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Microorganisms are of great importance in agriculture in terms of plant nutrients by reducing the need for chemical fertilization. In recent years, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been widely used as biological fertilizers (BF) in agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the development of pea plants. Firstly the phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation potentials of the bacteria used in this study were determined. In the study, the effects of 4 different combinations, F1 [(Rhizobium sp. (FR-13) and Pseudomonas alcaligenes (FDG121)], F2 [(Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype F (FDG-7), Rhizobium sp. (FR-18) and Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup B(FDG-134)], F3 [Arthrobacter oxydans (FDG-72), Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup B (FDG-146), Rhizobium sp. (FR-11)] and F4 [Acinetobacter genospecies 9 (FDG-116), Brevibacillus agri (FDG-118), Methylobacterium zatmanii (FDG-123) and Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup A (FDG-153)] were investigated. Formulations made with bacteria that were found to be the best in terms of the properties specified among these strains were tested against pea plants under greenhouse conditions and their effects on the plant's total fresh and dry weight were investigated. The study was set up to have 3 replications. As a result of the statistical analysis made with the data obtained, the formulations used compared to the control; F2, F3 and F1 applications were important in total fresh weight, respectively, and F2 and F3 applications were important in total dry weight. As a result, these 3 formulations are especially effective on the yield of pea plants and can be used as potential biofertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature causes several morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in crop plants, and garden pea is highly sensitive to a higher temperature than other legume crops. This study assessed garden pea genotypes' physiological and biochemical responses during a reproductive stage in regular and heat stress season at the Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (India). Forty-five garden pea genotypes, including 15 tolerant, 15 moderately tolerant, and 15 susceptible genotypes, were analyzed for three physiological, six biochemical, and 11 quantitative morphological traits under regular and heat stress seasons. Our results showed a considerable decrease in leaf water content, greenness index, and membrane stability index in heat stress season and a substantial increase in malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and antioxidant enzymes in heat stress season compared to the regular season. The 15 heat-tolerant genotypes showed a significant increase in antioxidant enzymes compared to the 15 heat-susceptible genotypes, which impart thermotolerance by scavenging reactive oxygen species generated in high-temperature stress conditions. Further, correlation and biplot analysis of morpho-physiological and biochemical traits indicated that physiological and biochemical traits were important in determining yield and related traits under heat stress conditions in garden pea genotypes. Thus, estimating critical physiological and biochemical traits could facilitate in differentiating thermotolerant genotypes from susceptible genotypes in garden peas and aid in heat-tolerant breeding programs of similar cool-season legume crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascochyta blight (AB) is a destructive disease of the field pea (Pisum sativum L.) caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens known as the AB-disease complex. To identify resistant individuals to assist AB resistance breeding, low-cost, high throughput, and reliable protocols for AB screening are needed. We tested and optimized three protocols to determine the optimum type of pathogen inoculum, the optimal development stage for host inoculation, and the timing of inoculation for detached-leaf assays. We found that different plant development stages do not affect AB infection type on peas, but the timing of inoculation affects the infection type of detached leaves due to wound-induced host defense response. After screening nine pea cultivars, we discovered that cultivar Fallon was immune to A. pisi but not to A. pinodes or the mixture of the two species. Our findings suggest that AB screening can be done with any of the three protocols. A whole-plant inoculation assay is necessary for identifying resistance to stem/node infection. Pathogen inoculation must be completed within 1.5 h post-detachment to avoid false positives of resistance for detach-leaf assays. It is essential to use a purified single-species inoculum for resistant resource screenings to identify the host resistance to each single species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important legume crop for both food and feed. Bruchids (Callosobruchus spp.) are destructive insect pests of pea in the field and during storage. In this study, we identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling seed resistance to C. chinensis (L.) and C. maculatus (Fab.) in field pea using F2 populations derived from a cross between PWY19 (resistant) and PHM22 (susceptible). QTL analysis in the two F2 populations grown in different environments consistently identified a single major QTL, qPsBr2.1, controlling the resistance to both bruchid species. qPsBr2.1 was mapped onto linkage group 2 between DNA markers 18339 and PSSR202109 and explained 50.91% to 70.94% of the variation in resistance, depending on the environment and bruchid species. Fine mapping narrowed down qPsBr2.1 to a genomic region of 1.07 Mb on chromosome 2 (chr2LG1). Seven annotated genes were found in this region, including Psat2g026280 (designated as PsXI), which encodes a xylanase inhibitor and was considered as a candidate gene for bruchid resistance. PCR amplification and sequence analysis of PsXI suggested the presence of an insertion of unknown length in an intron of PWY19, which causes variation in the open reading frame (ORF) of PsXI. Moreover, the subcellular localization of PsXI differed between PWY19 and PHM22. These results together suggested that PsXI encoding xylanase inhibitor is responsible for the bruchid resistance of the field pea PWY19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants growing in nature often experience fluctuating irradiance. However, in the laboratory, the dynamics of photosynthesis are usually explored by instantaneously exposing dark-adapted plants to constant light and examining the dark-to-light transition, which is a poor approximation of natural phenomena. With the aim creating a better approximation, we exposed leaves of pea (Pisum sativum) to oscillating light and measured changes in the functioning of PSI and PSII, and of the proton motive force at the thylakoid membrane. We found that the dynamics depended on the oscillation period, revealing information about the underlying regulatory