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The digital transformation of education, the emergence of new digital technologies that expand the linguodidactic base of Russian as a foreign language (RFL), modern conditions for education implementation have become an occasion to study teaching methods in the aspect of digital didactics. The aim of the research is to highlight the stages of development of digital linguodidactics of RFL and to determine the key characteristics of each of them. The material for the study was scientific papers on organizing the learning process with the help of computer technology, the methodological justification for using digital educational resources in teaching RFL, as well as the authors' long-term observations on the formation and development of digital linguodidactics. To achieve this aim, methods of general scientific knowledge were used - analysis, synthesis, induction; linguistic methods of comparative analysis, component and complex analysis of digital educational resources; empirical methods of observation of the development of digital language didactics of RFL over the past decades, comparison of the achievements of each stage in terms of creating digital educational resources and their consolidation and relevance in teaching. The terms “digital competence of the teacher”, “digital didactics”, “digital linguodidactics” are considered. The key concept in the development of the methodology of teaching RFL over the past decades under the influence of the digitalization in the economy and society - the digital competencies of the teacher - has been determined. As a result of the study, four stages in the development of digital linguodidactics of RFL were identified in the article: 1 - late 1980s-1999; 2 - 2000-2010; 3 - 2010-2020; 4 - 2020 - present. For each period, key characteristics were revealed: interactivity and multimedia - stage 1; distance education and visualization - stage 2; digitalization of educational content and mentoring - stage 3; system transformation and rethinking - stage 4. Identifying stages of development of digital linguodidactics of RFL seems promising both for the scientific, educational and methodological base of teaching methods, and for future studies on the process of digital transformation of teaching RFL.

Wojciech Piotrowicz (born in 1940) is a Vilnius poet, prose writer, translator, journalist, social and cultural activist. He is the author of several poetry collections and volumes of memoirs. Research on which this paper is based consists of two main parts: we present the writer’s biography, which introduces a representative of the Polish intelligentsia in Lithuania, and an analysis of his lexis from his collection of short stories Moja czasoprzestrzeń (My Space-Time) (2015). The aim of the research is to investigate the lexical layers in the idiolect of the writer. Piotrowicz’s idiolect is the domain where the erudite vocabulary of the standard language blends in with the dialectical vocabulary of the Švenčionys district, in which words of rural life are frequent. In the vocabulary of his idiolect, we distinguish the following groups of lexemes: words from family language, archaisms, dialect words, and postwar Russian borrowings, referred to as “Soviet words”. The multi-layer nature of Piotrowicz’s idio­lect is a result of a complicated reality on the border between cultures, languages, times, and evidence of changes in social stratification. To summarize the research results, it can be stated that the analysis of 179 words (phrases) from the writer’s individual language shows a world of concepts, thoughts, and values that are characteristic of representatives of the intelligentsia of peasant origin, born in the 1940s. The authors of the paper consider that this study is only a contribution toward determining the peculiarities of the Polish language spoken by the intelligentsia in Lithuania in the 20th century, and that this article does not exhaust all issues of Wojciech Piotrowicz’s idiolect.

The present paper reports on the English type nouns kind of and sort of and their Lithuanian correspondences in a contrastive perspective. This paper aims to describe the quantitative and qualitative distribution of the English kind of andsort of, to determine their translational correspondences in Lithuanian as well as to reveal how Lithuanian correspondences correlate with the functions (textual and interpersonal) that kind of and sort of perform in original and translated fiction texts. The research method is a quantitative and qualitative contrastive analysis based on data extracted from the self-compiled bidirectional corpus ParaCorpEN→LT→EN comprising fiction texts. The results show that kind of and sort of are prone to be used NP-internally; however, even in this construction they can feature as DMs. Kind of and sort of function as unambiguous DMs when they completely lose their nominality, i.e. are used NP-externally. The functional and semantic potential of the type nouns is fully reflected by their TCs. Very rarelykind of and sort of denoting a type are translated congruently into a Lithuanian type noun; they usually correspond to demonstrative pronouns. As discourse markers, kind of and sort of are realised by different Lithuanian correspondences which may help establish the common ground between the speaker and the hearer or refer to the previous context, may indicate epistemic imprecision, approximation or downtone a proposition. The high number of zero correspondence shows that the Lithuanian type nouns have not advanced on the grammaticalization path the way the English type nouns have and due to the multifunctionalilty, non-propositionality and context-dependence there is no one-to-one correspondence of the markers under scrutiny.

It is stated that children in their speech master directives at their earliest age and they use them the most frequently. However, it is currently unknown how these directives develop in the Lithuanian language and how their expression changes when a child grows up. This article investigates the change in the number and expression of directives during child’s raising, and what their differences emerge individually by comparing the speech of girls and boys. It is expected that the analysis conducted during the work will contribute to the studies of children’s pragmatic competence in Lithuania, i.e. to establish the most common characteristics typical to the directives used by children, by comparing the directives used by pre-school children at the beginning of the academic year and in its end in order to identify the differences and how children’s speech changes when more intensive formal education starts. The paper involves the gender dimension by expecting that differences in the language may be also envisaged between girls and boys. The object of this paper is directives used in spontaneous dialogues of pre-school children. The work material consists of 12 children’s dialogues, which have been transcribed and encoded morphologically by Software CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System). The following methods were applied during the work: 1) Cross-sectional (by sampling the subjects and gathering the work material); 2) Linguistic text corpora (by filing and analysing a child language text by Software CHILDES); 3) Comparative (by comparing: a) Data of the speech of girls and boys; b) Data of the speech of five-year-olds and six-year-olds). After summarising the results of this research, it might be stated that even pre-school children can use different forms of directive types. As it was expected, more difficult constructions and forms develop by experiencing more different situations, what is seen when the stages change (at the beginning and in the end of the study). The gender dimension highlighted in the study suggests that considerable differences were not identified, and most cases reported indicate more common charcteristics.

August Šenoa belongs to a transitional period of Croatian literature, falling between Romanticism and Realism. The paper analyses the relations between Šenoa’s numerous translations and the poetics of his texts focusing on his proclivity towards the aesthetics of Realism, as opposed to the dominant perception of his poetics as Romanticist. This paper researches the source and target cultures, cultural links, contacts and exchanges, but also possible twists in the perception of cultural periphery, as well as the influence of economy on cultural politics.

The present study focuses on the challenges of the intralingual translation from the peripheral dialect into official, standard Slovak that has been performed on unique Šariš region dialect fairy tales preserved in the village Fintice. They have been published recently in a bilingual form with their Slovak translation Zazračni dzvonček — Zázračný zvonček (FACE 2018). The first part of the paper points out the peripheral aspects of the analysed text and stresses the importance of presenting such forgotten literary pieces for the community identity as well as for preserving community cultural heritage. The second part of the paper focuses on translation analysis and differences between the two texts on morpho-syntactic and lexical level, and in the degree of expressiveness.

