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Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate the antimicrobial therapy effect on clinical and laboratory findings among women at risk for endometritis. Study design: A prospective antimicrobial treatment trial of 153 women was performed to characterize subacute endometritis and to determine the treatment effect on endometritis resolution. Results: After antimicrobial treatment, significant reductions occurred in abnormal bleeding (60% vs 29%), mucopurulent cervicitis (20% vs 6%), uterine tenderness (20% vs 6%), and histologic endometritis (38% vs 4%), all P < .001. In women with prior pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometritis was present in 43% with and 28% without current Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In women without prior PID, endometritis was present in 23% with and 12% without current C trachomatis or N gonorrhoeae (P = .002 for trend). Conclusions: In women without a clinical diagnosis of PID, antimicrobial therapy decreased abnormal clinical findings and histologic endometritis. Prior PID is additive with current cervical infection as a risk for endometritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]