Search

In ribosomal synthesis of peptides and proteins, genetic information is translated into an amino acid polymer according to the genetic code, which describes the translational command encoded by each codon. However, parts of the genetic code can be adjusted to customize translations. One option is to remove decoding for a specific codon, resulting in a vacant codon. Such vacant codons can be used to stall the ribosome for mechanistic studies and display techniques. Alternatively, the liberated codon can be assigned to encode for incorporation of a noncanonical building block for expansion of the genetic code. In this review we provide an overview of the methods currently available for vacating codons in prokaryotic translation (agnostic of how these are later applied), targeting factors such as amino‐acyl tRNA synthetases, tRNA, release factors, and the initiation machinery. Moreover, we assess applicability and compatibility of the currently available techniques and discuss which have the potential to develop into even more powerful approaches in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrocyclisation provides a means of stabilising the conformation of peptides, often resulting in improved stability, selectivity, affinity, and cell permeability. In this work, a new approach to peptide macrocyclisation is reported, using a cyanobenzothiazole‐containing amino acid that can be incorporated into peptides by both in vitro translation and solid phase peptide synthesis, meaning it should be applicable to peptide discovery by mRNA display. This cyclisation proceeds rapidly, with minimal by‐products, is selective over other amino acids including non N‐terminal cysteines, and is compatible with further peptide elaboration exploiting such an additional cysteine in bicyclisation and derivatisation reactions. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the new cyclisation group is likely to influence the peptide conformation as compared to previous thioether‐based approaches, through rigidity and intramolecular aromatic interactions, illustrating their complementarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]