Dynamics of the particular and the common: Monuments and patriotic tourism in socialist Yugoslavia – a case study of Kosovo This paper reflects on two case studies of monuments in Socialist Yugoslavia in Kosovo, commemorating World War II partisans in Mitrovica (1973) and Landovica (1963) and their performative functions as a part of the phenomena of patriotic tourism. Both examples refer to inter-ethnic (Serbian and Albanian) relations bound by the slogan brotherhood and unity. Boro and Ramiz, two figures present in Yugoslav collective memory and represented through monuments and orality, have become a symbol of unity in Socialist Yugoslavia. War memorials and monuments have been raised all over the territory of socialist Yugoslavia and created an invisible network of remembrance and identity. The most important sites, as those analyzed in this paper, have become destinations of patriotic tourism: they were visited by millions every year and were associated with huge print runs of tourist propaganda production such as maps, guide-books and postcards (apart from commercial tourist attractions, almost every postcard produced in socialist Yugoslavia presented a nearby monument or memorial). Dynamika indywidualizmu i wspólnoty. Pomniki i turystyka patriotyczna w socjalistycznej Jugoslawii – przypadek Kosowa Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje dwa studia przypadku dotyczące pomników socjalistycznej Jugosławii na terenie Kosowa, upamiętniających partyzantów z czasów II wojny światowej w Mitrowicy (1973) i Landovicy (1963) oraz ich funkcji performatywnych w ramach zjawiska turystyki patriotycznej. Oba przykłady odnoszą się do relacji międzyetnicznych (serbskich i albańskich) połączonych hasłem: braterstwo i jedność. Dwaj partyzanci obecni w zbiorowej pamięci dzięki pomnikom i historii mówionej – Boro i Ramiz – stali się symbolem jedności w socjalistycznej Jugosławii. Pomniki i miejsca pamięci upamiętniające walkę usłały całe terytorium socjalistycznej Jugosławii i stworzyły niewidzialną sieć pamięci i tożsamości. Najważniejsze miejsca, jak te analizowane w artykule, stały się celami turystyki patriotycznej i są odwiedzane przez miliony turystów każdego roku. Były one związane z prowadzoną na dużą skalę propagandą turystyczną: publikowanymi w dużych nakładach mapami, przewodnikami i pocztówkami, które oprócz komercyjnych atrakcji turystycznych prezentowały pobliskie miejsca pamięci i pomniki.

Performing a difficult past in a museum: The History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina This paper examines the case of the History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo to explore the entanglements of the somewhat contradictory concept of a history museum as a research institution that aims to educate visitors about the past, as opposed to an artistic performativity that provides sensory engagement and a reliving of past moments. Drawing on the performative paradigm, it focuses on the ways in which a past is made into a present to facilitate experience and bodily re-enactments. The History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina has recently embraced new museology approaches that stem from the performative turn. For providing a platform where people can meet and talk about the past, museums have been viewed as promising places for dealing with difficult memories. Artistic performativity has also been valued for opening ways to reconciliation. However, given historical exhibitions’ and artistic installations’ different approaches towards the past, this paper seeks to address some questions that arise from performing difficult pasts in a museum. How do narratives conveyed by exhibitions and artworks interact and influence the overall narratives offered by museums? Does their entanglement open up ways for reconciliation and more inclusive narratives about a difficult past? This paper examines how Brian Eno’s multimedia piece “77 Million Paintings” and the sound installation “Bedtime Stories” interact with the narrative of the permanent exhibition “Besieged Sarajevo” and influence the overall experience of visitors. It suggests that artistic performativity enhances visitors’ attentiveness and sensibility and contributes to their understanding of museum exhibitions in universalistic terms, not necessarily leading to reconciliation but instead opening up ways for the multidirectionality of memories. Performowanie trudnej przeszłości w muzeum. Muzeum Historyczne Bośni i Hercegowiny Autorka analizuje Muzeum Historyczne Bośni i Hercegowiny, badając powiązania w pewnym stopniu sprzecznej koncepcji muzeum historycznego, rozumianego jako instytucja badawcza, której celem jest edukowanie odwiedzających na temat przeszłości, oraz koncepcji performatywności sztuki, której zadaniem jest zaangażowanie zmysłów i umożliwienia ponownego przeżycia przeszłości. Korzystając z paradygmatu performatywnego, autorka koncentruje się na sposobach, w jakie przeszłość przekształcana jest w teraźniejszość, by umożliwić doświadczenie i cielesne odtworzenie tego, co minione. Muzeum Historyczne Bośni i Hercegowiny przyjęło niedawno nowe podejście do muzealnictwa, wynikające ze zwrotu performatywnego. Muzea uznano za właściwe miejsca do radzenia sobie z trudnymi pamięciami, zapewniające przestrzeń do spotkań i rozmów o przeszłości. Z kolei performatywność sztuki uznano z kolei za czynnik otwierający drogę do pojednania. Mimo to, biorąc pod uwagę różne podejścia do przeszłości, pojawiają się pytania dotyczące performowania trudnej przeszłości w muzeum, do których niniejszy artykuł próbuje się odnieść. W jaki sposób narracje przekazywane przez ekspozycje i działa sztuki korespondują i wpływają na ogólne narracje tworzone przez muzeum? Czy ich powiązanie otwiera drogę do pojednania i bardziej integrujących narracji o trudnej przeszłości? Autorka analizuje, w jaki sposób instalacje artystyczne, w szczególności multimedialna praca „77 Million Paintings” autorstwa Briana Eno, instalacja dźwiękowa „Opowieści na dobranoc” oraz wystawy czasowe korespondują z narracją stałej ekspozycji „Sarajewo oblężone” oraz w jaki sposób wpływają na ogólne doświadczenie zwiedzającego. Autorka konkluduje, że performatywność sztuki zwiększa uważność i wrażliwość zwiedzających oraz wpływa na ich rozumienie wystaw muzealnych w kategoriach uniwersalnych, niekoniecznie zaś prowadzi do pojednania, zamiast tego zaś toruje drogę do wielokierunkowości pamięci.

