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Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trying to address a series of large questions—e.g., when peasants rebel, clandestine forms of resistance, state "imagination," and the origin of the very first agrarian states—led me to abandon much of the standard political science "tool kit." This is an account of that intellectual journey. [James C. Scott died on July 19, 2024, just days before this short intellectual biography went live. Scott was an intellectual giant, an eloquent writer, and an inspiration to multiple generations of students and scholars. The Annual Review of Political Science is pleased to be the publisher of his latest, perhaps last, publication. His oral history is available here.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the strategies employed by the peasantry to defend their established rights and privileges against a dominant state. A careful analysis of archival and oral sources revealed that despite having common grievances, the peasants in northwestern Ethiopia have adopted a distinct approach to resistance that aligns with their local circumstances. Thus, this paper argues that local factors play a crucial role in determining the nature, content, and duration of resistance movements. Besides, it provides an opportunity to examine the central role played by the peasantry in shaping the course of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a categorization of autonomies implemented by indigenous and peasant movements in Latin America into three types: a) juridical versus de facto autonomies; b) explicit versus implicit autonomies; and c) (mono)ethnic versus popular or class-based autonomies. We argue that the debate concerning these different conceptions is of strategic importance both in the dialogue between indigenous and peasant struggles for the defense of territories, and in the question of peasant autonomy, understood as a strategy of struggle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Education Program in Agrarian Reform (Pronera) is considered the first public policy conquered by the Rural Education movement. It is a public policy created to be implemented in Agrarian Reform peasant territories. It was created in 1998 by the strength of the struggle of peasant socio-territorial movements. This program allowed thousands of peasant-settlers to have the right to access different levels of formal education, and, among these, is the training of rural educators. The training courses for rural educators by Pronera use the Pedagogy of Alternation as a pedagogical matrix. This methodology intends to link work, culture and peasant life experiences with technical-scientific knowledge. The purpose of this text is to discuss the emancipatory importance of training rural educators and the methodology of Pedagogy of Alternation in higher education courses at Pronera, using the Special Graduation Course in Geography (CEGeo) as an analysis point. The methodology used was theoretical discussion, documentary research on the Pronera Operations Manual and CEGeo's Pedagogical Curricular Project and interviews with peasant students of the Course. The course was constructed in horizontal dialogue with peasant socio-territorial movements, establishing a dialogic relationship between the University, Socio-territorial Movements and the State. In this course, 46 peasant-settlers graduated in geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to explore the socioeconomic landscape of Ukraine at the turn of the 19th- 20th centuries, particularly focusing on the role of rumors in the peasant informational environment and their impact on societal sentiments and behaviors. Methods: The research utilizes a combination of historical analysis and communication theory, examining archival sources, existing literature, and the dynamics of rumor propagation within the peasant communities. It also incorporates mathematical models of rumor spread and interdisciplinary insights from psychology, sociology, and demography to understand the phenomenon comprehensively. Key Findings: Role of Rumors: Rumors emerged as a critical tool for understanding societal moods and political processes. They reflected real fears, hopes, and expectations and influenced public behavior and event development. Nature and Spread of Rumors: Rumors, characterized by anonymity and distortion, spread rapidly, especially in times of crisis, and often represented the only accessible form of information for the largely illiterate peasantry. Impact of Land Reforms: Economic uncertainty and legal changes, particularly related to land reforms such as the abolition of serfdom and Stolypin’s reforms, were central to the rumors. These rumors often depicted reforms as deceitful, exacerbating tensions and fears among the peasantry. Socio-Political Consequences: The lack of reliable information sources and increasing censorship fostered a reliance on informal communication channels. This environment allowed for manipulation by various forces, including political groups and foreign agents, especially during World War I. Conclusions: Rumors played a vital role in the peasant informational environment, driving both consolidation and destabilization. The absence of trustworthy information and the prevalence of censorship created fertile ground for rumor propagation, significantly impacting the socio-political landscape. The study highlights the need for further research into the dynamics of informal communication and its effects on society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the descriptions of Polish-Lithuanian peasants found in travel literature penned by British visitors to Poland during the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski. It aims to present the literary image of peasantry and comment on the Britons’ attitude towards the problems they faced. The authors whose works are analyzed are William Coxe (historian and tutor), John Lind (associate of a Polish king), Nathaniel Wraxall (traveler and ex-merchant), James Harris (a future diplomat), Joseph Marshall (a mysterious figure, probably a merchant) and John Williams. Villagers are generally described as miserable human beings struggling with poverty, cruelly exploited by their lords in a condition resembling slavery. The authors’ attitude is sympathetic to the difficulties of peasant lives. Britons appreciated attempts to extricate them from their plight in the belief that emancipation was ethically desirable and would render their work more productive.

