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Language researchers are usually aware of intellectual property and personal data (PD) requirements. The problem, however, arises when these two legal regimes have conflicting requirements. For instance, when copyright law requires the acknowledgement of the author, but personal data law enshrines the data mini-misation principle. It is a practical question for a language researcher whether he should namethe author of the text used for, e.g., building a language model, or followthe data minimisation principle not to name the author. The access right that a data subject has introducessimilar conflicts. The question is what the scope of the access rightis. Does it cover only processed personal data,or does it extend to data derived from PD?

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Estonian Association Applied Linguists. All rights reserved. The study focuses on the sharing of linguistic data containing personal data, which is the processing of personal data. Therefore, the requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) must be complied with. Compliance with these requirements is the responsibility of the controller, who may use the assistance of processors to process the data. In international practice, it is not clear how the responsibility for the processing of personal data is divided between a specific researcher and a research institution. For example, the French and German models differ from the Estonian, Lithuanian and Finnish models. The Greek model offers a unique approach. In general, the employer (organization or legal entity) is responsible for the processing of personal data. At the same time, research has its own specificity, which is characterized by academic freedom and as well as mobility of researchers. The situation is further complicated by the sharing of language data through research networks such as CLARIN. In the present study, the authors analyze the division of duties and responsibilities between the researcher and the research institution (including research networks). The authors also analyze how data sharing should take place from a personal data protection perspective. It is important to clarify whether the data provider and the data recipient are both controllers, joint controllers or the recipient is the processor and how the responsibility for data sharing is shared. The authors of the analysis have an interdisciplinary and international background, covering different areas of law (data protection, labor law, contract law) and jurisdictions (Estonia, Italy, Greece, Lithuania, France, Germany, Finland) and language technology.

Artikli eesmargiks on selgitada, millises ulatuses mojutab keeleandmetele kohalduv oiguslik režiim keelemudelite arendamist ja kasutamist. Autorid lahtuvad oma kasitluses protsessiskeemist, alustades algandmetest ning lopetades keeletehnoloogiat sisaldavate valmistoodetega (nt koneliidesega kulmik). Keeletehnoloogias kasutatavad algandmed sisaldavad tihti autorioiguslikult kaitstavaid teoseid, autorioigusega kaasnevate oiguste objekte (esitus, salvestus) ja isikuandmeid (isiku haal, isiku kohta kaiv muu info), mida sailitatakse annoteerimata ja annoteeritud andmekogudes. Keelandmete oiguslikke kusimusi on juba varem uuritud. Oiguslikult on labi uurimata aga keelemudelite oiguslikud aspektid. Autorid on seisukohal, et reeglina ei mojuta keelemudelite edasist oiguslikku staatust kasutatud algandmete oiguslik režiim, sest autorioigusega kaitstavad teosed mudelis pigem ei saili. Kull aga voib oiguslikke probleeme tekitada isiku haale kasutamine keelemudelis. Autorid analuusivad voimalikke lahendusvariante nende probleemide uletamiseks. Artiklis vaadeldakse ka uue autorioiguse direktiiviga kehtestatavat andmekaeve regulatsiooni ja selle rakendamist keelemudelite loomise kontekstis. *** Influence of legal regime of language data on language models This article aims to explain the extent to which the legal regime applicable to language data affects the development and use of language models. In their approach, the authors follow a process chart, starting from raw data to finished products containing language technology (eg a refrigerator with a speech interface). The raw data used in language technologies often include copyrighted works, objects of related rights (performances, sound recordings) and personal data (voice, other information about the person) stored in non-annotated and annotated databases. The legal issues of language data have already been studied. However, the legal aspects of language models have not been throughly explored. The authors are of the opinion that, as a rule, the legal status of the language models is not affect by the legal status of the used raw language data, since copyrighted works usually do not remain in the model. However, the use of a person’s voice in a language model can create legal problems. The authors analyze possible solutions to overcome these problems. The article also outlines the regulation of data mining introduced by the new copyright directive and its implementation in the context of development of language models.

The article focuses on determining responsible parties and the division of potential liability aris-ing from sharing language data (LD) containing personal data (PD). A key issue here is to identify who has to make sure and guarantee the GDPR compliance. The authors aim to answer 1) whether an individual researcher is a controller and 2) whether sharing LD results in joint controllership or separate controllership (whether the data's transferee becomes the controller, the joint control-ler or the processor). The article also analyses the legal relations of parties involved in data sharing and potential liability. The finalsection outlines data sharing in the CLARIN context. The analy-sis serves as a preliminary analytical background for redesigning the CLARIN contractual frame-work for sharing data.