Interpretation of memory and imagining communities in post-war rituals in Vukovar (1992-2015) Modern rituals are exceptionally complex events; the actors performing them have a narrative and imaginative connection with the space where the performance is taking place, with the history and tradition that the ritual concerns as well as with the wide community that they themselves represent. This paper interprets performances of post-war rituals in Vukovar, focusing on the Vukovar Remembrance Day of November 18th. The first part of the paper presents different ways of commemorating that day by Croats and by Serbs, whereby the two sides assign completely opposite meanings to the Battle of Vukovar. The second part follows the marking of Vukovar Remembrance Day after Vukovar once again became part of the constitutional and legal system of the Republic of Croatia. The third part of the paper follows the commemorations from 2013 to 2015 through the concepts of routinization and dramatization. In doing so, the paper tries to explain the differences and changes in marking one of the most important events in modern Croatian history. Interpretacja pamięci i wyobrażanie wspólnot w powojennych rytuałach w Vukovarze (1992–2015) Współczesne rytuały to wyjątkowo złożone wydarzenia, w których odgrywający je aktorzy prezentują narracyjny i wyobrażeniowy związek z przestrzenią, gdzie odbywa się przedstawienie, z historią i tradycją, których rytuał dotyczy, a także ze społecznością, którą reprezentują. Celem artykułu jest interpretacja powojennych rytuałów w Vukovarze (szczególnie obchodów Dnia Pamięci o Vukovarze, co roku 18 listopada). Pierwsza część tekstu prezentuje odmienne sposoby obchodzenia tego dnia przez Chorwatów i Serbów oraz przypisywanie całkowicie przeciwstawnych znaczeń bitwie o Vukovar. W drugiej części autor śledzi sposób upamiętniania Dnia Pamięci o Vukovarze, po tym jak miasto ponownie stało się częścią systemu konstytucyjnego i prawnego Republiki Chorwacji. Trzecia część dotyczy zaś obchodów tego dnia w latach 2013–2015. Autor analizuje je w odniesieniu do koncepcji rutynizacji i dramatyzacji rytuałów. W ten sposób artykuł próbuje wyjaśnić różnice i zmiany w znaczeniu jednego z najważniejszych wydarzeń we współczesnej historii Chorwacji.

Facebook posts as performatives in Bulgarian political life: A sociolinguistic investigation The paper provides a snapshot of how the Bulgarian political public interprets the notion of ‘political action’. The paper argues there are two basic notions (‘performing’ and ‘performativity’) which are fundamental to present-day interpretations of ‘political action’, and that these two notions need to be approached through quantitative analysis of actual respondents’ interpretations. The paper addresses this analytical niche and in doing so draws on a previous sociolinguistic study which strongly suggests that the modern genre of the Facebook post has special social and political significance in pro-active Bulgarian political life. The paper systematizes and discusses the results from a questionnaire-based study on Bulgarian recipients’ expectations about the communicative and political effect of the Facebook post. The results of the study reveal that Bulgarian political audiences perceive the Facebook post not simply as a genre in Bulgarian political discourse but, crucially, as a vehicle for actual political performance in present-day Bulgarian political life. Posty na Facebooku jako performatywy w bułgarskim życiu politycznym. Ujęcie socjolingwistyczne Artykuł dotyczy tego, jak bułgarska społeczność pojmuje ideę „aktu politycznego”. Autorka broni tezy, że istnieją dwie kluczowe idee – „publiczne przedstawienie” i „performatywność” (tj. wypowiedzi performatywne) – które determinują współczesne bułgarskie interpretacje „aktu politycznego” oraz że obie te idee należy badać jakościowo, poprzez analizę danych wziętych od realnych respondentów, będących zarówno nosicielami języka, jak i aktywnymi politycznie obywatelami. Podejmując próbę zapełnienia analitycznej niszy, autorka wskazuje, że współczesny gatunek, jakim jest post na Facebooku, ma szczególne znaczenie w życiu codziennym aktywnych politycznie i społecznie Bułgarów. W artykule zostały usystematyzowane i omówione rezultaty badania, które dotyczyło nastawienia i oczekiwań bułgarskich recypientów w odniesieniu do efektu komunikacyjnego i politycznego postów na Facebooku. Okazuje się, że bułgarska społeczność polityczna pojmuje ten nowy gatunek nie tylko jako narzędzie do uczestnictwa w dyskursie politycznym, ale także jako sposób na realne działanie polityczne.

This paper explores the prevailing readings of the Atlantis story. The purpose of this paper is to show how interpretative judgements on the narrator’s intentions, the objectives of the characters, and the genre and the development of the story prepares the grounds for the political understanding of Athens and Atlantis. In this way, I will show how the dramatic framework influences the expression of political thought. I argue that the most important dramatic feature of the story is Critias’ interaction with Socrates and Timaeus, which explains why Critias composes two speeches that are essentially dedicated to the question of political origins.

The present paper focuses upon syntactic peculiarities of an arabographic text by Belarusian-Lithuanian-Polish Tatars. The text is extracted from manuscript P97 which dates back to the 18th century and is now stored at the Central Scientific Library of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences. The object of our study is a compound sentence. The paper concludes that the text under analysis, abundant in bookish constructions, displays no competition between literary Polish of that period, its regional variant and the East Slavic languages at the level of syntax, i.e. in terms of compound sentences.

The paper aims to explore where and why an ordinary member of language community creates the dialecticity of a locality and evaluate whether (and how) the dialect artefact of an ordinary member of language community is related with the dialecticity recognised and estimated by researchers, or, in other words, discuss the interaction of the emic and etic perspectives. The empirical basis for the discussion about the interaction of the emic and etic perspectives is formed on the verbalised and visualised language attitudes of the ordinary members of language community and the data of the text-stimuli perceptions gathered during the project “The Position of Standard Language in the Mental Map of the Lithuanian Language” carried out in 2014–2016 and supplied with the data of the ongoing project “Distribution of Regional Variants and Quasistandard Language at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Perceptual Approach (Perceptual Categorisation of Variants”, 2017–2019. The respondents of both projects are the first-fourth year grammar school pupils whom the scholars associate with the emic perspective. The first attempt concerned the data related with the verbalised and visualised (in the drawn maps) language attitudes of 1.415 teenagers; the second one analysed the data related with the verbalised and visualised (in the drawn maps) language attitudes of 1.064 youngsters and the data of the perception of the text-stimuli recorded in an adequate dialect. Both projects are interrelated with regard to the subject matter and the pursued goals: in the first case, an attempt was made to analyse the geolinguistic competence of an ordinary member of language community; in the second one, an additional aspect of the perceptual abilities of an ordinary member of language community was considered. During the performance of the two projects the essential criterion for the selection of the locations in the regions of Lithuania to be explored was whether they were (non)marked by dialect. Hence the respondent groups were formed in the regiolect and/or geolect zones, and in the second project the task of the text-stimuli perception had motivated the inclusion of the Lithuanian cities. The problem of how an ordinary member of language community creates the dialecticity of a location has been approached on the basis of the data given in the drawn maps presented in the two projects. The participants of the first project have drawn the so called perceptual isoglosses in two maps, i.e. in one map they have marked the areas where people speak in dialect and, in the other, where standard language was used. Meanwhile, the participants of the second project in their drawn maps related the linguistic homeland with other locations due to the similarity (or simultaneity) of expression. They also had to draw the maps of standard language and, in addition, localise 8 text-stimuli given to them for assessment which contained the 14–19 seconds fragments of spontaneous speech representing various regiolectic zones. To summarise the obtained results, it should be claimed that etic and emic discourses should be essentially related to the cause and effect factor. The narrative of an ordinary member of language community not only reveals the specific interior relationships but is also affected from outside. Such an insight is determined by the interaction between the created dialecticity of a locality and the dialecticity of localities legitimated in scientific discourse. The results obtained in both projects on perceptual dialectology show that the dialecticity of a locality has been constructed on the basis of adequate etic information: it is obvious from the drawn maps that dialecticity is attracted by the localities that are highly dialect-oriented, i.e. the geolectic and regiolectic areas. This assumption is based on the localisation of the text-stimulus having the most distinct features of dialect which confirms that dialect recognition by the ordinary members of language community does not enter into conflict with the researcher's evaluation from outside. Thus it shows that localities do consistently attract the text-stimuli having the most distinct features of dialect. Meanwhile, as a place of dialect levelling, the capital (or any city) accurately correlates with the NORM reflection of traditional dialectology. The paper summarises that it is not clear yet in what ways the constructors of the narrative from inside are affected by the narratives from outside. There is no tradition formed in the works on perceptual dialectology and no adequate methodological instruments have been devised which might help to find out the sources of knowledge, images and attitudes of the ordinary members of language community. Hence, in order to more clearly describe the relationship between the narrative of a researcher and that of an ordinary member of language community it would be reasonable to move an additional step forward – to expand the instrumentarium and methods of research by including the reflections of the ordinary members of language community regarding the knowledge, images and attitudes that they possess in the field of dialecticity. Thus a new perspective in dialectology should be initiated.