networks. As demonstrated for a selected oscillation period of 60 s, the regulation tries to keep the reaction centers of PSI and PSII open. We present an evaluation of the data obtained, and discuss the involvement of particular processes in the regulation of photosynthesis. The forced oscillations provided an information-rich fingerprint of complex regulatory networks. We expect future progress in understanding these networks from experiments involving chemical interventions and plant mutants, and by using mathematical modeling and systems identification and control tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seed protein concentration in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of pea and aimed to validate the identified QTLs using chromosome segment-introgressed lines developed by recurrent backcrossing. PR-25, an RIL population consisting of 108 F7 bulked lines derived from a cross between CDC Amarillo (yellow cotyledon) and CDC Limerick (green cotyledon), was used in this research. The RIL population was genotyped using an Axiom 90K SNP array. A total of 10,553 polymorphic markers were used for linkage map construction, after filtering for segregation distortion and missing values. The linkage map represents 901 unique loci on 11 linkage groups which covered a map distance of 855.3 Centimorgans. Protein concentration was assessed using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of seeds harvested from field trials in seven station-years in Saskatchewan, Canada, during the 2019–2021 field seasons. Three QTLs located on chromosomes 2, 3 and 5 were identified to be associated with seed protein concentration. These QTLs explained 22%, 11% and 17% of the variation for protein concentration, respectively. The identified QTLs were validated by introgression lines, developed by marker-assisted selection of backcross lines for introgression of corresponding chromosome segments (~1/4 chromosome) harboring the QTL regions. Introgression line PR-28-7, not carrying any protein-related QTLs identified in this study, was 4.7% lower in protein concentration than CDC Amarillo, the lower protein parent of PR-25 which carried one identified protein-related QTL. The SNP markers located at the peak of the three identified QTLs will be converted into breeder-friendly KASP assays, which will be used for the selection of high-protein lines from segregating populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascochyta blight (AB) is a destructive disease of the field pea (Pisum sativum L.) caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens known as the AB-disease complex. To identify resistant individuals to assist AB resistance breeding, low-cost, high throughput, and reliable protocols for AB screening are needed. We tested and optimized three protocols to determine the optimum type of pathogen inoculum, the optimal development stage for host inoculation, and the timing of inoculation for detached-leaf assays. We found that different plant development stages do not affect AB infection type on peas, but the timing of inoculation affects the infection type of detached leaves due to wound-induced host defense response. After screening nine pea cultivars, we discovered that cultivar Fallon was immune to A. pisi but not to A. pinodes or the mixture of the two species. Our findings suggest that AB screening can be done with any of the three protocols. A whole-plant inoculation assay is necessary for identifying resistance to stem/node infection. Pathogen inoculation must be completed within 1.5 h post-detachment to avoid false positives of resistance for detach-leaf assays. It is essential to use a purified single-species inoculum for resistant resource screenings to identify the host resistance to each single species.

Different bromine compounds have found numerous applications. Nevertheless, there is still insufficient information about environmental chemistry of this trace element. In our research, a greenhouse pot experiment was carried out with the following aims: (1) to study the response of wheat and pea seedlings to an increase of concentrations two bromides (KBr and NaBr) in soil, (2) to assess the influence of root exudates of the two plant species on uptake of Br and some other macro- and trace elements when wheat and pea grow close to each other or far apart, and (3) to estimate possible allelopathic effects on the uptake of different elements by plants and also on the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in uncontaminated soil and in the soil contaminated by bromides. Both plant species were capable of accumulating large amounts of bromine. The concentration of bromine in roots of pea was higher than in wheat roots, and was always higher in leaves of wheat than in leaves of pea. More bromine was accumulated in roots of wheat and pea seedlings growing separately than in roots of the seedlings grown close to each other. Growth of wheat and pea seedlings in uncontaminated and spiked with bromides soils resulted in decrease of the concentrations of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere soil of the plants. The variations depended on the plant species and were different when the plants were grown close to each other and separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Hautarzt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nowadays, pea field is getting more attention because of its nutritional values. The objective of this paper is to characterize and identify relationships among 21 Mediterranean pea accessions. Fifteen accessions of Pisum sativum subsp. elatius and six accessions of Pisum sativum subsp. arvense were provided by ICARDA (International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas). Twenty qualitative traits were selected according to the guidelines of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). We measured eight vegetative qualitative traits such as presence or absence of leaflets, type of plant axis development and presence or absence of anthocyanin coloration. We measured twelve floral qualitative traits such as standard color, pod color and curvature of the pod. In order to study the clustering of our accessions, we used Past4.03 with the test UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean). The biometric and descriptive analysis we carried out reveals the presence of traits that discriminate accessions. Among these traits, we can cite C15 (vegetative qualitative trait), C23, C31 and C35 (floral qualitative traits). C15 discriminates the accessions TUR10, TUR8, SYR1 and SYR2. C23 distinguishes TUR6, TUR11 and AL2 accessions from other accessions. C31 is a discriminating trait for TUR13 accession. The type of starch grain (C35) discriminates the TUR14 accession. Cluster analysis led to establishing dendrogram allowing a grouping of accessions according to their geographical affiliation. In fact, it is possible to discriminate significantly the accessions TUR10, SYR1 and SYR2 from the accessions TUR12, TUR13, GR1 and TUN which could be an incentive for further improvement and better exploitation.

