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Flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been rapidly developed for realistic applications such as windows and auxiliary power supplies of electronics. However, the moisture penetration through the flexible substrate films still poses a major obstacle because it can destroy the perovskite films under outdoor conditions. Unlike conventional PSCs with glass‐based encapsulation, flexible PSCs face challenges in finding suitable materials and structures that maintain flexibility while providing effective encapsulation. Simple encapsulation methods for flexible PSCs are proposed using a transparent electrode‐integrated flexible barrier (TIFB) substrate comprising silicon nitride (SiNx)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/indium tin oxide (ITO). A dense SiNx layer with chemical vapor deposition on ITO–PET films is deposited and a more flexible TIFB than the conventional laminated substrate owing to its thinness is achieved. TIFB shows a low water vapor transmission rate of 4.3 × 10−3 g m−2 day. Consequently, the efficiency of TIFB‐based PSCs under harsh conditions (60 °C and 90RH%) exhibits an acceptable decrease within 10% of its highest efficiency after 400 h, which is the most stable data under high temperature and humidity among existing flexible encapsulated PSCs. TIFB, as a flexible substrate, is a major candidate to protect flexible electronics and PSCs against external factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roll‐to‐roll (R2R) fabrication of high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remains challenging for PSC commercialization. Herein, the R2R‐suitable electron transfer layer (ETL) SnO2 ink system for flexible PSCs is investigated. Water‐dispersed SnO2 inks, commonly used for flexible PSCs, form dewetting pinholes during R2R slot‐die coating owing to slower evaporation compared to spin coating. To prevent the dewetting of the pinhole, a low surface tension solvent (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is added to the SnO2 ink. The IPA addition reduced surface tension, enhancing wetting behavior, but increased SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) aggregation. Interestingly, the fabricated ETL films with highly aggregated SnO2 NPs are smooth, in contrast to the rough layers obtained via the spin‐coating process, owing to the high shear rate. Herein, NP aggregation and surface morphology are explored using Brownian dynamics simulations under shear conditions. Consequently, when the particles are agglomerated, the PSCs with slot‐die coating exhibit higher power conversion efficiency compared to ETL spin‐coated PSCs. Therefore, IPA addition to SnO2 ink is preferred for the R2R slot‐die process by improving the wetting properties and forming smooth films. In this study, a framework is provided for obtaining high‐quality films using the slot‐die coating of ETL and promotes the commercialization of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological requirements are changing, and there is a push for more effective energy production and conversion technologies as a result of a social desire for sustainable and renewable energy sources. Solar energy conversion, particularly photovoltaic cells, offers a potentially helpful solution in this situation. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been reported to have increased significantly from 3% to 26.1%. The transition from laboratory PSCs to their commercialization needs scalable deposition techniques, high efficiency at a scalable level, and perovskite photovoltaic with minimal loss in PCE. In this review article, the scalable fabrication processes for perovskite solar modules (PSMs) and their fabrication challenges, as well as latest developments in PSM stability, are focused on. Finally, the future prospectus and challenges for PSMs are presented. This review will give us an overall understanding of the thin film coating inside the PSM and good insight into the future direction of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]