Objective: To learn from the viewpoint of rainfed bean producers in northern Mexico about their socioeconomic dynamics and to identify the factors that affect their vulnerability, taking the Llanos region in the State of Durango as a reference. Methodology: The research was approached from a qualitative approach using the phenomenological method, employing the in-depth interview technique, the informants were men and women dedicated to bean production. Results: From the analysis of the interviews, the following five categories related to peasant vulnerability in the Durango plains were generated: low profitability, socio-productive fragility, modifications in the social structure, lack of opportunities for better living conditions and government participation, of which socio-productive fragility emerged as the central phenomenological category. Limitations: Low participation of peasant women in contrast to the number of male informants. Conclusions: The socioeconomic dynamics followed by the peasantry of the Llanos de Durango throughout its history is a multifactorial phenomenon that has resulted in a series of conditions that pose a threat to the main livelihood of rural communities in the region, which could negatively influence in the long term the supply of staple foods such as beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I analyze the communication work done by the Movement of Small Farmers (MPA) in the context of the Drought Camp, a mobilization that originated the MPA in 1996. The research was carried out through a literature review of texts by intellectuals from the movement itself. The objective of the article was to analyze the MPA's perception of the centrality of communication in its organizational process. In the results and discussions, I describe the artifacts, technologies, and procedures used in the organizational process of the movement. The conclusion points to a dialectical overcoming of the communicative form of the MPA in relation to rural unionism and highlights the relevance of communication artifacts contextualized with the Latin American. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The areas of activity of student youth during the creation of collective farms in Ukrainian villages during the period of complete collectivization by the Bolshevik authorities were studied. It was emphasized that the main task of the students was to carry out ideological work among the peasants to establish the collective farm system as soon as possible. Students, Komsomol members, and party members went on business trips to collective farms, where they created libraries, formed circles, developed plans for the sowing campaign, participated in grain drives, and organized tractor convoys and machinetractor stations. Official reports and press articles noted that, thanks to the students' help, many collective farms were transformed into exemplary ones. The involvement of student youth in the process of collectivization was significant, particularly in the search for and exposure of class enemies, or «kurkuls», who, according to the Bolshevik leadership, obstructed general collectivization. Despite the eviction of kulaks from collective farms, establishing effective work was often hindered by a lack of seeds and livestock. The analyzed efforts include organizing technical assistance for collective farms with the participation of students, such as fundraising for tractors and training through tractor courses. Challenges to these efforts included insufficient funds for organizing courses and a lack of interest from organizations in creating them. It has been proven that the creation of collective farms occurred at an accelerated pace and was accompanied by repression against those who resisted the system. Student youth were tasked with conducting explanatory work among the peasants and aiding in the exposure of elements hostile to the Bolshevik government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agrarian question dealing with peasants' reproduction in adverse global conditions is a topic of deep debate closely linked to farm viability. Approaches that define viability in monetary terms cannot explain peasants' way of farming. Holistic approaches can better analyse this question but existing frameworks leave aside aspects of reproduction. Here, we revise sustainable livelihoods and resilience frameworks through a feminist lens and propose livelihoods reproduction to address some blind spots. We do so through a literature review and a case study of olive oil farms in Spain. Our analysis highlights the importance of household labour distribution for farm viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the descriptions of Polish-Lithuanian peasants found in travel literature penned by British visitors to Poland during the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski. It aims to present the literary image of peasantry and comment on the Britons' attitude towards the problems they faced. The authors whose works are analyzed are William Coxe (historian and tutor), John Lind (associate of a Polish king), Nathaniel Wraxall (traveler and ex-merchant), James Harris (a future diplomat), Joseph Marshall (a mysterious figure, probably a merchant) and John Williams. Villagers are generally described as miserable human beings struggling with poverty, cruelly exploited by their lords in a condition resembling slavery. The authors' attitude is sympathetic to the difficulties of peasant lives. Britons appreciated attempts to extricate them from their plight in the belief that emancipation was ethically desirable and would render their work more productive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security is discussed with a particular focus on the decades either side of 1300, years characterised by poor weather and significant fluctuations in food availability, evident especially in the varied performance of grain harvests. Examining access to food and the vulnerability of the food supply in a period of particular pressure on food resources allows reflection on stresses on food availability in these decades as well as the range of approaches that individuals and institutions could employ in seeking to respond to them. The article discusses relative entitlement and contemporary perceptions of the same. While its focus is upon rural society and the experience of the peasantry, there will necessarily be some reference to the urban context, which cannot be separated from the experience of the countryside, and the attempts of institutions such as government to respond to issues relevant to food security in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text discusses Alexander Etkind's controversial work, Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience (2011), and proposes a way to study the Russian Imperial structures in terms of self-colonisation without diminishing the importance of Russia's colonisation and subjugation of indigenous peoples in Siberia, Central Asia or the Caucasus. It proposes to study the colonisation of the self, not as similar to the colonisation of peoples deemed in colonial discourse to be other, but rather as the subjugation of people belonging to the Russian self. As such, it is not to be conflated with the colonisation of others. Drawing upon examples from Russian literature, the article then offers some examples of how representatives of the Russian self, particularly the peasant class, were othered and subjugated by reforms and by discourse that show how discriminatory and arbitrary laws were when it came to the treatment of peasants in both the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first part of this essay I propose a synthesis on how art (and the discourse that accompanies it, including literary theory) has modified its "object" over the centuries. If for the classical theories of art and even for some produced in romantic period the object of art is the man-in-general, the theories of the 19th century (I will privilege those active on the territory of Romania) progressively particularize the object of art. This becomes either the "citizen" of a nation (in the case of Romanian literature, the object of literary art should have been the national hero or the “Romanian” in general), either the majority class (the peasantry), or the class considered the most active or favored by evolution or by the historical moment (the bourgeoisie in the first part of 20th century, workers from the moment Romania entered the zone of Soviet influence, after the Second World War), or groups or social entities not previously represented in art/ literature. In a second part of the essay, I focus on the case illustrated by the problem of the representation of Roma in literature (particularly in Romanian literature) and its correlates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the intellectual journey of Lauchlin Currie, Canadian by origin and Colombian by destination. His contributions were notable in the US at the time of the great world crisis of 1929-1932 in the field of monetary theory and policy and his first publication dates back to 1931, as referenced by his biographer. He directed the first World Bank mission to an underdeveloped country, Colombia, in 1949- 1950. He proposed an original development theory applicable to the country and called it Operation Colombia (1961) supported by a book called "Accelerating Development: the necessity and the means". He was the inspirer and architect of the Development Plan of the Four Strategies in the early 1970s. He made recommendations to the 1991 constituent on free central banking and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweden was a special case in the early modern political landscape of Europe, being the only large kingdom in which the rural population had its own representation at the Imperial Diet (Riksdag) alongside the nobility, clergy, and city burghers. The delegates mainly originated in the class of rural notables. The article first elucidates the social and political conditions and the development of peasant involvement in one of the three supreme political institutions beside the sovereign and the Imperial Council (Riksråd). Furthermore, it traces the controversial historiographic interpretations attached to the peasant estate and its political significance. It becomes clear, in a chronological and systematic perspective, that peasant participation formed an intermittent dynamic and complex process, which depended on such factors as war, economic circumstances, and social relations. Particularly important were the vertical solidarities between crown and peasantry grounded in their shared animosity towards the nobility. As a result, however, the representatives of rural subjects undermined their own right to participation in favour of the royal prerogative, thereby weakening the status of the Riksdag as a whole in the political field of forces. The extensive research overview revolves around the question as to what extent the peasants’ participatory claims were sacrificed for political expediency. In the light of this general tendency, the article finally addresses the concept of empowering interactions and emphasises the ambiguous effects. It is indeed hard to deny that the Riksdag with its peasant delegates lend legitimacy to the idea and practice of state rule. But it has to be doubted that in the course of such interactions, the Swedish peasantry really achieved a gain in state-based authority as a political actor of its own accord. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to broaden the debate on the peasant question in Brazil from the analysis of the poultry agro-industrial complex. Methodologically, it was based on theoretical discussions based on bibliographic analysis. The peasant-based family production and the transformations in this production model are discussed from the classic readings (Chayanov, Kautsky and Lenin) on the peasantry and the advance of capitalism in the countryside, as well as its correlation with productive and social transformations occurred in the Brazilian rural space from the agricultural modernization process. Transformations that, in turn, may be leading to a redefinition of the profile of the integrated poultry farmer and leading to a gradual expulsion of peasant family production from poultry farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a recently re-discovered text by Alexander Chayanov, this article argues that while demographic differentiation may lead to stratification, this is, for a variety of reasons, mostly temporary and does not generally result in the formation of antagonistic rural classes. At the same time there is also the far more deep-rooted phenomenon of market-induced differentiation. This latter type stems from, and reflects, capital's ability to create and bridge price differentials, mostly through long-distance trading and food engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Eleuthera is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article investigates an important but neglected question concerning the social and economic dynamics of village communities in early medieval north-western Iberia: why did 'medium owners' – that is, peasants who accumulated significant landed holdings – assemble portfolios of property large enough to produce significant surpluses in an age in which the institutional infrastructure needed to marketise such surpluses was rudimentary? The pursuit of upward social mobility is most commonly posed as the answer to this question; but how exactly did medium owners stand to gain? After all, north-western Iberia in the early Middle Ages was a scarcely monetised society in which would-be medium owners could not expect to be paid in coin for the sale of their surplus and consequently see their options as buyers increase. Why, then, assume the risks involved in expanding one's farming operation? Certainly, the acquisition of landed wealth brought with it clear advantages, including symbolic prestige and an expanded client network. Yet this article suggests that we can better understand why socially mobile peasants sought to own landed resources capable of producing significant surpluses only if we are prepared to re-examine important historiographical motifs, including peasant risk aversion, and the culturally constituted nature of the subsistence minimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CS is the property of Rafael Silva Vega and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the political role of rural and indigenous women in the context of the socio-environmental, health and political crises in Chile, where social movements have pressured the political establishment to decisively move towards a change in Chile's constitutional foundations. The study analyses the historical political demands and strategies of the National Association of Rural and Indigenous Women (ANAMURI) as a case of the women's peasant movement with a relevant political role in shaping the social demands in the face of the crises. Following the political ecology of food through the decolonial and ecofeminist perspective and the social movement theory, findings indicate the current relevance of rural and indigenous women as political actors of change, a relevance that has been neglected for most of Chile's history. With their leadership and socially grounded demands, peasant and indigenous women are influencing the political agenda decisively using strategies that are shared with other peasant movements in Latin America. Rural and indigenous women are fundamental political actors that should undoubtedly be considered when studying struggles for social change in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Secuencia: Revista de Historia y Ciencias Sociales is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones - Dr. Jose M. Luis Mora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Human Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The olive sector in Jaén in the South of Spain serves as an example of what happens when a centuries-old bio-based economy reaches its biophysical limits. The Andalusian Bioeconomy Strategy seeks to reform the sector by modernizing it, i.e. investing in technological innovation and increasing the efficiency of mechanization. This paper first considers recent data on the olive sector in Jaén before comparing its historical evolution with the demands of the 2018 Andalusian Bioeconomy Strategy. The comparison yields several results: first, the history of olive cultivation in the province is characterized by a strong peasantry that continuously grew on a large scale and consisted of thousands of small