each of these sequential groups has a unity of its own,which might be described in terms of both form and content. Special attention is given to the admira­bly smooth transition from almost any one sequential group to the next one.In the third chapter, the author discusses the distribution of the Hymns according to their dedication, i. e. according to their divine or heroic addressee. Presenting an interpretation of the quantitative re­sults arrived at in this chapter, the author suggests some possible answers (or, rather, only some clues) as to why some ancient Greek deities are given in the Homeric Hymns much more attention than oth­ers (for example, why some especially prominent Greek gods, say, Zeus, Poseidon, or Hades, are made to stand in the shadow of some subordinate or even minor, if not marginal, deities).In the fourth chapter of the article, the author focuses on the structural framework of typical indi­vidual hymns of different length. During this stage of the research, the author posits five typical groups of the hymns according to their length and briefly dis­cusses the specific features of the hymns belonging to these five groups in terms of their form, content, and a correlation between their form and content.At the end of the article, the conclusion is made that some kind of a quantitative approach to the Ho­meric Hymns, for example, such as presented in this paper, if correctly conducted and creatively interpret­ed, might present us valuable fresh insights into the structural nature of the corpus of the Homeric Hymns as a whole, as well as shed some light on the prob­lems of the structure of individual hymns. As a con­sequence of these deeper insights, we find ourselves in a situation where we should abandon all talk about the so-called structural chaos of the Homeric Hymns.

The paper presents an analysis of 300 toponymic types in the village of Kotezi in the northeastern part of Popovo on the basis of field work and a review of historical data. In the first part of the paper, the geographical location of the village and a short historical overview are given. In the second part of the paper, demographic conditions are analyzed. In the third part, the etymology of the oikonym Kotezi is explained, and in the fourth part, other village toponyms are classified according to their meaning. In the fifth part of the paper, toponyms are divided according to language origin. From the rich topono-mastic data, the toponyms Puč and Skorata are analyzed as the most likely Romance remnants. In the toponymy, the disused appellatives of slavic origin bit (compare Czech byt 'appartement') and hrž (compare kajkavian hrž 'rye') are found. The most represented adstrate layer is Turkish, and Venetian traces are found as well.

The epithet ‘first witnesses’, conferred on the three saints in the title, is but a conventional designation; it seems fitting as common for the figures of saints, who gave proof of their devotion to Christ. Otherwise, although they make no simultaneous appearance in any of the canonical texts, there are – interestingly – far more interconnections between the three characters in pseudo-canonical and legendary literature than could be surmised from the lack thereof in the Bible. The aim of the paper is to present a literary picture of three New Testament heroes, as commemorated in different literary texts representing diverse cultural registers, even from the Ancient Christian Times until the close of the Middle Ages. Among them there are short and extended lives and passions of saints, liturgical poetry, as well as specific, more popular texts, such as ‘tales’ and legends. The material under discussion largely includes texts that form a part of the Slavic Orthodox tradition, depicting them on the background of fairly wellknown works belonging to the Western Christian tradition. It turns out that the legends are inspired by the canonical text on the one hand, while on the other hand they themselves infiltrate official texts – they become officially sanctioned as soon as their popularity is taken over and adopted by liturgical practice. It should be borne in mind that those legends – part of which is known both in the Eastern and in the Western Christianity – confirm one further crucial characteristic of texts constituting the canonical and pseudo-canonical tradition: the commonness of themes and motifs which can without exaggeration be called ‘wandering’. They determine the fact that there is hardly any originality in the formation of the characters of patron saints; moreover, on the level of creating the notion of sainthood and its reception, there seem to be far more common points than differences between both of the Early Christian traditions – the East and the West. The paper is an attempt to point out how the Christian tradition exemplifies various manifestations of holiness, what means it has for annotating, elucidating and embellishing the Biblical hypertext, and how it adapts pseudo-canonical legends for the purposes of liturgical use.