Pea is a legume crop producing protein-rich seeds and is increasingly in demand for human consumption and animal feed. The aim of this study was to explore the proteome of developing pea seeds at three key stages covering embryogenesis, the transition to seed-filling, and the beginning of storage-protein synthesis, and to investigate how the proteome was influenced by S deficiency and water stress, applied either separately or combined. Of the 3184 proteins quantified by shotgun proteomics, 2473 accumulated at particular stages, thus providing insights into the proteome dynamics at these stages. Differential analyses in response to the stresses and inference of a protein network using the whole proteomics dataset identified a cluster of antioxidant proteins (including a glutathione S-transferase, a methionine sulfoxide reductase, and a thioredoxin) possibly involved in maintaining redox homeostasis during early seed development and preventing cellular damage under stress conditions. Integration of the proteomics data with previously obtained transcriptomics data at the transition to seed-filling revealed the transcriptional events associated with the accumulation of the stress-regulated antioxidant proteins. This transcriptional defense response involves genes of sulfate homeostasis and assimilation, thus providing candidates for targeted studies aimed at dissecting the signaling cascade linking S metabolism to antioxidant processes in developing seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) has been confirmed as infesting spring sown pea seedlings drilled on 22 October 2016 on a Canterbury farm. Infestations were observed in two neighbouring paddocks, with a visual estimate of 7–10% of the plants damaged in the worst affected areas. Symptoms included wilting and yellowing of new growth. Visual inspection of infested plants found entry and exit points, mining of the stem and a single larva per seedling. Amplification of mitochondrial barcodes of four larvae collected from individual plants provided a 100% match to L. bonariensis. The peas had been direct drilled into a nil-endophyte Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) stand that had been treated with herbicide to kill the vegetation but not treated with insecticide before or when the peas were planted, and it is likely larvae have transferred from the dying grass to infest the seedlings. Listronotus bonariensis eggs were also found on one of the plants collected from the paddock on 18 November 2016. This is a new host plant record for L. bonariensis, and while considered a specific pest of grasses, adults will feed on seedling brassicas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanically harvested crops must be erect (lodging resistant) to facilitate harvest. Stem lodging changes canopy structure, increases disease pressure, reduces yield, and reduces harvest efficiency in pea. A number of studies have examined the traits that cause lodging susceptibility, but the relative impact of each trait is difficult to determine. A great need exists in pea breeding to develop a working model to explain lodging resistance. This study used the flexure formula to predict the amount of lodging variation explained by some of the major traits. Datasets from pea indicate that the percent variation explained by this lodging model is ~58%, and this model can be used to predict the relative impact of an increase in load, height, stem diameter, stem wall thickness, or yield on lodging susceptibility. This study indicates that plant height is strongly correlated with lodging susceptibility, but stem diameter is positively correlated with lodging resistance. Stem wall thickness appears to have no major effect on lodging resistance, which has not been previously reported in pea. Any doubling in plant height would also double the amount of stem material, but stem stress is expected to increase fourfold. A doubling in stem diameter is expected to increase the amount of stem material by fourfold and decrease stem stress by eightfold. The results of this study indicate that plant breeders should focus on increasing basal stem diameter to increase lodging resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important edible leguminous seed crop. In the current study, salt stress was induced in Pea and the expression pattern of Mn-superoxide dismutase, Peroxiredoxin, Thioredoxin, and Alternative oxidase genes was studied. The research was performed in hydroponic system, with three replicates. Ten days old seedlings of Pea variety "Meteor" were exposed to four different levels of salt stress i.e., 0 mM, 50 mM, 75 mM and 100 mM NaCl. The expression of selected genes was studied by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results showed that shoot and root length, root and shoot biomass were significantly reduced under salt stress as compared to the control Pea plantlets. Results showed7.77 cm shoot length and 9.89 cm root length under 100 mM NaCl as compared to 22.45 cm shoot length and 24.53 cm root length in control. Fresh shoot biomass of 0.81 g and fresh root biomass of 2.3 g was observed under 100 mM salt stress as compared to 1.5 g fresh shoot biomass and 1.2 g fresh root biomass in control plantlets. Mn-SOD gene showed expression in all treatments but high expression was observed under 75 mM NaCl and 100 mM NaCl treatments. Trxo1 gene showed expression in all treatments but was more pronounced in 75 mM NaCl. The PrxIIF gene also showed the expression in all salt treatments and the expression increased with increasing salt stress. AOX gene showed high expression in 50 mM and 100 mM NaCl and was less expressed in 75 mM NaCl. As the expression of selected genes was