1. Haplochromis squamipinnis Regan 1921
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Vranken, Nathan, Steenberge, Maarten Van, Heylen, Annelies, Decru, Eva, and Snoeks, Jos
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Actinopterygii ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Cichlidae ,Haplochromis ,Haplochromis squamipinnis ,Chordata ,Taxonomy ,Perciformes - Abstract
Haplochromis squamipinnis Regan, 1921 Figs 1–2, 38–40; Table 1 Haplochromis squamipinnis Regan, 1921: 636. Haplochromis squamipinnis – Trewavas 1933: 338 (redescription). — Greenwood 1973: 204, fig. 31 (redescription). Harpagochromis squamipinnis – Greenwood 1980: 13. Differential diagnosis Species with a piscivorous morphology; body rather deep [BD 32.4–39.3 (mean 35.7) % SL]; oral jaws very long [LJL 47.8–58.6 (52.7) % HL], narrow [LJW 32.6–44.7 (37.2) % LJL], and steep (gape inclination 30–45°); outer oral teeth many and small [UOT 39–79 (median 58)]; dominant males slate blue. Amongst piscivorous species from the Lake Edward system, H. squamipinnis differs from all by presence vs absence of minute scales on proximal part of dorsal fin (rarely few scales present in H. quasimodo sp. nov.). It further differs from H. latifrons sp. nov. and H. mentatus by the combination of small vs large outer oral teeth, a larger number of outer upper jaw teeth [UOT 39–79 (58) vs 22–47 (27–36)], a steeper gape (30–45° vs 15–30°), and a deeper body [BD 32.4–39.3 (35.7) vs 27.2–32.3 (28.6–31.2) % SL]; from H. mentatus by dominant males uniformly slate blue vs yellow-green with a red anterior part of flank. It further differs from H. rex sp. nov., H. simba sp. nov., H. glaucus sp. nov., and H. aquila sp. nov. by the combination of small vs large outer oral teeth, a larger number of outer upper jaw teeth [UOT 39–79 (58) vs 22–47 (27–36)], and dominant males uniformly slate blue vs cream-coloured with an orange operculum, yellow with an orange anterior part of flank, light blue with a dusky to black head, or light grey with a black head, respectively; further from H. rex sp. nov., H. simba sp. nov., and H. glaucus sp. nov. by a steeper gape (30–45° vs 15–30°); further from H. aquila sp. nov. by a smaller eye [ED 23.1–29.7 (26.6) vs 30.0–31.5 (30.6) % HL]. It further differs from H. kimondo sp. nov. by a concave to straight vs convex dorsal outline of head, a gentler snout inclination (30–40° vs 40–50°), and dominant males slate blue vs grey dorsally and yellow ventrally; further from H. falcatus sp. nov. by a shorter head [HL 35.1–36.9 (36.0) vs 36.6– 39.6 (38.2) % SL] and dominant males slate blue vs olive-green with an orange-red anterior part of flank; further from H. curvidens sp. nov. and H. pardus sp. nov. by a deeper cheek [ChD 24.9–36.0 (29.0) vs 20.8–24.9 (22.5–23.2) % HL]; further from H. pardus sp. nov. by a larger adult size (max. 211 vs 96 mm SL) and colour pattern of small specimens (H. quasimodo sp. nov. by the combination of a broader interorbital area [IOW 48.6–55.6 (51.9) vs 40.5–48.7 (43.9) % HW], a longer lower jaw [LJL 47.8–58.6 (52.5) vs 44.2–49.6 (47.1) % HL], a steeper gape inclination (30–45° vs 20–35°), and dominant males slate blue vs light grey dorsally and blue-black ventrally. Etymology Specific name not explained in original description, from the Latin ‘ squamus ’ for ‘scale’, and ‘ pinnis ’ for ‘fin’; probably referring to minute scales on basal parts of dorsal and anal fins. Material examined Holotype DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (most likely) • 1 ♀, 136.9 mm SL; Lake Edward; 1907– 1908; H. Schubotz leg.; NHMUK 1914.4.8.32. Other material DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1 ♀, 75.9 mm SL; “Lac Edouard: Bugazia” [Lake Edward: Bugazia]; 0°23′40.8″ S, 29°23′02.0″ E (inferred); 16 May 1935; IRSNB 12939 • 1 ♂, 168.4 mm SL; “Lac Edouard: au large de la riv. Talia” [Lake Edward: offshore Talia River]; 0°31′05″ S, 29°20′26″ E (inferred); 23 Apr. 1953; KEA exped. leg.; IRSNB 13475 • 1 ♀, 167.7 mm SL; “Lac Edouard: au large de la riv. Kigera” [Lake Edward: offshore of the Kigera River]; 0°29′42″ S, 29°38′14″ E (inferred); 25 May 1953; KEA exped. leg.; IRSNB 13477 • 1 ♀, 210.5 mm SL; “Lac Edouard: 2–3 km à l’Ouest de Kiavinionge” [Lake Edward: 2–3 km west of Kiavinionge]; 0°11′39″ S, 29°32′31″ E (inferred); 1 Jun. 1953; KEA exped. leg.; IRSNB 13482. UGANDA – Lake Edward • 2 ♀♀, 110.9, 117.4 mm SL; 0°12′00.0″ S, 29°47′38.4″ E; 23 Oct. 2016; HIPE1 exped. leg.; deep catch, open water ± 20 m deep; RMCA 2016.035.P.0235, 0238 • 2 ♂♂, 182.0, 211.4 mm SL; 0°24′16.0″ S, 29°46′24.8″ E; 9 Nov. 2016; HIPE1 exped. leg.; bought at Rwenshama landing site; RMCA 2016.035.P.0251, 0254 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, 148.5–177.3 mm SL; mouth of Kazinga Channel, hard substrate; 0°12′14.4″S, 29°52′37.2″ E; 23 Mar. 2017; HIPE2 exped. leg.; RMCA 2017.006.P.0375, 0377, 0379 • 1 ♂, 105.4 mm SL; Rwenshama rocky shore; 0°24′05.7″ S, 29°46′35.1″ E; 25 Mar. 2017; HIPE2 exped. leg.; RMCA 2017.006.P.0385 • 1 ♀, 113.2 mm SL; Kayanja, offshore; 0°05′31.2″ S, 29°45′30.3″ E; 21 Jan. 2018; HIPE3 exped. leg.; RMCA 2018.008.P.0368. – Kazinga Channel • 1 ♂, 111.3 mm SL; near Queen Elisabeth Bush Lodge; 0°08′09.6″ S, 30°02′27.6″ E; 28 Oct. 2016; HIPE1 exped. leg.; RMCA 2016.035.P.0244. – Lake George • 1 ♂, 80.7 mm SL; Akika Island; 0°01′26.7″ S, 30°09′38.2″ E; 28 Mar. 2017; HIPE2 exped. leg.; RMCA 2017.006.P.0387 • 1 ♀ (90.9 mm SL); Akika Island; 0°01′26.7″ S, 30°09′38.2″ E; 29 Mar. 2017; HIPE2 exped. leg.; RMCA 2017.006.P.0398 • 1 ♂, 180.1 mm SL; Kashaka bay, north of inlet; 0°04′52.2″ S, 30°10′47.3″ E; 2 Feb. 2018; HIPE3 exped. leg.; RMCA 2018.008.P.0369 • 2 ♀♀, 77.6, 107.4 mm SL; Kashaka bay, north of inlet; 0°04′52.2″ S, 30°10′47.3″ E; 2 Feb. 2018; HIPE3 exped. leg.; RMCA 2018.008.P.0371 to 0372. Description Based on 20 specimens (75.9–211.4 mm SL); body average in depth in comparison to generalised H. elegans (but deep for a piscivorous species; Table 1) and oval to rhomboid (Fig. 38). Head long, narrow, and with a straight to concave dorsal outline; eye small; interorbital area narrow; cheek and lacrimal deep. Snout long, acute, and slopes very gently at 30–35°; premaxillary pedicel very long and prominent. Jaws isognathous to strongly prognathous, slim, very narrow, and rounded in dorsal view; upper jaw long and lower jaw very long; gape large and slopes steeply at 30–45°; maxilla extends to between verticals through anterior margins of orbit and pupil. Lower jaw shallow and with a straight ventral outline in lateral view, mental prominence weakly or strongly developed, and lower jaw side steep with an inclination of 35° to horizontal in anterior view. Upper jaw expanded slightly anteriorly and ventrally. Lips and oral mucosa thin. Neurocranium average in depth, ethmo-vomerine block horizontally inclined, preorbital region shallow (19–25% NL), orbital region average in depth (28–32% NL), and supraoccipital crest deep and pyramidical or weakly wedge-shaped (Fig. 39b). Outer oral teeth numerous, unicuspid, and small. Necks stout, conical, and straight; crowns weakly recurved in lower jaw, recurved in upper jaw, and acutely pointed. Dental arcades rounded. Outer teeth closely and regularly set with neck-distances of ½–1 neck-width. In upper jaw, 1–3 posteriormost teeth sometimes slightly enlarged. Inner teeth small, weakly recurved, unicuspid in large specimens (> 120 mm SL), tri- to rarely unicuspid in upper jaw and uni- to weakly tricuspid in lower jaw of small specimens (H. nigripinnis Regan, 1921 followed by H. angustifrons Boulenger, 1914 (Moreau et al. 1993); insects and to a lesser degree small fishes and plant fragments contribute to diet in small specimens (et al. 1973). Sexual dimorphism in size, as observed by Greenwood (1973), seems absent; both sexes reach> 210 mm SL., Published as part of Vranken, Nathan, Steenberge, Maarten Van, Heylen, Annelies, Decru, Eva & Snoeks, Jos, 2022, From a pair to a dozen: the piscivorous species of Haplochromis (Cichlidae) from the Lake Edward system, pp. 1-94 in European Journal of Taxonomy 815 on pages 68-73, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.815.1749, http://zenodo.org/record/6484153, {"references":["Regan C. T. 1921. The Cichlid fishes of Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 9: 632 - 639. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932108632633","Trewavas E. 1933. Scientific results of the Cambridge expedition to the East African Lakes, 1930 - 1. The cichlid fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 38: 309 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1933. tb 00062. x","Greenwood P. H. 1973. A revision of the Haplochromis and related species (Pisces: Cichlidae) from Lake George, Uganda. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology 25: 139 - 242.","Greenwood P. H. 1980. Towards a phyletic classification of the ' genus' Haplochromis (Pisces, Cichlidae) and related taxa. Part II. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology 39: 1 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 13268","Schraml E. 2004. Die artenvielfalt der fische in Ugandas gewassern: beitrage zur kenntnis der fischfauna Ugandas. DCG-Informationen Sonderheft 3: 2 - 48.","Moreau J., Christensen V. & Pauly D. 1993. A trophic ecosystem model of Lake George, Uganda. In: Christensen V. & Pauly D. (eds) Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 26: 124 - 129.","Moriarty D. J. W., Darlington J. P. E. C., Dunn I. G., Moriarty C. M. & Tevlin M. P. 1973. Feeding and grazing in Lake George, Uganda. 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