In this paper, we identify templates used for the transcription of the Lectionary of Leipzig (LL), written in the Cyrillic script. Milan Rešetar undoubtedly proved that the main template was the second edition of the Lectionary of Father Bernardinus Spalatensis (1543), but in a review of the relevant literature in the first part of our paper, we show that this information is not generally known and that, even today, the creation of the LL is associated with the end of the 15th or the beginning of 16th century. Joseph Schütz, who published the only monograph on this manuscript in 1963, is responsible for its incorrect dating. The work of scientists who refuted his work is also not known enough by the scientific public. This paper will try to amend this fact. In the second part, we deal with concrete examples of relations between LL and its templates. Beside the analysis of some interesting and problematic examples already identified in literature, we try to present some important but unknown examples and their interpretations.

Rječnik varaždinskoga kajkavskoga govora (Dictionary of the Kajkavian speech of Varžadin) by Tomislav Lipljin (Varaždin, 2002) contains onymic data – personal names, family names, nicknames, econyms, names of inhabitants of cities or regions, ethnonyms, microtoponyms, and names of holidays. The personal name is the onymic category that occurs most frequently in the dictionary. The introductory part of the paper will provide a short overview of the dictionary with a special analysis of nominal word entries. The central part of the paper will provide an analysis of personal names attested in the dictionary. They are then analyzed according to the person they denote (male or female) and according to the origin of the name (aloglotic or idioglotic). Linguistic (phonological, morphological, word formation) and extralinguistic features (sociological, historical, etc.) are deduced from the names attested in the dictionary. The author focuses her attention on the occurrence of personal names in name formulas. Personal names included in the dictionary are compared with those occurring in older documents connected with the history of Varaždin and with those given to children today. Attention is given to the definition of personal names in the dictionary entry – the author stresses the need for precise definition. Summing up the characteristics of personal names included in Rječnik varaždinskoga kajkavskog govora, the author stresses the importance of anthroponymic data in dialectological dictionaries.

The paper is a detailed terminological description of vocabulary concerning family relations. It describes the terms for ‘brother’s son’ in three components of the Croatian language: dialectological data, which is analysed, described and mapped; lexicographical data, through a diachronic consideration of grammars from the 17th century up to modern dictionaries of the Croatian standard language; and the online corpus of literary works in the Croatian language. Several terms were found: sinovac, bratan, bratanac, bratanić, braten, bratić, nećak, neput, nevodo. The paper presents the wealth of Croatian lexical heritage and provides a cartographic display of the areal distribution of lexemes within the Croatian linguistic area.

Based on field and archival research, around 300 toponyms of the village Orahovi Do in the southern part of Popovo are analyzed. In the first part of the paper, an overview of demographic conditions is given. This area has been exposed to great migrations, for which reason the area is twenty times less inhabited than it was at the end of the 15th century. In the second part of the paper, the topography of Orahovi Do is provided, as is data on local inhabitants in the present and in the past. In the third part, the toponymy of Orahovi Do is analyzed, in which toponyms of anthroponymic origin prevail.

The paper analyses masculine personal names in Promina from the oldest written documents until modern day. The transformations of the name repertoire are followed through time and the reasons for their occurrence are given. The paper also analyses the forms of personal names in informal communication.

The paper aims at presenting the research potential of the transformational paradigm of the phraseological unit as a set of all detected speech realisations of its updated invariant, formed not by the principle of “predicting” the possible transformations, but of “collecting” their actual variants in speech. The starting points in this case are both the intralingual multi-sided (according to R. Sternemann) model of comparing the actual speech updates of the phraseological unit with its invariant as tertium comparationis and the broad understanding of the object of phraseology. The basic methods are methods of total sampling and textual identification of the phraseological transform, component-variant analysis, methods of phraseological modelling, applicative method, methods of historical-etymological and linguocultural analysis. The material of the research contains transformation paradigms of different types of phraseological units collected and systematized by the author (wolf in sheep’s clothing, return of the prodigal son, step on the same rake, man in a skirt, Pandora’s box, he who has a tongue can find his way), which were formed on the material of Russian fiction and non-fiction texts, Russian and Russian-language printed and electronic media, including texts of Internet forums and blogs of the early 21st century as a space of network (often anonymous) media communication. The systematization of phraseotransforms in Russian speech and structuring the transformational paradigm, taking into account the internal and external levels in the form of a “matrix,” opens up opportunities for searching for the systemic and the asystemic, the predictable and the unpredictable, for generalising the linguistic and non-linguistic factors stimulating the phraseoransformation and phraseoformation of the phraseological invariant as well as for determining the ratio of creative capacities of the language system and the creativity of the authors of phraseological transforms. The proposed model of analysis can be used in the context of intralingual and inter-lingual comparisons.

