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Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate periodontal health in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Serbia., Methods: Periodontal disease was clinically assessed and compared in 187 children and adolescents (6 to 18 years of age) with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 178 control subjects without diabetes., Results: Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus had significantly more plaque, gingival inflammation, and periodontal destruction than control subjects. The main risk factors for periodontitis were diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.78; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42 to 5.44), bleeding/plaque ratio (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.48), and age (OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.21). In case subjects, the number of teeth affected by periodontal destruction was associated with mean hemoglobin A1c (regression coefficient 0.17; P = 0.026), duration of diabetes (regression coefficient 0.19; P = 0.021), and bleeding/plaque ratio (regression coefficient 0.17; P = 0.021)., Conclusions: Compared to children and adolescents without diabetes, periodontal disease is more prevalent and widespread in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and depends on the duration of disease, metabolic control, and the severity of gingival inflammation. Gingival inflammation in young patients with diabetes is more evident and more often results in periodontal destruction.

Purpose: To investigate whether polymorphisms of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)6, IL10, and IL1ra genes are associated with the risk of peri-implantitis susceptibility in patients with dental implants in the Serbian population. Materials and Methods: Isolated DNA from the blood was used for IL10-1082, TNFα-308, IL6-174, CD14-159, and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1ra) genotyping using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methodology. Clinical parameters included: peri-implant pocket depth (PPD), Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and radiologic bone loss. Results: The study included 98 patients with dental implants in function for at least 1 year, divided into peri-implantitis (34) and healthy peri-implant tissue (64) groups. The percentage distribution of smokers was significantly different between patients who developed periimplantitis and patients with healthy peri-implant tissue (71% vs 42%, respectively) and associated with increased peri-implantitis risk (OR: 3.289, 95% CI: 1.352 to 8.001; P = .007). A positive history of periodontitis was more frequent in the peri-implantitis group (62%) than in the healthy peri-implant tissue (20%) group and associated with increased peri-implantitis risk (OR: 6.337, 95% CI: 2.522 to 15.927; P = .0001). Frequencies of CD14-159, TNFα-308, IL10-1082, and IL6-174 genotypes were significantly different between patients with and without peri-implantitis. However, logistic regression revealed only TNFα-308 polymorphic GA/AA genotypes (OR: 8.890, 95% CI: 2.15 to 36.7; P = .003) and smoking (OR: 6.2, 95% CI: 1.44 to 26.7; P = .014) as independent factors associated with increased peri-implantitis risk, while CD14-159 polymorphic CT/TT genotypes were associated with decreased risk for peri-implantitis (OR: 0.059, 95% CI: 0.009 to 0.355; P = .002). Conclusion: The findings suggest that smoking and the presence of TNFα-308 GA/AA genotypes may increase the risk for peri-implantitis, while CD14-159 polymorphic CT/TT genotypes decrease the risk. The results also indicate significant association of CD14-159, TNFα-308, and IL6-174 genotypes and clinical parameters in the Serbian population. However, future studies in larger patient groups are necessary to confirm these observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]