The paper provides an overview of Lithuanian spontaneous speech corpora and certain studies of the acquisition of Lithuanian as a first language. The author focuses mainly on those resources and papers that are published in English and thus can be used by non-Lithuanian speaking researchers as methodological and/or theoretical inspiration for further studies on different languages. Among the spoken corpora discussed in the paper are: the speech corpus Liepa, Sakytinės kalbos įrašų bazė, the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian. The author pays special attention to the latter as it is closely connected to the development of the Lithuanian corpus of child and child-directed speech. The studies of the acquisition of Lithuanian as a first language are overviewed in the second part of the paper. The majority of studies on corpus data (including those conducted within international cross-linguistic projects) describe the acquisition of grammar by native speakers of Lithuanian. In the most recent research, there is a shift towards new aspects of first language acquisition (including phonology and morphophonology) and new methods (experiments becoming more and more popular).

The subject of the article is related to the author’s work on the international project “Polish Dialects in Lithuania” (“Gwary polskie na Litwie”, 2016–2018). The purpose of this paper was to identify and study lexical archaisms in the dialect material selected by the project group. In the article the concept of ‘archaism’ is interpreted widely: both archaic and obsolete words are considered. In total, it was identified about 200 lexical units classified as obsolete or archaic: proper lexical archaisms constitute approximately 50% of the material (arenda, bachur, czernica etc.), semantic archaisms constitute about 35% (baczyć, cacka, czeladź etc.), and about 15% of the material are lexical word-building archaisms (kradkiem, lenować się, nadgrobek etc.). By comparing the studied material with the data of the historical sources, it was possible to realize that a number of lexemes qualified in some scientific papers as regionalisms borrowed from the Eastern Slavic languages should be recognized as archaisms, once known to the common Polish language. Тhe results allow us to confirm the undoubtedly significant role of the Belarusian and Russian languages in supporting the functioning of lexical archaisms in Polish dialects in Lithuania. About half of the identified lexical archaisms are also known to a number of dialects in Poland.

The paper discusses the accentual accommodation by speakers of the urban dialect of Zagreb (the capital of Croatia), which has a dynamic free accent, to the Standard Croatian (Neo-Štokavian) pitch accent (with rising and falling tones). The accommodation occurs in formal settings — the basis of this research is the corpus of 16 one-hour interviews with native Zagreb dialect speakers (8 male, 8 female) from a TV show on Croatian national television (HRT). The Zagreb dialect speakers cannot fully reproduce the prescribed standard accentuation, so they only approximate it by inconsistently changing the place of stress. The level of accommodation varies among speakers. The prescribed Croatian standard accentuation is different than in languages like English, because it cannot be acquired fully by many speakers due mainly to reasons of phonetic complexity. The basics of the Zagreb dialect accentuation and its complex relation to the standard language accentuation (due to many innovations in the dialect and a range of conservative and innovative varieties) are also analyzed. This paper is the first to describe the phenomenon in detail, based on concrete data.

The paper is an overview of the Repository of Variationist Research (https://vastry.ru/), an online storage and interactive plotting tool for quantitative sociolinguistic data. The paper describes a number of sociolinguistic experiments from which the data come and outlines the Repository and the toolkit it provides to its users.

The paper presents the results of discourse analysis of bikers’ communication. The authors aim to reveal key axiological values in biker subculture, as well as discovering linguistic features in discourse of this social group and characterizing its members’ identity. The study takes a close look at how values are actualized through their linguistic forms in discourse. The research is innovative in that it attempts to employ discourse analysis in order to explore youth subcultures, specifically biker subculture. The paper offers a literature review focusing on biker subculture and covering some aspects of youth discourse in general. The authors provide a theoretical background for using the category of topos to reveal values in biker subculture. The findings include a list of principal topoi that provide a frame for the construction of bikers’ collective social identity. The authors argue that the social category ‘biker’ is constructed through the topoi of ‘bike’, ‘pleasure’, ‘danger’ and ‘brotherhood’. The conclusion is drawn that the biker is discursively constructed as a person who loves life, respects and appreciates peers, treats riding a bike with all responsibility, but who at the same time takes а risk to get excitement. Linguistic resources used in bikers’ communications are various and embrace lexical units of evaluation, references to feelings and emotions, metaphors, a vast number of jargonisms and elements of folklore.

The paper analyses the category “place of action” as a structural element in a work of art. The place of action, that is the spacial localisation of the events described or otherwise presented in a work of art, is usually considered part of the setting, that is the whole milieu where the action takes place. For epic genres, the place of action is not only the necessary background of the unfolding events, but also a constituent part of the characters. The history of screen versions of literary works shows that the place of action may be as mutable and fluid as the time of action. The cinema which deals with screen versions is very often obsessed with what A. Pushkin in “Eugene Onegin” called “a desire for changing places”. Gains and losses in each particular case require a detailed analysis, but, in a preliminary way, we may say that when the problems raised by a particular literary work transcend the limits of the localities where the action takes place, the significance of the setting deminishes. In this paper, the problem of “place (and time) of action” is considered through analysing three recent British screen versions of the three literary works: Émile Zola’s novel “Au Bonheur des Dames” (“The Ladies’ Delight”, 1883), Alexander Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” (1823–1831), and Fyodor Dostoevsky’s short novel “The Double” (1846). To appraise adequately these screen versions, we have to understand what has been gained and what has been lost in the interpretations of the original literary texts after their contemporising and changing the places of their action.