farmers; thus, it is not a typical story of land concentration and technological modernization. Second, there is potential for conflict between what the paper depicts as a historical, "old" bioeconomy and the bioeconomy envisioned by the Andalusian strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the market of organic products, highlighting the role of networks for the creation of trading spaces. Based on organic production data and on the analysis of different experiences linked to the Circuito Sul de Circulação e Comercialização de Produtos Agroecológicos da Rede Ecovida de Agroecologia (Southern Circuit of Circulation and Commercialization of Agroecological Products of the Ecovida Agroecology Network), the aim was to discuss and problematize the scales in the networks of organic products, with emphasis on the peasant agriculture. In these terms, the market is formed by disputed territorialities, leading to conflicts between hegemonic and counter-hegemonic agents who use different spatial practices to expand their scales of action and strengthen their respective territorial projects. Peasant agriculture, through multi-scale relationships, has created successful alternatives in the organic products market, strengthening its relative autonomy based on Agroecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choosing a subject on the uprising of 1888 reflected in the modern press at that time, an important moment according both to its magnitude and deep social, economic and political results, derived from my concern on immersing in the time atmosphere through the sources, namely through the mean of some autochtone and foreign publications in this case. This scientific approach aimed to analyze every moment of the event, the different political orientation of the publications contributing to improving the researcher's perception and gradating his conclusions. In order to cover as large as possible the subject, I selected the different points of view from the papers to present the importance they gave to one or other of the subjects in the economy of the field, reflecting the ratio the contemporaries had given to them, as we might note on the elements that had contributed to tension the rural environment and to that uprising. My attention was kept by the compassion the main part of the journalists manifested with concern with the peasants'situation, and also their perseverance in trying to identify the liberal or conservative politicians to have been responsible with the situation; I did not omitted to mention the conspiracy theories which called the foreign agents for the main factors in triggering the revolt. The papers at the time payed attention also to the authorities involvement in re-normalizing the situation, their measures being an opportunity to sensibilize the readers both with detalied and moving descriptions of the excesive soldiers'gestures and the victims'pains. There were also journalists to resonate with the politicians'reason according to which the re-establishing of previous order was indispensable to implemnt the reforms that would have solutionate the rural space, where a large amount of people, in a country with 80% rural inhabitants, confronted with lack or insuficiency of land, their main means of survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the implementation of the federal program "Sembrando Vida" by the Department of Welfare, pointing out the dispossession of the most intimate identity: being a peasant. This research points out weaknesses in the technical management of the program under their agroecological approach and its result in the breakdown of the community social cohesion. The agrarian problem appears as another axis of discussion that exhibits other inconsistences. The analysis is based on field information obtained by the authors, maintaining the confidentiality of the informants to avoid conflict situations. We concluded by calling on those who design and make decisions on rural public policy to reorient decisions that favor the valorization of peasant identity which, without being a social class, has turned out to be the social group that is uncomfortable with the idea of development imposed by the dominant economic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archeologia Postmedievale is the property of Edizioni all'Insegna del Giglio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The concern for the army was a constant of the Romanian intellectual elites, who often sounded the alarm about the dire state of the army, but, in the end, it was the economic situation that determined the real force of the military. Under these circumstances, the fulfilling of Romania's national ideal was possible only with the help of her alliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Nuestra América is the property of Edicoes Universidade Fernando Pessoa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Marxist understandings of the peasantry focus largely on class relations and seek to locate rural households within wider sets of class structures and dynamics. This article reviews debates and controversies amongst Marxists on the classic agrarian question, class differentiation within processes of transition from pre-capitalist to fully capitalist societies, land reform and class relations, whether or not to characterize peasants as petty commodity producers, the relationship between class and other forms of social differentiation such as gender, race, ethnicity and caste, and the role of class differentiation in peasant politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analytical-theoretical essay aims to offer a general and at the same time detailed overview of repeasantization. The main terms used in the analysis of this phenomenon are conceptualized, and a general review is provided on one hand of the dynamics of de-peasantization --brought about by the capitalist agricultural model-- and on the other, of the different axes and territorial expressions of the repeasantization processes of peasant families, communities and organizations in their territories are demonstrated. Particular emphasis is given to the importance of socio-territorial movements in more intentional processes of repeasantization.