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In non-anuric patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD), residual kidney function (RKF) is a main contributor to fluid and solute removal and an independent predictor of survival. We investigated if urine volume could be used to estimate renal clearances and removal of urea, creatinine, and phosphorus in PD patients. The observational, cross-sectional study included 93 non-anuric prevalent PD patients undergoing continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD; n = 34) or automated PD (APD; n = 59). Concentrations of urea, creatinine and phosphorus in serum and in 24-h collections of urine volume were measured to calculate weekly residual renal clearance (L/week) and removed solute mass (g/week). Median [interquartile range], 24-h urine output was 560 [330-950] mL and measured GFR (the mean of creatinine and urea clearances) was 3.24 [1.47-5.67] mL/min. For urea, creatinine and phosphorus, residual renal clearance was 20.60 [11.49-35.79], 43.02 [19.13-75.48] and 17.50 [8.34-33.58] L/week, respectively, with no significant differences between CAPD and APD. Urine volume correlated positively with removed solute masses (rho = 0.82, 0.67 and 0.74) and with weekly residual renal clearances (rho = 0.77, 0.62 and 0.72 for urea, creatinine, and phosphorus, respectively, all p < 0.001). Residual renal clearances and urinary mass removal rates for urea, creatinine, and phosphorus correlate strongly with 24-h urine volume suggesting that urine volume could serve as an estimator of typical values of residual solute removal indices in PD patients., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Water removal which is a key treatment goal of automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) can be assessed cycle-by-cycle using remote patient monitoring (RPM). We analysed ultrafiltration patterns during night APD following a dry day (APD DD ; no daytime fluid exchange) or wet day (APD WD ; daytime exchange). Ultrafiltration for each APD exchange were recorded for 16 days using RPM in 14 patients. The distributed model of fluid and solute transport was applied to simulate APD and to explore the impact of changes in peritoneal tissue hydration on ultrafiltration. We found lower ultrafiltration (mL, median [first quartile, third quartile]) during first and second vs. consecutive exchanges in APD DD (-61 [-148, 27], 170 [78, 228] vs. 213 [126, 275] mL; p < 0.001), but not in APD WD (81 [-8, 176], 81 [-4, 192] vs. 115 [4, 219] mL; NS). Simulations in a virtual patient showed that lower ultrafiltration (by 114 mL) was related to increased peritoneal tissue hydration caused by inflow of 187 mL of water during the first APD DD exchange. The observed phenomenon of lower ultrafiltration during initial exchanges of dialysis fluid in patients undergoing APD DD appears to be due to water inflow into the peritoneal tissue, re-establishing a state of increased hydration typical for peritoneal dialysis., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

In renal failure, hyperphosphatemia is common and correlates with increased mortality making phosphate removal a key priority for dialysis therapy. We investigated phosphate clearance, removal and serum level, and factors associated with phosphate control in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory (CAPD), continuous cyclic (CCPD) and automated (APD) peritoneal dialysis (PD). In 154 prevalent PD patients (mean age 53.2 ± 17.6 year, 59% men, 47% anuric), 196 daily collections of urine and 368 collections of dialysate were evaluated in terms of renal, peritoneal and total (renal plus peritoneal) phosphorus removal (g/week), phosphate and creatinine clearances (L/week) and urea KT/V. Dialytic removal of phosphorus was lower in APD (1.34 ± 0.62 g/week) than in CAPD (1.89 ± 0.73 g/week) and CCPD (1.91 ± 0.63 g/week) patients; concomitantly, serum phosphorus was higher in APD than in CAPD (5.55 ± 1.61 vs. 4.84 ± 1.23 mg/dL; p < 0.05). Peritoneal and total phosphate clearances correlated with peritoneal (rho = 0.93) and total (rho = 0.85) creatinine clearances (p < 0.001) but less with peritoneal and total urea KT/V (rho = 0.60 and rho = 0.65, respectively, p < 0.001). Phosphate removal, clearance and serum levels differed between PD modalities. CAPD was associated with higher peritoneal removal and lower serum level of phosphate than APD.

IntroductionPeritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis is one of the leading causes of discontinuation of PD and is considered a critically important outcome for patients on PD. However, there is no universally accepted method of measuring this outcome in clinical trials.MethodsWe convened an online consensus workshop to establish a core outcome measure for PD-related peritonitis in clinical trials.ResultsA total of 53 participants, including 18 patients and caregivers, from 12 countries engaged in breakout discussions in this workshop. Transcripts were analyzed thematically. We identified the following 3 themes: (i) feasibility and applicability across diverse settings, which reflected the difficulty with implementing laboratory-based measures in resource-limited environments; (ii) ensuring validity, which included minimizing false positives and considering the specificity of symptoms; and (iii) being meaningful and tangible to patients, which meant that the measure should be easy to interpret, reflect the impact that symptoms have on patients, and promote transparency by standardizing the reporting of peritonitis among dialysis units.ConclusionA core outcome measure for PD-related peritonitis should include both symptom-based and laboratory-based criteria. Thus, the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) definition of peritonitis is acceptable. However, there should be consideration of reporting suspected peritonitis in cases where laboratory confirmation is not possible. The measure should include all infections from the time of catheter insertion and capture both the rate of infection and the number of patients who remain peritonitis free. A core outcome measure with these features would increase the impact of clinical trials on the care and decision-making of patients receiving PD.