The paper discusses English mainstream discourse specifics and its expanding under the lens of collocations. With discourse definition being provided, discourse vs text differences are reviewed. Based on the mainstream discourse definition, collocation examples borrowed from the authentic English sources have been collected and studied. The paper analysis is focused on featuring their semantics, with some of the examples undergoing reinterpretation of the words’ direct meaning. Other cases are emphasized as hard to reveal the direct meaning due to lack of information transparency or triviality conveyed by a marked out component of the collocation. The scientific originality of the study is expected to be found in the way the authors verbalize the information. The specific intentions are conveyed by “ packing ” them into a language structure with specific features attached. The backdrop knowledge used embraces both the language structure insights and those of the social context, social “landscape”, anthropogenic figurativeness, etc to reach the targeted addressee. The research topicality as considered by the coauthors, involves identifying the usual discourse expansion features which characterize general or specific language “landscape”. The verbs and collocations with a certain role to play in a verbal and cognitive process of discourse expanding, its dynamic changes and mainstream text organization are analyzed as a part of the respective semantic field.

The paper is devoted to the peculiarities of the implementation of self-presentation strategy in the American campaign discourse. The material included the election speeches of Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton, which politicians made during the election campaign from April 2015 to July 2016. The article focuses on the corpus analysis of election speeches. The results of comparative analysis of lexical features of candidates’ pre-election speeches are presented. In addition, the paper proposes a classification of communicative tactics, with the help of which the strategy of self-presentation is implemented (the tactics of self-praise, appeals to former merits, reducing the distance from voters and the tactics of political promises). The analysis allows the authors to make a conclusion about the more aggressive self-presentation of H. Clinton and the important role of personal self-presentation in her speeches. It is shown that B. Sanders focuses on identifying himself with his voters. The analysis of the collocations with components I and we confirms these conclusions. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the analysis of the material from the point of view of pragmatics, the authors use both methods of pragmalinguistic analysis and corpus methods, which makes it possible to present a comprehensive description of the material under study.

The paper deals with the authorship of the anonymous poem “Razgul'noie zhit'io v Karlsbade my ved'om...” that had been circulating in manuscript copies, and supports the assumption that this poetic joke was created by P.A. Vyazemsky – the hypothesis that is being confirmed by some new archival data. The paper dwells at some length on the details of creation and circulation of the poem, its punning implications and overtones and illustrates cultural background and polemical context of the specific “Karlsbad text” in Russian poetry.

The paper describes the emergence and history of a short lived New York Russian literary group “Rezets” (“Cutter”). The group issued a magazine “Spartak” (“Spartacus”) with the contributions by V. Mayakovsky and D. Burliuk. Its first and only issue published in October, 1925 is an extremely rare edition, absent in world’s largest libraries and preserved only in a private collection. Published as an Appendix to the paper are Mayakovsky’s poem Shesterka (The Six), Rezets Manifesto, and D. Burliuk’s poems from the Spartak magazine.

This paper presents five of the initial items of a semantic study of confusable terms and false friends present in the lexis of music in English and French. All forms are also given in Italian, German, Spanish, Russian and Chinese. The object of study is a series of texts from corpora provided by New Sketch Engine, a product of Lexical Computing Limited. In the commentary section, the semantic variance between the different items within the same topic is studied. The approach is essentially synchronic, with priority being given to the examination of current usage. Diachronic considerations are also included where it has been possible to explain, or at least hypothesize how the meaning of the various terms has evolved. The main practical application of the paper is to provide a tool for reducing ambiguity in the area of music terminology. It will be of potential interest to all those concerned by the study and practice of music and the language of music in countries where the languages referred to in this study are in use.

The aim of this paper is to present the most important issues of the Slovene music terminology in the field of teaching music theory. The examples chosen tackle the problem of equating two or more terms with different meanings (e.g. G-clef and treble clef, chord and triad, terms that refer to patterns of accents and beats). The hypothesis of this paper is that the lack of any clear separation between terms and concepts is misleading for readers and possibly counterproductive in understanding the material. The chosen examples illustrate the link between synonymy and polysemy on one hand and terminological inconsistencies on the other.

Due to rapid technological developments, the terminology of electronic (dance) music is constantly changing. This also causes challenges for the discourse community of electronic dance music in the use of different technical terms. This paper gives a general overview on the subject as it is a pioneer investigation of research. Firstly, it summarises the characteristics of the discourse community’s language use. Later, it highlights the different types of technical terms used by the terminology users. For this, tech terms of a web discussion forum are analysed in detail. The article also describes some of the challenges in using these technical terms by taking different examples from three languages: English, German, and Hungarian. Moreover, phenomena such as the lack of standardisation, norms, and music glossaries and the influences from other terminologies (e.g. classical music, informatics, mathematics, physics) are also included in the study. After presenting the most striking issues, the paper also proposes a possible practical solution to the phenomena in question: it outlines a plan for creating a wiki on the technical terms of electronic (dance) music.

People’s memoirs as a speech genre of Internet communication are discussed. The definition of people’s memoirs is given as memoirs, the author of which is not a professional writer, but an ordinary native speaker. The purpose of the author is dictated, firstly, by the linguistic interest in the study of memoirs from the perspective of one of the most actively developing directions of modern linguistics - genre studies within the context; secondly, by the need of studying the laws of change of the traditional (which had originally a paper base) genres in the process of developing the new communication space. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time in this paper, Internet-genre of people’s memoirs acts as a linguistic object of study - along with existing philological tradition of the study of literary genre and traditional speech genre beyond the professional literary creativity. The structural-semantic parameters of Internet-genre of people’s memoirs are analyzed according to genre model developed by L. Yu. Shipitsina. In the framework of the description of these parameters the structural organization of the genre is set and described, as well as the content embodied in its structural elements. It is proved that the structural and substantial features of Internet genre of people’s memoirs are subject to modification compared to the traditional genre of people’s memoirs with a paper substrate.

Let’s Talk About Money (Non-Russian Currency Unit Names in the “Kuranty” Papers of the 17th Century): The paper analyses monetary unit names, incorporated into Russian language in the first seven decades of the 17th century. The research aims at evaluating the level of assimilation of the foreign units in the borrowing language. The research material was extracted from “Vesti-Kuranty”, written from 1600 to 1670.