upregulated in Pea leaves under salinity, therefore, the results suggest that these genes are involved in salt stress and these may help to cope salt stress and could be used in developing salt resistant Pea varieties in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant density is an important agronomic factor that affects crop growth, development, and yield. The optimum plant density to attain the highest yield can vary with genotype, production and, environmental factors. A field experiment was conducted at Bursa Uludag University Agricultural Area to evaluate the effects of seeding rate and variety on plant nutrient uptake of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (Ulubatli, Kirazli, Golyazi, and Urunlu). Some very important factors responsible for low yield are plant density under field conditions and the selection of unsuitable cultivars. The adoption of pea cultivars that are more productive and better adapted to cultivation regions and the increase in plant population per area are important strategies to obtain higher productivity under field conditions. Plant density is one of the most effective agronomic factors for determining optimum plant nutrient uptake. The factorial experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replicates per treatment. Four cultivars and five seeding rates (75, 100, 125, 150, and 175 g seed m-2) were evaluated. Results showed that plant nutrient uptake was affected by seeding rate and pea cultivars. The maximum rate of plant nutrient uptake occurred at a density of 100-125 g seed m-2 and for 'Kirazli', 'Golyazi', and 'Urunlu'. However, 'Ulubatli' showed minimum values of nutrient uptake. Regarding macroand micronutrients, varieties on the average had mean nutrient uptake with the following sequence: N > K > Ca > P > Mg, Na, Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu. Pea varieties and seeding rates should be considered in the fertilization program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an English translation of a paper published in Russian (but with proper Latin formulations at taxonomical novelties to make them validly published) on March 15, 2017 in Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Vol. 22 (2): 158-169. The Abyssinian pea (Pisum abyssinicum A. Br.), concerned in this review, is known from Ethiopia and Yemen, where it is cultivated along with the common pea (Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum). The continuously reproduced notion of its possible spontaneous occurrence in the wild ascends to suppositions made in the XIX century and is not based on any actual data. P. abyssinicum is of practical interest owing to its extra early ripening and resistance to bacterial blight. Morphologically it is very similar to P. sativum but its crossability with it is bad as either seed or pollen parent. Traditionally this reproductive barrier was associated with karyological differences. The Abyssinian pea karyotype is variable as 1–2 reciprocal translocations were reported. At the same time there are accessions not differing from the standard karyotype of P. sativum with respect to reciprocal translocations, yet their crossability with the latter is very low and the pollen fertility of F1 and F2 hybrids is lowered. Data were reported on influence of the region of Linkage Group III, containing a gene known to participate in the conflict of nucleus and plastids in remote crosses of peas, on the pollen fertility of hybrids with abyssinian pea. With their karyological variability, the known accessions of the Abyssinian pea are very close to each other genetically, as they diverged just about 4 000 years ago. The presence of alleles of molecular markers common with Pisum fulvum Sibth. et Smith on the one hand and with P. sativum L. subsp. elatius (Bieb.) Schmalh. on the other hand evidences in favour of an old hypotheses by L.I. Govorov that the Abyssinian pea originated from their spontaneous hybrid. This spontaneous cross may have taken place under cultivation, in Yemen or Afar Depression. A representative of P. sativum subsp. elatius was revealed, the F1 hybrids of which with the Abyssinian pea as a seed parent had fully fertile pollen. P. abyssinicum × P. fulvum crosses provide the best hybrid seed outcome among remote crosses conducted, so that P. abyssinicum can be used as a ‘bridge’ for gene introgression from P. fulvum to P. sativum. Rather a high level of reproductive isolation of the Abyssinian pea from other representatives of the genus conforms the biological species concept, however the disposition of P. abyssinicum accessions as a small cluster among accessions of P. sativum subsp. elatius on molecular phylogeny reconstructions violates the phylogenetic species concept. Most authors assume the Abyssinian pea as a species, Pisum abyssinicum, some as a subspecies, P. sativum subsp. abyssinicum (A. Br.) Berger. Perhaps it would be most correct to consider it as a hybridogenic species. Because of the recent subsuming of the genus Pisum L. into the genus Lathyrus and with respect to the existing name Lathyrus abyssinicus A. Br. (a synonym of L. sativus L.), the Abyssinian pea was given a new name Lathyrus schaeferi (A. Braun) Kosterin (Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 21: 167. 2017) (pro Pisum abyssinicum A. Braun), in honour of Hanno Schaefer, who substantiated the revision of tribe Fabeae by molecular reconstruction of its phylogeny. The paper here translated contained new combinations of Lathyrus sectio Pisum (L.) Kosterin (Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 21: 168. 2017) and Lathurus fulvus (Sibthrop et Smith) Kosterin (Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 21: 168. 2017).

