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Objective: The aim of this investigation was to establish the frequency of detection of periodontopathic bacteria and Gram-negative enteric rods in HIV-positive (HIV+) patients with periodontitis., Materials and Methods: Clinical parameters and microbiological samples were obtained from 31 HIV+ periodontitis (H+PG) patients, 32 HIV-negative (HIV-) periodontitis (H-PG) patients and 32 systemically and periodontally healthy (CG) patients. Microbial samples were analyzed using culturing techniques for periodontopathic and superinfecting microorganisms. The ANOVA test was used to assess differences in the clinical parameters, and the Chi square and two-tailed Mann Whitney tests were used to find differences in the composition of the microbiota (p < 0.05)., Results: The frequency of detection of periodontopathic bacteria was higher in HIV- periodontitis patients (p < 0.05) compared to HIV+ and healthy subjects. In contrast, HIV+ patients harbor higher levels of superinfecting microorganisms (p < 0.05). Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were identified., Conclusions: The frequency of detection and levels of periodontopathic bacteria were higher in the HIV- periodontitis patients compared to HIV+ patients and healthy subjects. In contrast, levels of superinfecting bacteria were found to be elevated in HIV+ periodontitis patients. Special attention should be paid to the presence of periodontopathic and superinfecting bacteria in these patients in order to avoid further periodontal and systemic complications.

Introduction: Microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family, non-fermentative Gram negative rods and species of Candida (yeast) have been considered as unusual microorganisms in patients with periodontitis, where antimicrobial and mechanical treatment have been often ineffective to solve or control the disease progression. Objectives: To analyze the microbiological profiles in periodontally healthy individuals, and in chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients; to determine the frequency of detection of unusual microorganisms and the possible associations with some periodontopathic bacteria in an oral microbiology laboratory database in Cali. Material and methods: Microbiological reports of 356 patients were analyzed in a period of 41 months. The variables were periodontal diagnosis, total colony counts, percentage of isolation of ten periodontal bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae spp; non-fermentative Gram negative rods and yeasts were also included in the analyses. Results: Reports of 202 (56.7%) patients with chronic periodontitis, 139 (39.1%) of patients with aggressive periodontitis and 15 (4.2%) of periodontally healthy individuals were found. The presence of unusual microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family was 36% and the prevalence of yeast was 7% in the periodontitis patients. Among the three clinical diagnoses no significant differences were found with respect to the presence of enteric organism and yeasts. The greatest prevalence of enteric organisms belonged to Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter and non-fermentative Gram negative rods. Significant associations were found between the presence and absence of unusual microorganisms related to Actinobacillus. actinomycetemcomitans. Discussion and conclusions: The unusual microbiota in these patients was conformed mostly by Gram negative enteric rods. These microorganisms are characterized by being opportunistic species for humans. More studies are required to establish the role of these unusual microorganisms in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]