On Matthew the Grammarian and the 16th Century Spoken Bulgarian Language: The paper examines some peculiarities of Matthew the Grammarian’s language. The famous representative of the Sofia Literary School from the 16th century is the author of an unique work – The Life of St. Nicolas the New of Sofia. The author proposes lexical-semantic classifications of word groups. The basic aim of the paper is to prove that – contrary to popular opinions about Matthew’s strong rhetoric character and distance from the spoken language – his hagiographic work contains visible signs of vernacular language. In addition, the final passage with the miracle of the saint, which has not been included in the most popular new Bulgarian version, is reproduced in original and translation together with commentaries about one rare appellation of disease.

Dr. Tsanko Tsanev and His Legacy at Marie Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin: The paper presents a biographical overview of Bulgarian philologist Dr. Tsanko Tsanev (1955–2007), fellow of Preslav Literary School Research Center in Shumen, Bulgaria and academic at the Institute of Slavic Philology at Marie Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland. It reveals his major scholarly achievements in the fields of Old Bulgarian and Medieval Slavic literature and culture, as well as Dr. Tsanev’s various activities as an academic teacher of Bulgarian language and culture in Lublin. Special attention is drawn to his contribution to the development of Bulgarian studies university programmes in Eastern Poland. The paper offers a selected list of Dr. Tsanev’s works.

The paper focuses on the process of consolidating different Christian forces fighting the rise of the anti-trinitarian movement in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland in the mid-sixteenth century, right after the death of Duke Mikołaj Radziwiłł (Radvilas) the Black, the leader of the Reformation. One of the first attempts to oppose and officially condemn anti-trinitarian ideas, which began to spread after the fragmentation and schism of the Polish and Lithuanian Reformed Churches in 1563, was the Orthodoxa fidei confessio (Königsberg, 1566) written by Nicolaus (Mikołaj) Pac, Bishop of Kiev. Notwithstanding the fact that his confession revealed his Protestant identity, Pac managed to retain his position as a Catholic bishop (not ordained by the Pope) for about 27 years, i.e. almost until his death in 1584. The paper describes the religious context of the publication that defended traditional Trinitology as well as its confessional details, which were closer to Lutheranism than to the Reformed faith.

The article attempts to cover problems of religious concepts implementation by verbal and iconic symbols in ironic texts. The paper is devoted to definition of the correlation between the components of religious creolised texts and national linguaculture. Relevance of a research is defined by a rate of such texts in media and ambiguity of their misinterpretation both by the recipients learning Russian and Russian natives. The use of nonverbal sources gives to the recipient more freedom for decodingthat sometimes leads to negative consequences. Worldwide scandals anyhow related to caricatures (mostly, anticlerical) became more frequent. To Rosse Flemming, the editor of the Danish newspaper “Jyllands-Posten”, in the book “Case of caricatures of the prophet Muhammad” tells that he couldn’t imagine the role of future world crisis when in September, 2005 granted he gave his permission for the publishing twelve cartoons of the Muslim prophet [1]. In 2005 even more tragic event took place in Paris. Shooting at publishing house of the French comical newspaper of Charlie Hebdo was followed by lots of pros and cons of creativity of the killed authors. Such sharpness increases scientific interest to this area. There is a range of new papers devoted to studying of a phenomenon of a caricature, the description of the principle of its impact on recipients, setting standards of ethics and morals in the genre. The diachronic description of verbal representors of a concept of religion that express irony allows tracking changes in the modality of Russian natives.

In this paper, we look into the theoretical and aesthetic conceptions of Russian formalism and the way in which these were applied to the specific field of translation studies. The functions of translation are examined in the theoretical and historical-literary studies published by Víktor Shklovsky, Yuri Tynyanov and Boris Eikhenbaum between the years 1913 and 1928. As a result of this analysis, we find that two key terms in formalist considerations about translation are those of system and parody. Throughout the theoretical evolution of the school, we see the continuity of certain theoretical constants: systematic, dialectical and dynamic understanding of literary systems and a persistent discussion about the nature of the relationships between translation and writing. From this realization, the conclusion is drawn that Russian formalism has not been sufficiently assimilated by contemporary scholars working in the field of Translation Studies, and that its fundamental ideas might still exert an enriching influence on research carried out today.

When writing his short-story “The Lion and the Dog”, Lev Tolstoy begins his creative process by establishing a tense intertextuality with the fable’s conventions by challenging the traditional approach to this genre. The present article seeks to understand the object by considering Tolstoy’s narrative technique in the light of Nietzsche’s critique of language and Shklovsky’s concept of defamiliarizing. As a result, the paper brings out the peculiarities of Tolstoy’s work, such as his subversion of moralizing tropes and a sketch of the philosophical implications of his work.

This paper explores ten years of experience from the Croatian Internet Course (HiT-1) of the University of Zagreb developed for students who do not know Croatian at all or only know its basics. Using an e-learning system, Moodle Community (MoD) students discover, study and practice new content. An above-average dropout rate, associated with a sense of loneliness and insufficient interaction with the teacher and other students, is considered a major shortcoming of e-courses. To counteract this, HiT-1 offers individual live lessons twice a week. During them the e-content is repeated, practiced, and expanded through similar materials. HiT-1 students have pointed out in evaluations that live lessons led to successful attendance and completion, and thus to a very low dropout rate. In live lessons, students are exposed to Croatian from the beginning and use it in conversation with teachers; sometimes the teacher is the only L1 speaker of Croatian with whom they can speak Croatian. Finally, language acquisition is greatly influenced by regular, systematic monitoring of student activities in the MoD system, an individual approach, constant support, and encouragement, either by chat or in live lessons. So far 260 students from around 50 countries have attended the course, and more than 6,200 hours of individual live lessons have been held.

The contribution deals with the foreign accent in German and the fossilization phenomena accompanying it. A foreign accent is an identity marker and arises from a non-random articulation incorrect about the standard pronunciation or atypical for Germans. Non-randomness means the accent persists over a long period. The study uses the group discussion method to reveal the attitudes and opinions of every interviewee. The interviewees were academics with a first-generation migratory background who have lived inGermany for ten years or longer and speak German at the C1 or C2 level (assessed according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages). The group discussion covered three topics: (i) reflections on one’s level of German with a focus on permanent phonetic errors, (ii) views on the foreign (Eastern European) accent in German, and (iii) strategies to minimize the own accent. Because of the coronavirus pandemic, the discussion was conducted online. A transcript was rendered based on the online video recording, and a qualitative content analysis was performed. This way, both the shared ex-perience of the groupcould be ascertained, and several inferences regarding fossilization could be drawn. Last, the paper formulates desiderata on the relationship between individual multilingualism and identity

The communicative approach to language teaching (CA) has commonly been recognized as having a positive impact on student motivation. However, language instructors notice that the CA does not elicit enthusiastic response from all learners. Based on the dynamic conception of motivation (Dörnyei & Ryan, 2015), this paper shares data from the empirical study examining Russian L2 learners’ attitudes to the CA. A qualitative analysis of 241 comments collected from 448 participants in five North-American institutions enabled us to distinguish thematic clusters organized along the lines of the contrast between total-acceptance vs. criticism/disappointment. The findings also demonstrate students’ readiness to participate in discussions on L2 methodology. We propose that students’ attitudes to the CA correlate with their ability to cope with novelty and discuss this assumption in connection with “tolerance for ambiguity” as a constitutive feature of the CA (Oprandy, 1999), on the one hand, and cognitive learning style theory—which also makes use of the concept of “tolerance for ambiguity” (Grigorenko et al., 2000)—on the other. Finally, we raise the possibility of the “consultative L2 pedagogy” approach—the term we propose to use to indicate students participation in the process of curriculum design, including decisions related to teaching methodology.