Under conditions of low iron (Fe) availability, dicots and non-graminaceous monocots up-regulate a root-specific three-part Fe acquisition response (referred to as Strategy I), which includes rhizosphere acidification via proton release, ferric iron reduction to the ferrous form, and ferrous iron transport at the root epidermis. Physiological studies completed in model plant species suggest that ferric iron reduction is the rate-limiting physiological process in Fe acquisition. Ferric reductase activity in plants is regulated at multiple levels. This study is part of a larger effort to understand how ferric reductase activity is regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. To that end, a survey of ferric reductase transcript levels (of the root-specific, iron-responsive PsFRO1) and root ferric reductase activity was conducted in a range of geographically diverse pea (Pisum sativum) plants grown in low and high Fe media to identify variation in iron acquisition responsiveness. Results indicate that reductase activity and PsFRO1 transcript levels vary across accessions even in iron replete growth conditions. Transcript abundance does not predict reductase activity across the accessions studied. The observed variation in PsFRO1 transcription and reductase activity seen across these lines, and the corresponding lack of correlation between these traits, suggests different mechanisms of ferric reductase regulation across the pea accessions. Accessions demonstrating iron status-responsive changes in ferric reductase transcription, with limited or no change in reductase activity (or non-responsive transcription with change in reductase activity) are of interest for future studies to identify the factors regulating ferric reduction in pea and other Strategy I plants.

Reducing the concentration of polyamines (spermine, spermidine, and putrescine) in the body pool may slow the cancer process. Because dietary spermine, spermidine, and putrescine contribute to the body pool of polyamines, quantifying them in the diet is important. Limited information about polyamine content of food is available, especially for diets in the United States. This brief report describes the development of a polyamine database linked to the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Values for spermine, spermidine, and putrescine were calculated and reported per serving size (nmol/serving). Of the foods from the database that were evaluated, fresh and frozen corn contain the highest levels of putrescine (560,000 nmol/serving and 902,880 nmol/serving) and spermidine (137,682 nmol/serving and 221,111 nmol/serving), and green pea soup contains the highest concentration of spermine (36,988 nmol/serving). The polyamine database and FFQ were tested with a convenience sample (n=165). Average daily polyamine intakes from the sample were: 159,133 nmol/day putrescine, 54,697 nmol/day spermidine, and 35,698 nmol/day spermine. Orange and grapefruit juices contributed the greatest amount of putrescine (44,441 nmol/day) to the diet. Green peas contributed the greatest amount of spermidine (3,283 nmol/day) and ground meat contributed the greatest amount of spermine (2,186 nmol/day). Development of this database linked to an FFQ provides a means of estimating polyamine intake and contributes to investigations relating polyamines to cancer.

The Abyssinian pea (Pisum abyssinicum A. Br.), concerned in this review, is known from Ethiopia and Yemen, where it is cultivated along with the common pea (Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum). The continuously reproduced notion of its possible spontaneous occurrence in the wild ascends to suppositions made in the XIX century and is not based on any actual data. P. abyssinicum is of practical interest owing to its extra early ripening and resistance to bacterial blight. Morphologically it is very similar to P. sativum but its crossability with it is bad as either seed or pollen parent. Traditionally this reproductive barrier was associated with karyological differences. The Abyssinian pea karyotype is variable as 1–2 reciprocal translocations were reported. At the same time there are accessions not differing from the standard karyotype of P. sativum with respect to reciprocal translocations, yet their crossability with the latter is very low and the pollen fertility of F1 and F2 hybrids is lowered. Data were reported on influence of the region of Linkage Group III, containing a gene known to participate in the conflict of nucleus and plastids in remote crosses of peas, on the pollen fertility of hybrids with abyssinian pea. With their karyological variability, the known accessions of the Abyssinian pea are very close to each other genetically, as they diverged just about 4000 years ago. The presence of alleles of molecular markers common with Pisum fulvum Sibth. et Smith on the one hand and P. sativum L. subsp. elatius (Bieb.) Schmalh. on the other hand evidences in favour of an old hypotheses by L.I. Govorov that the Abyssinian pea originated from their spontaneous hybrid. This spontaneous cross may have taken place under cultivation, in Yemen or Afar Depression. A representative of P. sativum subsp. elatius was revealed, the F1 hybrids of which with the Abyssinian pea as a seed parent had fully fertile pollen. P. abyssinicum× P. fulvum crosses provide the best hybrid seed outcome among remote crosses conducted, so that P. abyssinicum can be used as a ‘bridge’ for gene introgression from P. fulvum to P. sativum. Rather a high evel of reproductive isolation of the Abyssinian pea from other representatives of the genus conforms the biological species concept, however the disposition of P. abyssinicum accessions as a small cluster among accessions of P. sativum subsp. elatius on molecular phylogeny reconstructions violates the phylogenetic species concept. Most authors assume the Abyssinian pea as a species, Pisum abyssinicum, some as a subspecies, P. sativum subsp. abyssinicum (A. Br.) Berger. Perhaps it would be most correct to consider it as a hybridogenic species. Because of the recent subsuming of the genus Pisum L. into the genus Lathyrus and with respect to the existing name Lathyrus abyssinicus A. Br. (a synonym of L. sativus L.), the Abyssinian pea is given a new name Lathyrus schaeferi (A. Braun) Kosterin nomen novum pro Pisum abyssinicum A. Braun), in honour of Hanno Schaefer, who substantiated the revision of tribe Fabeae by molecular reconstruction of its phylogeny. New combinations of Lathyrus sectio Pisum (L.) Kosterin combinatio nova and Lathurus fulvus (Sibthrop et Smith) Kosterin combinatio nova are proposed.