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can Marxism, a theory and practice that emerged from the European experience, speak to contexts outside that experience? Recent scholarship has returned to the moment of the 1960s and 1970s to examine how political movements in the global South that embraced Marxism grappled with this question, aiming to reformulate Marxist theories and categories of analysis for postcolonial realities. Whereas this scholarship focuses on the writings of intellectuals, in this article, the authors supplement prose with oral history and ethnography to also identify the theory immanent in practice. They show how the translation of Marxist theory for political practice in the peripheries instantiated what the authors call a worldly Marxism: that is, a Marxism that is constantly renewed as it exceeds its origins in Europe and attends to the specificities of settler-colonies, (post-)colonies and metropoles. Worldly Marxism thus entails theorizing in the conjuncture, that is, from a particular historical moment, and involves arranging multiple conceptual elements to clarify and understand the political task at hand. The authors illustrate how such worldly Marxism was produced in Pakistan by examining the Mazdoor Kisan Party (MKP), the country's historically largest communist party, as it engaged with agrarian transitions, religion, and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil experienced the opening-up and democratization of its foreign policymaking in the last decades, but since 2016 a wave of bureaucratic reforms sought to reverse that process. This paper contributes to understanding this phenomenon by looking at the agri-food dimension of Brazilian foreign policy. Through the analysis of official documental and discursive data, we discuss successive symbolic-discursive, as well as policy-institutional governmental efforts to close-off foreign policymaking to peasant family farmers and their interests. The study reveals changing patterns in state-society interfaces, and contributes to bridging the fields of Foreign Policy Analysis, Policy Dismantling and Social Participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social outburst in 2021, resulting from the strike of April 28, the great strike in the recent history of this country, was a predominantly spontaneous struggle, organized on a day-to-day basis, but without a plan, a strategy, a scientific-political vanguard, and fully articulated goals. That is to say, if one seeks to transform a society from its roots, a country, which operates under oppression and exploitation, the combative capacity of its people is a necessary, but insufficient condition. The combative force of the masses, such as that which was manifested during the social outburst, must be oriented beyond the specific demands, some of which are resolved with liberal reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines a peasant society's interface with modernization, essentially the penetration of capitalist relations of production in the hills of Manipur. The space for labour has changed and has become commoditized. It is no longer the bonds of kinship, operative through families of clans and kindred, which govern production and distribution. Though there are a sizable population of rural poor, mostly landless labourers, who are dependent on agriculture as their primary source of livelihood, the introduction of peasants to commercial market economy have made them a vulnerable prey of the middlemen who exploit them in the business transactions. The outcome is the ensuing dwindling interest of the peasants in agriculture production as it is no longer considered to be a productive enterprise. This is despite the fact that they have no alternative vocation or source of livelihood or resource capital to fall back on. The study concludes that the peasants need to be encouraged by the state keeping in mind their important contribution to the state's economy and subsistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Fondo Editorial Fundacion Universitaria Luis Amigo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To problematize the idea of peasant autonomy in old capitalist societies, this paper will explore the evolution of two phenomena in present‐day France: peasantry, commonly understood as relatively autonomous small family farms that rely on subsistence farming, and the neorural movement, that is, urban‐to‐rural migration that has a counter‐cultural connotation. While peasantry is believed to be disappearing, the neorural movement is charged with "deradicalization" because it distances itself from subsistence farming. The juxtaposition of both phenomena shows that capitalism has transformed the countryside, making it difficult to live from agriculture. In old capitalist countries, peasant autonomy is no longer about subsistence farming but about achieving an economic equilibrium that increases autonomy from market pressures created by high input prices and low output values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jenő Czettler (1879-1953) was a prominent economist, social politician, scholar, and conservative Christian party politician who specialized in the field of agrarian and peasant question. He excelled in the first decades of the 2Oth century, became an expert of the question, and held a numerous decisive political