The paper deals with the revaluation of values in Ol’ga Slavnikova’s novel Pryžok v dlinu. The novels of this author are regularly awarded high-ranking literary prizes even though (or because) they fit into the broad stream of Russian fiction that openly interpret the present as a time when evil powers prevail and plunge humanity, especially Russia, into disaster. Most of these works, including Slavnikova’s, can be classified in their ideological orientation as belonging to the so-called ‘conservative turn’ and make use of a narrative that Russia is being robbed of its genuine core by external threats, be it capitalism, globalization, or postmodernism. In her novel Pryžok v dlinu, Slavnikova frames the concept of compassion as the cause of all evil. She follows the line of reasoning, familiar since Nietzsche, that compassion benefits the wrong people: thus untalented, criminally inclined egoists prevail in society, whereas the gifted suffer physical and psychological harm. But Slavnikova’s argument is even taken one step further: should not ‘unworthy’ lives be killed in time? The reaction of literary critics to such a proposition was strikingly restrained since they did not even subject such a provocative question to discussion.

The paper examines the representation of (gender-) diversity in two contemporary picture books, Piccolo Uovo and Julián is a Mermaid. In the scientific and medial exploration of both texts predominates a reception attitude that ignores the silence respectively the ‘empty spaces’ in the texts and pictures. This reduces the books’ reception to one certain interpretation and robs them of their immanent polyphony. Through a close reading of these texts and pictures it is shown and discussed how this potentially promotes (gender-) stereotyping and -discrimination, which contradicts the initial didactic aim to encourage diversity-consciousness and tolerance.

Over the last two decades, the Common European Framework of Reference for languages (CEFR) has become the most influential tool of language policy-making in Europe and beyond. The publication of the companion volume (CEFR-CV) constitutes a new milestone for teaching, learning and assessing languages, and is a most timely reaction to common criticism of the framework. In addition to new scales, descriptors and competence levels, the CEFR-CV introduces new modalities and broadens the scope for mediation and plurilingual/cultural communication, thereby updating and extending previous construct definitions for increasingly digitized and diverse societies. Despite the CEFR’s major impact on the language testing industry, there is thus far scarce literature on how to operationalize the CEFR-CV for assessment with the expanded framework. In addition to the huge potential for innovative assessment tasks and formats, this raises questions with regard to construct definitions, task development, test quality assurance, and rating practices. This paper will focus on six noteworthy innovations of the CEFR-CV and discuss the opportunities and challenges for assessment: (1) departure from the native-speaker norm, (2) stronger consideration of digital communication, (3) interlingual mediation, (4) intralingual mediation, (5) phonological awareness, and (6) the provision of richer descriptions of lower-level learner competencies.

In a globalized world, there is a greater need than ever for cross-linguistic and team-oriented education of foreign language teachers that prepares them for the linguistic and cultural diversity in their future classrooms. The Innsbruck Model of Foreign Language Education (Innsbrucker Modell der Fremdsprachendidaktik) has been pursuing innovative paths for over 20 years and tries to take up these aspects in order to prepare students for this multilingual reality, as a mono-lingual habitus is still predominantly passed on in schools and universities. In this paper, subjective theories are triangulated using the example of two students and one teacher in order to elicit the (subjective) impact of education on (future) foreign language teaching.

The aim of the article is to review the development of applied linguistics in Lithuania, analyse the general tendencies of the development of this science, and present the more prominent groups of researchers in applied linguistics, the schools that have been formed or are being formed, and the contribution of some researchers to the research of different branches of applied linguistics. The article focuses on the work started after the restoration of independence of the Republic of Lithuania in 1990, because only from that time onwards did the work of Lithuanian applied linguistics enter the international mainstream of this science. It discusses some of the research and practical work related to the research that helps or has helped in certain periods to solve problems related to language in life. First of all, the article introduces the works on teaching Lithuanian as a foreign language, which are connected with the beginning of applied linguistics in Lithuania, and which have laid the appropriate methodological foundations for the formation of communicative competence, for the development of a new type of textbooks, pedagogical grammars of the Lithuanian language, and for the creation of a system of assessment of competences. After discussing the origins of applied linguistics in Lithuania, the paper discusses the further development of this science. Research in the field of language acquisition, sociolinguistics, language attrition, cognitive linguistics, pragmatics, politeness and impoliteness, corpus and forensic linguistics, and other branches of applied linguistics is presented, and the real-life linguistic issues, analysed by Lithuanian researchers, are highlighted. The final section of the article describes the most important works of dissemination of applied linguistics and presents the research journal Taikomoji kalbotyra (“Applied Linguistics”), the international conferences on applied linguistics that have taken place in Lithuania, and the networks of researchers.

After the restoration of Lithuania’s independence in 1990, non-governmental organizations devoted to the linguistic education, the teaching of the Lithuanian language and its popularisation, and the rights of the state language, that had been active during the interwar period, began to be re-established. The most prominent of the organizations restored were the Lithuanian Language Society and the Union of Teachers of Lithuanian Language and Literature. During the years of the restored independence, various new organizations emerged whose aims and activities had more or less in common with those of the Lithuanian Language Society and the Union of Teachers of the Lithuanian Language and Literature. In 1990, the language popularisation periodical “Gimtoji kalba” [Mother Tongue], which had been established in Kaunas in 1933, was restored. The object of the analysis is the information about the activities of non-governmental language organizations published in the restored periodical. The main focus is on the Lithuanian Language Society, a non-governmental organization that was the editor (1935–1937 in Lithuania, 1958–1968 in the USA) and the publisher (1938–1941 and 1990–1996 in Lithuania) of the “Gimtoji kalba”. The aim of the paper is to highlight and summarise the changes in the goals of the Lithuanian Language Society, the development of its activities, and the search for new forms of activities, as reflected in the publications of “Gimtoji kalba”. Descriptive, analytical and summarizing methods were applied. The analysis of the publications in “Gimtoji kalba” shows that the restored Lithuanian Language Society, which at first based its activity on the experience of the interwar period and the language movement of 1968–1988, contributed to the development of the state language surveillance system. The development of the state language surveillance system has led to a change in the direction of the Society’s activities. While at the beginning of the restoration of independence the focus was on language correctness and its maintenance, over time the Lithuanian Language Society became increasingly oriented towards linguistic education of society and promotion of the Lithuanian language.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of contemporary works by Russian linguists on the topic of linguistic variation. The aim of the review is to identify universal foundations for systematizing the diverse manifestations of this concept in language and speech, as reflected in linguistics. The main focus of the review is on two parameters of macromodeling linguistic variability: structural-level and functional-discursive. The first is associated with “enlarging” the subject of variation studies from phonemes to texts, while the second parameter is related to considering various phenomena of speech activity in terms of variation, such as language consciousness, language personality, and formats of speech activity (goals, discourses, speech genres, etc.). The relevance of this research is determined by the context of the emergence of variation studies as a universal direction in language research. A monitoring of linguistic works on variation shows that linguistics in this aspect is developing along the lines of globalization. The material for this study was collected from publications on Elibrary.ru from 2000 to 2023. The focus was primarily on works that explicitly mentioned concepts related to the ontological manifestations of linguistic variation and the epistemological trend towards their metalinguistic globalization.