The seed-containing pod is the defining structure of plants in the legume family, yet pods exhibit a wide range of morphological variation. Within a species pod characters are likely to be correlated with reproductive strategy, and within cultivated forms will correspond to aspects of yield determination and/or end use. Here variation in pod size, described as pod length: pod width ratio, has been analyzed in pea germplasm represented by 597 accessions. This pod size variation is discussed with respect to population structure and to known classical pod morphology mutants. Variability of the pod length: width ratio can be explained by allelic variation at two genetic loci that may correspond to organ-specific negative regulators of growth.

Many studies have investigated the effects of one or two environmental factors on methane (CH 4) emissions from plants at a single growth stage, but the impact that multiple co-occurring stress factors may have on emissions at different growth stages has rarely been studied. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of temperature, ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation, and watering regime on CH 4 emissions and some relevant physiological characteristics of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. 237 J Sundance) plants at three growth stages. We grew plants under two temperature regimes (22/18 °C and 28/24 °C; 16 h light/8 h dark), two UVB levels [0 and 5 kJ m−2 d−1] and two watering regimes (well-watered, watering plants to field capacity, and water-stressed, watering plants at wilting point). Measurements were then taken after 10, 20, and 30 days of growth under experimental conditions, following seven days of initial growth under 22/18 °C. Higher temperatures, UVB5, and water stress adversely affected photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence, but increased CH 4 emissions, which decreased with increased plant age. Also, interaction of higher temperatures and UVB5 reversed the pattern of CH 4 emissions at growth stages, compared to that of other treatments. We conclude that CH 4 emission decreases with plant age, and it is affected by stress factors through changes in physiological activities of plants. • Examining the effects of multiple stress factors on methane emissions from plants is important. • High temperature, UVB radiation and water stress adversely affect plant physiological processes. • Aerobic methane emission is increased by environmental stressors, but decreased with plant age. • This study has important implications for the estimation of global methane fluxes from vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meldonium is used clinically as an anti-ischaemic drug to treat myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure, and it had become a news making substance after the banning several elite athletes including Maria Sharapova from competitions. Despite this, the majority of possible biological effects of meldonium remained unexplored. We tested two effects, I) on the circadian clocks of fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and II) on the process of pea seed germination (Pisum sativum). I. Comparison of the effects of photoperiod and meldomium on the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity during the 2nd and 3rd days in constant darkness revealed the expected effect of the previous photoperiod whereas meldonium in concentrations ranged from 1 (5 mg/kg) to 10,000 therapeutic doses failed to alter the mechanism of the fly’s circadian clocks. II. A treatment with meldonium in very high concentration (2000 therapeutic doses) negatively affected the process of germination of pea seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pisum sativum L. (pea) is one of the most cultivated grain legumes in European countries due to the high protein content of its seeds. Nevertheless, the rhizobial microsymbionts of this legume have been scarcely studied in these countries. In this work, we analyzed the rhizobial strains nodulating the pea in a region from Northwestern Spain, where this legume is widely cultivated. The isolated strains were genetically diverse, and the phylogenetic analysis of core and symbiotic genes showed that these strains belong to different clusters related to R. laguerreae sv. viciae. Representative strains of these clusters were able to produce cellulose and cellulases, which are two key molecules in the legume infection process. They formed biofilms and produced acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs), which are involved in the quorum sensing regulation process. They also exhibited several plant growth promotion mechanisms, including phosphate solubilization, siderophore, and indole acetic acid production and symbiotic atmospheric nitrogen fixation. All strains showed high symbiotic efficiency on pea plants, indicating that strains of R. laguerreae sv. viciae are promising candidates for the biofertilization of this legume worldwide.

