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Background: It is unknown whether the availability of long drug-eluting stents modify the PCI strategy of long CTO. To describe the contemporary PCI strategy of long chronic total occlusions (CTO) using overlapping (OS) or single long stents (SS) and to analyze its results., Methods: 2842 consecutive CTO PCIs were included. Those with an occlusion length ≥20 mm in which ≥1 drug eluting stent (DES) was implanted were analyzed. We compared procedural characteristics and clinical outcomes of CTO treated with OS or SS., Results: 1088 CTO PCIs were analyzed (79.9% males; 64.7±10.6 years). Mean J-score was 2.8±0.9. A SS was used in 38.5% of cases and OS in 61.5%. Total stent length was 64.1±29.9 mm; it was higher in the OS group (OS: 79.9±25.5 mm vs. SS: 38.3±14.7 mm; P<0.0001). Mean number of stents in the OS group was 2.3±1. Very long stents (≥40 mm) were used in 27.4% of cases, more frequently in the OS group (OS:32.4% vs. SS:19.3%; P<0.0001). After a mean follow-up of 19±15.9 months, the rate of adverse events (MACE) was 2% (cardiac death: 1.6%, myocardial infarction: 1.6%, target lesion revascularization: 1.9% and stent thrombosis: 0.18%) with no significant differences between both groups. Overlapping was not an independent predictor of MACE., Conclusions: In long CTO PCIs, OS is more frequently used than single stenting, especially in more complex procedures. Clinical outcomes at a mid-term follow-up are favorable. Using newer generation DES, overlapping was not an independent predictor of MACE; however, a trend toward a higher event rate was observed in the OS group.

Heavily calcified coronary lesions increase the complexity of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and represent a challenge for interventional cardiologists. They are an important cause of stent underexpansion and poor clinical outcome. Nowadays, there are different dedicated devices which enhance the chances of success. Rotational atherectomy is the first-line modality which permits to cross balloons or stents through severe calcified lesions. However, when circumferential deep calcium plaques exist may not be enough to achieve adequate expansion of these devices. In these cases, the complementary use of intracoronary lithotripsy ("RotaTripsy") can be an effective approach that further modifies the calcified plaque and enables optimal stent implantation. We present the first case series undergoing PCI using "RotaTripsy" technique., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Nothing to declare., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Guidewire-related complications are rarely reported, but are significantly associated with mortality and morbidity. Although radial approach is preferred in the majority of cases, femoral approach is needed in some complex procedures; ultrasound guidance decreases complications in transfemoral cases. This case also serves as a warning that the use of plastic wires with metallic needles can produce wire rupture.

Background: We aimed to compare the performance of the recent CASTLE score to J-CTO, CL and PROGRESS CTO scores in a comprehensive database of percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusion procedures., Methods: Scores were calculated using raw data from 1,342 chronic total occlusion procedures included in REBECO Registry that includes learning and expert operators. Calibration, discrimination and reclassification were evaluated and compared., Results: Mean score values were: CASTLE 1.60±1.10, J-CTO 2.15±1.24, PROGRESS 1.68±0.94 and CL 2.52±1.52 points. The overall percutaneous coronary intervention success rate was 77.8%. Calibration was good for CASTLE and CL, but not for J-CTO or PROGRESS scores. Discrimination: the area under the curve (AUC) of CASTLE (0.633) was significantly higher than PROGRESS (0.557) and similar to J-CTO (0.628) and CL (0.652). Reclassification: CASTLE, as assessed by integrated discrimination improvement, was superior to PROGRESS (integrated discrimination improvement +0.036, p<0.001), similar to J-CTO and slightly inferior to CL score (- 0.011, p = 0.004). Regarding net reclassification improvement, CASTLE reclassified better than PROGRESS (overall continuous net reclassification improvement 0.379, p<0.001) in roughly 20% of cases., Conclusion: Procedural percutaneous coronary intervention difficulty is not consistently depicted by available chronic total occlusion scores and is influenced by the characteristics of each chronic total occlusion cohort. In our study population, including expert and learning operators, the CASTLE score had slightly better overall performance along with CL score. However, we found only intermediate performance in the c-statistic predicting chronic total occlusion success among all scores., Competing Interests: Abbott provided an unrestricted grant to support the Registry and this publication’s fees. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

We report the treatment of three severely underexpanded freshly deployed stent layers in the proximal left anterior descending artery, despite 24 atm inflation pressure, due to heavily calcified plaque. Rotational atherectomy, using a high rpm and a stepped burr strategy, successfully ablated the stent layers and the protruding calcified plaque. Subsequently, balloon angioplasty resulted in stent expansion and the treated segment was scaffolded with another stent, finally obtaining an excellent angiographic result. The patient's evolution was satisfactory. This case shows that rotational atherectomy can be a useful tool in a compromising situation, such as severely underexpanded implanted stents.

Abstract: We describe a nonagenarian patient in whom a paclitaxel-eluting stent was lost during an attempt of direct stent implantation at the distal right coronary artery after removal of the guide-wire. The potential usefulness of intravascular ultrasound in the management of this complication is illustrated. The dislodged stent could not be located by fluoroscopy. However, intravascular ultrasound allowed to find the undeployed stent at the proximal segment of the right coronary artery. It showed that the guide-wire was placed outside the lost stent lumen and this undeployed stent was crushed against a previously implanted stent by another stent with optimal intravascular ultrasound-guided implantation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]