This article presents an exploratory study conducted using functional and sociocognitive approaches in light of the “material turn” in Translation Studies. It provides a review of works that apply actor-network theory (ANT) and the concept of distributed cognition to the study of translation activities. It also explores the possibility of adopting in translation research the data collection, processing and visualization techniques developed to describe activities in hybrid environments combining face-to-face and mediated interaction. The authors discuss a way of including the artifacts in the translation situation model, following the positions of ANT, visual net-work analysis, and M. Zwilling’s concept of a translational constellation. The objective of the paper is to evaluate a complex method-ology aimed at describing translators’ work-place conditions and their network interactions in a realistic way. The study is based on a semi-structured interview (120 min) with a representative of the translation department at a commercial enterprise in Chelyabinsk, Russia. It shows how specific tasks are performed in a distributed cognitive network, what role is played by such artifacts as a server solution, a terminology database, and email; and how the translation commissioners’ intention can be distributed in a network of interconnected entities.

The paper investigates the current development of digital technologies, its terminology, the problems in cross-linguistic terminography and shows that at present terminography becomes an autonomous and leading multidimensional linguistic digital discipline. Its most urgent task is to create effective digital termilonological resources of cross-linguistic correspondences to authentic extended language-specific and idiomatic digital terminology in English, including its equivalents in Russian. A wide collection of corpus data, compiled for the last five years (over 1 mil. words) out of leading authentic journals and books in English on Natural Language Processing (NLP) and corresponding authentic texts in Russian, provided with translation of titles, abstracts and key words from Russian into English, as well as the analysis of computer translation systems, shows that contemporary English-Russian dictionaries and digital lexicographic resources need serious improvement. It can be based on contemporary linguistic knowledge in cross-linguistic English–Russian and Russian–English correspondences, particularly concerning “translation universals”, such as explication, implication and normalization.

The article examines early Soviet criticism of Johannes R. Becher’s works in the context of Soviet reception of German Expressionism in the 1920s. A.V. Lunacharsky and P.S. Kogan were mainly positive in their assessments of this literary movement of the 1910s, emphasizing its revolutionary intentions, typical for Expressionists’ works and social position (anti-bourgeois activism, closeness to the working class and the Communist Party). On the contrary, critics that stuck to the program of the magazine “Na literaturnom postu” and associated with the Communist Academy tended to reject Expressionism as a decadent phenomenon of bourgeois culture. They decisively separated Becher from this literary movement. The article also dwells on the Expressionist studies conducted by the research team of the State Academy of Artistic Sciences (GAKhN); in 1926 its president P. Kogan presented his research paper “Johannes Becher. (A page from the history of German Expressionism)” which is published for the first time in the addendum.

The paper examines the calligraphic sketches contained in Dostoevsky’s workbooks with entries for 1867: mentions in calligraphy of the name Garibaldi, as well as Italian toponyms (Acquapendente, Viterbo, Monterotondo, Roma, Tivoli, Frosinone). The analysis of the semantic context formed by these and other calligraphies (inscriptions with the names of Roman Caesars, King of Italy Victor Emmanuel II, Pope Pius IX, etc.) reveals the influence on these records of newspaper periodicals, which widely covered the events of the Risorgimento at that time and attracted the attention of Dostoevsky, as follows from documentary evidence. The context revealed by these calligraphic notes indicates thematic connections between Dostoevsky’s notes of the 1860s, his novels and the future Diary of a Writer.

This article describes the transformation of the image of the child in literature during the 10-30s of the 20th century. The stories of three contemporary authors are used as material, which are connected by motifs of enlightenment and repentance: “The Day of the Boy” by F. Verfel, “The Paper Kite” by Lu Xin, and “On Tenderness” by Nadezhda Teffi. The basis for comparative analysis is the biographical similarities, close circle of philosophical and aesthetic interests of Austrian, Chinese, and Russian authors, as well as the genre and thematic proximity of the texts. The researcher assumes that increased attention to the image of the child arises in the early 19th century in Romantic literature, which interprets it either as a victim or as an angel. However, in the second half of the 19th century, images of “evil children” begin to appear. The analysis shows that under the influence of Freud, the motive of children’s games as a way to familiarize oneself with evil, temptation, and inevitable experiences during development consistently emerges in literature of the early 20th century. The common form of reminiscence present in all three texts allows the authors to interpret childhood events causally and derive later moral experiences from children’s games. The article concludes that Verfel’s, Lu Xin’s, and Teffi’s stories are influenced by Freud’s idea of the interconnection between childhood impressions and the fate of adults, who must comprehend past shame, guilt, and repentance.

The article explores the reading practices of contemporary students in the context of the development of digital technologies. The authors interpret the results of sociological research conducted, which reveal students’ attitudes towards various reading practices in the midst of media transformations (surveys, focus groups, analysis of drabbles). The study investigates students’ attitudes towards reading (the value of reading and frequency of engagement), differentiating interests and factors influencing reading activity. The effectiveness of promoting and supporting reading in libraries, universities, the film industry, and opinion leaders is evaluated. The conclusion is drawn that there is no basis for a fundamental distinction between supporters of traditional (book enthusiasts) and digital (digital adepts) reading. Both are fully integrated into the traditional paper and digital book environment. Modern digital and visual communication technologies were found to be the most significant means of encouraging reading for both categories of respondents. The lines of digital inequality are primarily determined by the level of engagement in media communication and the ability to generate creative content. A predominantly passive position of respondents towards reading content online is observed. The conclusion is made about the gap between the declared, recognized, and implemented value of reading.