The article discusses causes, ways, and results of modifying Russian phraseological units with a letter-name component, which play a significant role in all written linguistic cultures. The relevance of the theme is proven by the sustained attention of linguists to the origin and functioning of phraseological units, the objective to comprehend the underlying processes of interacting between extralinguistic reality, including culture, and language structures, and by the social demand - the rise of interest of native Russian speakers in the national essence and history of the alphabet. The study aims at identifying causes for modification of Russian phraseological units with letter-name components, demonstrating the central role of cultural and historical factor in the modification process, analyzing modification ways and results. The material of the study includes dictionaries and text corpora, along with the authors’ own collection of examples from spontaneous speech in Russian films and digital media. Descriptive and historical-etymological methods, contextual, semantic and structural analysis, and the method of double application were used in the research. The paper argues that the main historical and cultural causes of modifications of phraseological units in question include spelling reforms, progressive methods of teaching reading and writing, language contacts of Russian speakers with people using other writing systems, changes in cultural and ideological priorities, influential works of art. The main way of modification - lexical change of the old letter name to the contemporary one - concedes to more creative ways not only in the sphere of occasional creation of phraseological units, as before, but also in common usage. As a result of this modification, former international models of phraseological units develop national features.

The article is devoted to the outstanding Russian poet of the late 19th–early 20th century Valery Bryusov as a teacher who influenced many of his contemporaries. The paper starts with his students at “Bryusov Institute” overview. Then the critic Korney Chukovsky’, the writer Alexei Remizov’, and the poet Nikolai Gumilyov’ attitudes to their teacher Bryusov are briefly reviewed. The article mostly focuses on the relationships between Bryusov and his female students including his wife Ioanna Bryusova, and a writer Nina Petrovskaya. The special attention is given to Bryusov’s influence on Nadezhda L’vova. The article contains a review of a recently edited book about Nadezha L’vova by Tat'yana Karpacheva. The appendix document “In dubio pro reo” written by lawyer V.K. Chakilev refutes all the charges against Bryusov who was accused of the suicide of L’vova in the book.

The paper analyses phrasemes in the Croatian and Czech languages that contain zoonymic components from the contrastive point of view. Phrasemes containing a zoonymic component are probably the largest thematic group in Slavic phraseology, probably because of the fact that animals have always been man’s closest companions. Considering that zoonymic phraseology encompasses a broad range of different meanings, this paper will focus on those phrasemes whose meanings are connected to the concepts of human attributes, states, appearance and treatment of food and drink. At the same time, we explain the symbolism of each animal, since this enables us to understand the background of individual meanings of phrasemes. The paper also includes a contrastive analysis of selected Croatian and Czech phrasemes with an emphasis on the aforementioned concepts in which similarities and differences are determined.

According to descriptions in modern Croatian grammar books, one might concludethat there are either no copulative compounds in Croatian or that they are so scarce in number that they do not require any description. The paper is a reminder both of their descriptions in older Croatian grammar books and of the need for their grammatical description, owing to their number and a variety of realisations. Some Croatian nominal copulative compounds are e.g. grad-država ‘citystate’ (Gr. πόλις), točka-zarez ‘semicolon’ (lit. full stop-comma), sjeverozapad ‘North-West’; some adjectival ones are e.g. crno-bijel ‘black and white’, crvenobijelo- plav ‘red, white, and blue’, nov-star ‘new--old’; some adverbial ones are e.g. danas-sutra ‘before long’ (lit. today-tomorrow), zbrda-zdola ‘helter-skelter’, brže-bolje ‘in a hurry’ (lit. faster-better). The paper indicates the characteristics due to which these compounds should be considered words and not phrases – they do not display the characteristics of appositive phrases, they cannot be subject to the coordination ellipsis and their internal flexion does not disqualify them as words, even though Croatian recognizes internal flexion (in indefinite pronouns with the suffixoid -god, e.g. štogod – G čegagod). The language of poet Anka Žagar is used to illustrate how a pattern of copulative compounding can also acquire creative linguistic variations, which is another piece of evidence for the claim that a pattern of copulative compounding does exist in Croatian.