The Latin American Dialysis and Renal Transplant Registry (RLADTR) was founded in 1991; it collects data from 20 countries which are members of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nefrología e Hipertension. This paper presents the results corresponding to the year 2010. This study is an annual survey requesting data on incident and prevalent patients undergoing renal replacement treatment (RRT) in all modalities: hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD) and living with a functioning graft (LFG), etc. Prevalence and incidence were compared with previous years. The type of renal replacement therapy was analyzed, with special emphasis on PD and transplant (Tx). These variables were correlated with the gross national income (GNI) and the life expectancy at birth. Twenty countries participed in the surveys, covering 99% of the Latin American. The prevalence of end stage renal disease (ESRD) under RRT in Latin America (LA) increased from 119 patients per million population (pmp) in 1991 to 660 pmp in 2010 (HD 413 pmp, PD 135 pmp and LFG 111 pmp). HD proportionally increased more than PD, and Tx HD continues to be the treatment of choice in the region (75%). The kidney Tx rate increased from 3.7 pmp in 1987 to 6.9 pmp in 1991 and to 19.1 in 2010. The total number of Tx's in 2010 was 10 397, with 58% deceased donors. The total RRT prevalence correlated positively with GNI (r2 0.86; P < 0.05) and life expectancy at birth (r2 0.58; P < 0.05). The HD prevalence and the kidney Tx rate correlated significantly with the same indexes, whereas the PD rate showed no correlation with these variables. A tendency to rate stabilization/little growth was reported in the most regional countries. As in previous reports, the global incidence rate correlated significantly only with GNI (r2 0.63; P < 0.05). Diabetes remained the leading cause of ESRD. The most frequent causes of death were cardiovascular (45%) and infections (22%). Neoplasms accounted for 10% of the causes of death. The prevalence of RRT continues to increase, particularly in countries with 100% public health or insurance coverage for RRT, where it approaches rates comparable to those displayed by developed countries with a better GNI. The incidence also continues to increase in both countries that have not yet extended its coverage to 100% of the population as well as in those that have an adequate program for timely detection and treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its associated risk factors. PD is still an underutilized strategy for RRT in the region. Even though renal Tx is feasible, its growth rate is still not as fast as it should be in order to compensate for the increased prevalence of patients on waiting lists. Diagnostic and prevention programs for hypertension and diabetes, appropriate policies promoting the expansion of PD and organ procurement as well as transplantation as cost-effective forms of RRT are needed in the region. Regional cooperation among Latin American countries, allowing the more developed to guide and train others in starting registries and CKD programs, may be one of the key initiatives to address this deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Latin American Society of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension's Dialysis and Transplant Registry was chartered in 1991. It collects information on ESRD and its treatment in 20 countries of the region. The prevalence of patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) increased from 129 pmp in 1992 to 447 pmp in 2004; in 2004, 56% of the patients were on hemodialysis, 23% on peritoneal dialysis, and 21% had a functioning kidney graft. The highest rates of prevalence were reported in Puerto Rico (1027 pmp), Chile (686 pmp), and Uruguay (683 pmp). Hemodialysis was widely used, except in El Salvador, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic, where peritoneal dialysis predominated. Incidence rate increased from 27.8 pmp to 147 pmp in the same period of observation; the lowest rate was reported in Guatemala (11.4 pmp) and the highest in Puerto Rico (337.4 pmp). Diabetes mellitus was the leading cause of renal failure in incident patients; the highest rates were reported in Puerto Rico (62.2%) and Mexico (60%). Forty-four percent of the incident population were older than 65 years. Access to renal replacement therapy was universal in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, and Venezuela, while was restricted in other countries. Main causes of death in dialysis were cardiovascular (44%) and infectious disease (26%). The rate of renal transplantation increased from 3.7 pmp in 1987 to 14.5 in 2004; fifty-three percent of the organs came from cadavers. Overall, donation rate was 5.9 pmp. In conclusion, the prevalence and incidence rates have increased over the years, and diabetes mellitus has emerged as the leading cause of kidney disease in the region. Although the rate of kidney transplantation has increased, the number remains insufficient to match the growing demand. The implementation of renal health programs in the region is urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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