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The aim of this study was to optimize the culture conditions of a marine-derived fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum M-22 for the production of penicilazaphilone C (PAC), a novel azaphilonidal derivative exhibiting broad cytotoxic and antibacterial effects. By single factor experiments, the effects to the production of PAC of aged seawater concentration, initial pH values, fermentation time, carbon sources, nitrogen sources and inorganic salt sources were investigated individually. Response surface methodology (RSM) analysis was adopted to investigate the interactions between variables and determine the optimal values for maximum PAC production. Evaluation of the experimental results signified that the optimum conditions for maximum production of PAC (19·85 mg l -1 ) in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask were fermentation time 24·83 days, pH of 7·00, corn meal concentration of 10·72 g l -1 , yeast extract concentration of 4·58 g l -1 , crude sea salt concentration of 20·59 g l -1 . Production under optimized conditions increased to 1·344-fold comparing to its production prior to optimization. The higher PAC production and the penicilazaphilone C -producing marine fungus would be provide a promising alterative approach for industrial and commercial applications., Significance and Impact of the Study: Penicilazaphilone C (PAC) was a novel azaphilonidal derivative which had exhibited selective cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity. To further enhance production of PAC by optimizing fermentation conditions of Penicillium sclerotiorum M-22 would provide a promising alterative approach for industrial and commercial applications. We used the single factor test to determine the key factors which influence the PAC production. Then through the Response surface methodology and Box-Behnken design to determine the best fermentation condition for maximum production of PAC. Through these experimental designs and analysis will help us improve experimental efficiency and save time and materials., (© 2017 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)

Five new nitrogen-containing sorbicillinoids named sorbicillamines A-E (1-5) were isolated from an agitated culture of the deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium sp. F23-2, which has previously produced indole alkaloids and terpenoids when cultured under static conditions. The structures of 1 to 5, including absolute configurations, were determined based on MS, NMR, and circular dichroism (CD) data. The cytotoxicities of the five new sorbicillin alkaloids against the HeLa, BEL-7402, HEK-293, HCT-116, and P388 cell lines were evaluated.

Compost prepared from wheat straw and cattle/chicken mature was inoculated with the lignocellulolytic fungus, Penicillium expansum. Compared to uninoculated compost, the inoculated compost exhibited a 150% higher germination index, more than 1.2 g kg(-1)-dw of changes in NH(4)(+)-N concentrations, a ca. 12.0% higher humus content and a lignocellulose degradation that proceeded 57.5% faster. Culture-based determinations of microbial populations demonstrated that aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and fungi were about 1-2 orders of magnitude higher in inoculated than in uninoculated compost. The number of ammonifying, ammonium-oxidizing, nitrite-oxidizing, denitrifying bacteria and cellulose-decomposing bacteria was 6.1-9.0 log(10) CFU g(-1)-dw, 1.2-4.3 log(10) MPN g(-1)-dw, 3.5-6.8 log(10) MPN g(-1)-dw, 3.58-4.34 log(10) MPN g(-1)-dw, 1.4-3.8 log(10)MPN g(-1)-dw, and 4.2-8.8 log(10) CFU g(-1)-dw higher in the compost inoculated with P. expansum., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The analysis of the absorption spectra of the low-molecular-weight nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites--alkaloids--of 4 Penicillium chrysogenum strains and 6 Penicillium expansum strains isolated on board the Mir space station showed that all these strains synthesize metabolites of alkaloid origin (roquefortine, 3,12-dihydroroquefortine, meleagrin, viridicatin, viridicatol, isorugulosuvin, rugulosuvin B, N-acetyl-tryptamine, and a "yellow metabolite" containing the benzoquinone chromophore).

The review summarizes the literature data on distribution of nitrogen-containing mycotoxins (alkaloids) among Penicillium and Aspergillus fungi infesting grain and products of grain processing. Particular attention in given to clavins (ergotalkaloids) and tremorgens (roquefortine, verruculogen, penitrems).

Optimization of the Kjeldahl method for determination of total nitrogen in the objects of microbial synthesis was performed in regard to biomass of the benzylpenicillin-producing culture, activated sludge and certain organic compounds. Mathematical processing of the data was carried out, which showed that the difference in the mean values for the five tested conditions of mineralization was insignificant. The method is useful in assaying the final and intermediate products as well as the waste in biotechnological production.

Metabolism of carbohydrates was studied in Penicillium chrysogenum 194 and in its inactive mutant growing on a defined medium, and also in the washed mycelium of these cultures. The percentage of nitrogen decreased in the mycelium of both strains with aging as a result of the accumulation of carbohydrate-containing substances dissolved in cold and hot hydrochloric acid. The rate of synthesis of these substances in the inactive mutant is higher than in the strain 194. The difference is especially pronounced in experiments with the washed mycelium. Carbohydrates dissolved in the hot acid are assimilated in largest amounts among carbohydrate-containing substances in the mycelium of the strain 194 growing in the conditions of starvation.

The green pigments from the fungi of the genera Trichoderma and Penicillium were partially extracted with formic acid. After two acid and one alkaline hydrolysis, the pigments of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma koningii were sufficiently purified to undertake the chemical studies. The elemental and functional analyses, the U. V. and visible spectra and the chromatographic observations showed that these pigments are polyphenolic in nature. Gel filtration on Sephadex G50 suggested, on the one hand, the homogeneity of the pigment of T. viride and, on the other, the heterogeneity of the pigment of T. koningii.