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Simple Summary Poor oral health is a common problem in dogs and can cause them pain and impaired welfare. In this study, four different devices used for active dental home care were examined: two toothbrushes, manual and ultrasonic; and two textile products, a nylon glove and a microfiber finger cloth. These pieces of equipment were evaluated for efficacy against gingivitis, plaque, and tartar, using twenty-one beagle dogs. The dogs had their teeth cleaned once a day during five weeks. Each dog received two treatments (toothbrushes or textiles) but on separate sides of the mouth, right and left, respectively. The dogs’ oral health was assessed before and after the five-week period, by a veterinarian not aware of treatment. Each device improved the oral health in the dogs, reducing plaque and gingivitis. Furthermore, the amount of calculus also decreased in some individuals. The study also assessed the dogs’ stress, fear and anxiety levels during treatment using a (fear, anxiety, stress (FAS) protocol. The assessment of the stress levels in the dogs showed that adaptation occurs in the dogs subjected to daily dental care. These results can be used by veterinary staff who want to inspire and encourage dog owners to start brushing their dog’s teeth. Abstract Poor oral health is a common problem in dogs causing pain and impaired welfare. The gold standard to maintain good oral health and prevent periodontitis is daily tooth brushing. However, many dog owners find it difficult, and dogs often show aversive behavior. There are several different tools available, and in this intra-subject study, four different active dental home care treatment options were examined: manual and ultrasonic toothbrush, a nylon glove, and a microfiber finger cloth. The treatments were evaluated for efficacy against gingivitis, plaque, and calculus in beagle dogs. Each dog received two treatments on the buccal sides of the teeth once daily, either two types of toothbrushes (N = 10) or two types of textiles (N = 11), on separate sides of the mouth. The dogs’ teeth were assessed before and after the five-week treatment period, with the assessor blinded by additional, similar dogs (N = 7). The study also assessed the dogs’ stress levels during treatment using a fear, anxiety, stress (FAS) protocol. All four treatments improved dog oral health, reducing gingivitis and plaque. Furthermore, the amount of calculus also decreased in some individuals. Adaptation to dental care occurred in the dogs over time. This information can be used to encourage dog owners to brush their dogs’ teeth.

Combe-Grenal site (Southwest France) was excavated by F. Bordes between 1953 and 1965. He found several human remains in Mousterian levels 60, 39, 35 and especially 25, corresponding to MIS 4 (~75–70/60 ky BP) and with Quina Mousterian lithics. One of the fossils found in level 25 is Combe-Grenal IV, consisting of a fragment of the left corpus of a juvenile mandible. This fragment displays initial juvenile periodontitis, and the two preserved teeth (LLP4 and LLM1) show moderate attrition and dental calculus. The SEM tartar analysis demonstrates the presence of cocci and filamentous types of bacteria, the former being more prevalent. This result is quite different from those obtained for the two adult Neanderthals Kebara 2 and Subalyuk 1, where more filamentous bacteria appear, especially in the Subalyuk 1 sample from Central Europe. These findings agree with the available biomedical data on periodontitis and tartar development in extant individuals, despite the different environmental conditions and diets documented by numerous archeological, taphonomical and geological data available on Neanderthals and present-day populations. New metagenomic analyses are extending this information, and despite the inherent difficulties, they will open important perspectives in studying this ancient human pathology.