and academic positions, which made him a key figure in his field before World War II. As a consequence of his career's arc and political commitment, however, he fell victim of persecution in the Redkosi era and after a show trial he died in prison. The study deals with Czettler's biography from the point of view of the development of his agrarian social political concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the groups of sources that can most profitably be used for the examination of the argarian population of Hungary in the early modern era is the archival legacy of the regulation of seigneurial dues ordered by Queen Maria Theresia. Alongside the quantitative data, the responses given to the points of the inquiry shed light on the living and legal conditions of the most characteristic group within the eighteenth-century peasantry, that of contract tenants. While part of the jobbigy-peasantry and as such excluded from the noble nation and from all kinds of political and economic power, this group of the subjected population nevertheless theoretically enjoyed exceptionally wide guarantees in everyday economic activity as opposed to the lord's economy, with which it lived in an uneasy harmony, sometimes conflicting, and to the lord himself. Based on the material of four counties (Veszpr6m, Sopron, Borsod, Bihar),the paper explores the regional patterns of contract tenant peasantry in 887 settlements, as well as their ethnic, social and economic features, and those of the lords who dominated them. It likewise explores the proportion of landless peasants and resettled ethnic minorities, prevailing landholding forms, and the issues of serfdom and freedom in correlation with the contract relationship. Through a qualitative analysis of the responses given by the population at the time of the regulation, the paper also explores the formal characteristics of contract-making, offering a „typology" of such contracts by ordering the different contracts into a system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article makes an analysis of the challenges faced by peasant family agriculture in food production in Rio Branco-AC. This analysis was based on the historical context of the formation and recreation of the peasantry developed in the Amazon region, specifically in Acre, Brazil. It is also analyzed the contradictory action of the State as a protagonist of development initiatives in Acre since the 1970s. The research was based on a bibliographic survey and semi-structured interviews. Through the methodology used, we analyzed the actions of the State in the process of creating policies to encourage peasant family agriculture - such as Pronaf and PAA - and the importance of these policies in the scope of settlement projects, in this case the agroforestry poles. In addition, we highlight the main difficulties faced by peasants in producing food for the local market, especially considering the decline in investments and the unpreparedness of the government to resolve these issues. From this perspective, and considering the current scrapping of public policies, thinking about rural development seems to be an increasingly distant reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to study the practices of issue of the Ukrainian books for people's reading by A.Krymskyi and B.Hrinchenko in 1892-1896 on the basis of Moscow lubok publishing house of Ye.Gubanov with a focus on the description of the choice of the tools for national priorities advocating in the space between the official censorship institutions and commercial interests of the publisher. Methodology of the study is based on combining of the principles and methods of the studios of books and reading history and cultural anthropology. Scientific novelty. On the basis of the epistolary and journalistic heritage of A.Krymskyi and B.Hrinchenko, the circumstances of the project initiation are reconstructed. Established the factors influenced the choice of the works to be printed. There were revealed the behavioral strategies of project managers in establishing of the communication between the censorship authorities and commercial publishers to obtain the permits on print, to protect the manuscripts copyrights, to design and edit the texts. Summarized the information on the register of the Ukrainian books published by A.Krymskyi and B.Hrinchenko. Indicated the practical legacy of their printing initiatives. Conclusions. In spite of the bans on publishing of the Ukrainian popular editions, A.Krymskyi and B.Hrinchenko managed to publish at least 11 books for "people's reading" in 1892-1896. The appeal to Moscow lubok publisher made it possible to print them in the format familiar to the peasants and to distribute in the Ukrainian villages. In upholding the ideas of national enlightenment, the initiators of the project paid special attention to the selection of works and their editing. Because of the lack of the manuscripts that met the requirements of the managers, censors, and publishers, the published books were mostly reprints of the earlier released editions. A look at the routine problems that the project managers had to solve reveals the role of the individual enthusiasts in distribution of "popular education" in the national spirit. At the same time, an analysis of the epistolary writings of Ukrainian activists reveals the broad civic futility of individual efforts by activists in search of alternative strategies for overcoming the censorship bans: publishing efforts of A.Krymskyi and B.Hrinchenko were written in the system of the publishing practices and intellectual contacts built by the public figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Retratos de Assentamentos is the property of Revista Retratos de Assentamentos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)