A study was conducted on the combining ability analysis in a 11×11 half-diallel cross of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). F1 hybrids (55) along with 11 parental lines were grown in randomized block design with three replications. The mean square due to GCA and SCA were highly significant for all the characters indicating the importance of additive and non-additive genetic components for the characters under study. Further, σ2s was more than σ2g for all the characters suggested the importance of non-additive variance for the improvement of these characters. The parents P2 (GP-17), P5 (GP-473) and P7 (VRP-7) were observed to be good combiners for most characters under study including yield per plant. The crosses P6 × P10, P2 × P8 and P8 × P10 were most promising combinations for total yield per plant. The results indicated the importance of recombinant breeding for effective utilization of non-additive genetic variance in garden pea.

The current global climate change results in shift and shrinkage of ranges of crop cultivation. The potential of crop wild relatives as an important source of genetic diversity for breeding is underestimated. Wild relatives of pea include the species P. fulvum and the subspecies P. sativum subsp. elatius, whereas wild representatives of P. abyssinicum are unknown. Wild peas are characterized by spontaneous dehiscence of pods and ballistic seed spread. The cultivated pea represents just a phyletic lineage within P. sativum. Pea crop wild relatives are promising with respect to: (1) resistance to pests and pathogens; (2) resistance to abiotic stress; (3) nutritional value; (4) agrotechnical advantages, e.g. branching, ability of hibernation etc.; (5) symbiotic nitrogen fixation (almost no data); etc. P. fulvum is resistant to pea weevil, rust, powdery mildew and ascochyta blight. Some P. sativum subsp. elatius are resistant to nematodes, broomrape, powdery mildew, Fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, root rot, ascochyta blight and white wilt. P. sativum subsp. elatius responds to weevil oviposition by neoplastic pustules of the pod wall controlled by the locus Np. Pisum abyssinicum shows resistance to nematodes and bacterial blight. P. fulvum has a high rate of root growth. Some P. sativum subsp. elatius accessions have lowered transpiration rates, and an accession from Italy survives at –20оС. Analyses of quantitative trait loci have been carried out for resistance of P. fulvum to pea weevil, powdery mildew and rust and for resistance of P. sativum subsp. elatius to broomrape, bacterial blight and ascochyta blight. Aryamanesh et al. (2012) obtained five introgression lines with pea weevil resistance transferred from P. fulvum to P. sativum. The practical use of wild peas is hampered by insufficient awareness of their diversity and differences from cultivated peas. Studies of useful traits of wild peas and their natural diversity, which is rapidly vanishing, should be intensified.

Eight symbiotic mutants of pea (Pisum sativum L.) induced by chemical mutagenesis have been studied by the vegetative graft method in a «stem/root» manner. It has been found that symbiotic traits are controlled by the root in nonnodulating mutants K20a and K1005m, mutants with ineffective nodules K287 and K1a and supernodulating mutants K10a and K12a. In contrast, in supernodulating mutants K301 and K22a these traits are controlled by the stem. It is concluded that different mechanisms control supernodulation in supernodulating mutants K10a and K12a, on the one hand, and K301 and K22a, on the other hand.

The study is aimed to investigate the impact of silver nanoparticles on germination of Pisum sativum pea seeds. The influence of synthesized silver nanoparticles on root length and percentage of germinated seeds was revealed. It was found that nanosilver treatment agents do not affect the germination of pea seeds negatively at low concentrations. Also, the treatment of pea seeds with silver nanoparticles provide a significant positive effect on the root length of pea seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root rot is a major constraint on field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) production. Species of Phytophthora can cause seed rot, pre- and post-emergence damping-off, and stem and root rot in many legume crops, but have not been reported in association with pea root rot in Canada. Following a survey of pea fields in Alberta, Canada, in 2015, root tissue with typical symptoms of root rot was plated onto a growth medium, and one isolate was identified as a putative Phytophthora spp. based on its colony characteristics. The isolate was homothallic, producing smooth, thick-walled oospores and both paragynous and amphigynous antheridia on lima bean agar. The sporangia were ovoid or elliptical, non-papillate, and had internal proliferations. Based on these criteria, the isolate was tentatively identified as Phytophthora sansomeana . Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and Cox II regions revealed 100% identity with the ITS and Cox II sequences of P. sansomeana available in GenBank, confirming this identification. A pathogenicity test indicated that the isolate was pathogenic and caused pre-emergence damping-off, root discoloration, and root rot with brown to dark brown lesions on pea cultivars. This is the first report of P. sansomeana causing root rot in pea in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:: Root border cells are programmed to separate from the root cap as it penetrates the soil environment, where the cells actively secrete >100 extracellular proteins into the surrounding mucilage. The detached cells function in defense of the root tip by an extracellular trapping process that also requires DNA, as in mammalian white blood cells. Trapping in animals and plants is reversed by treatment with DNase, which results in increased infection. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of DNA in the structural integrity of extracellular structures released as border cells disperse from the root tip upon contact with water. METHODS:: DNA stains including crystal violet, toluidine blue, Hoechst 33342, DAPI, and SYTOX green were added to root tips to visualize the extracellular mucilage as it absorbed water and border cell populations dispersed. DNase I was used to assess structural changes occurring when extracellular DNA was degraded. KEY RESULTS:: Complex masses associated with living border cells were immediately evident in response to each stain, including those that are specific for DNA. Treating with DNase I dramatically altered the appearance of the extracellular structures and their association with border cells. No extracellular DNA was found in association with border cells killed by freezing or high‐speed centrifugation. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that, as with border cell extracellular proteins, DNA is secreted by living cells. CONCLUSION:: DNA is an integral component of border cell extracellular traps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane (CH) emissions from plants have been shown to increase with stress factors. However, the effects of multiple environmental stressors on CH emissions from various shoot parts have not been studied. Peas ( Pisum sativum L. cv. 237J Sundance) were used to determine CH emissions from the upper, middle and lower parts of shoot. Plants were grown in controlled-environment chambers under temperature regime of 22/18 or 28/24 °C (16-h light/8-h dark), ultraviolet-B (UVB) level of 0 or 5 kJ m day, and watering to field capacity (well-watered) or at wilting point (water-stressed). Methane emission, photosynthetic parameters ( A , net CO assimilation; E, transpiration; g , stomatal conductance; WUE, water use efficiency), chlorophyll fluorescence (ϕPSII, effective quantum yield of PSII; F / F , maximum quantum yield of PSII; qNP, non-photochemical quenching; qP, photochemical quenching), total chlorophyll and flavonoids were measured in shoots of 1-month-old plants. Higher temperatures and UVB increased CH emissions, which were higher from stem than leaf and from upper shoot than lower shoot. Lower leaves emitted more CH than upper leaves. Methane emissions were increased by higher temperatures with water stress from both shoot and stem, by UVB5 with water stress from stem, and by higher temperatures with UVB0 from leaf. Water stress decreased all photosynthetic parameters. Higher temperatures and UVB5 decreased WUE, whereas UVB5 increased E and g . UVB5 and water stress decreased ϕPSII, but water stress increased qNP. A , E, g , ϕPSII and chlorophyll were highest in the upper leaves. All the main factors decreased chlorophyll. UVB5 decreased flavonoids, which were lowest in the lower leaves. Methane emission from the stem had a positive correlation with E and g , but a negative correlation with WUE. Overall, stress factors increased CH emissions, which varied with shoot parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pea ( Pisum sativum L.) is one of the oldest domesticated, highly valued and extensively cultivated pulse crops throughout the world. We studied genetic structure, diversity and inter-relationships in a worldwide collection of 151 pea accessions using 21 morphological descriptors and 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers. Among quantitative traits, seed yield per plant followed by seed weight and pod length have shown significant variation. SSR primers showed a high level of diversity and amplified a total of 179 alleles with an average of 8.95 alleles per primer in a size range of 95-510 bp. Primer AA-122 amplified the maximum (21) alleles while primer AB-64 amplified the minimum (4) alleles. Mean polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.72. Observed heterozygosity (H) varied from 0.10 to 0.99 in primers AB-64 and AD-160, respectively, with a mean value of 0.46. Expected heterozygosity (H) ranged from 0.47 to 0.94 in primers C-20 and AA-122, with a mean of 0.75. Genetic relationships inferred from a neighbour-joining tree separated accessions into 3 groups. Bayesian model-based STRUCTURE analysis detected 3 gene pools for the analysed pea germplasm and showed a high admixture within individual accessions. Furthermore, STRUCTURE analysis showed that these 3 gene pools co-existed in accessions belonging to different geographic regions indicating frequent transference and exchange of pea germplasm during its domestication history. The results of the present study will be useful in understanding the pea's genetic structure and in the selection of suitable diverse accessions for future improvement programmes in the pea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pisum sativum (Family: Fabaceae), as known as green pea or garden pea, has long been important in diet due to its content of fiber, protein, starch, trace elements, and many phytochemical substances. It has been shown to possess antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antihypercholesterolemia, and antioxidant activities and also shown anticancer property. Its nonnutritive biologically active components include alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, isoflavones, phenols, phytosterols, phytic acid, protease inhibitors, saponins, and tannins. This plant is rich in apigenin, hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic, luteolin, and quercetin, all of which have been reported to contribute to its remedial properties including anticarcinogenesis property. Based on established literature on the anticancer property of P. sativum and possible mode of action, this review article has focused to demonstrate that P. sativum could be further explored for the development of anticancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element after oxygen in soil. However, many field studies have shown that supplying crops with extra Si in form of finely dispersed SiO2 · n H2O (= silicic acid “dissolved” in water) suppresses plant disease, reduces insect attack, improves environmental stress tolerance, and increases crop productivity. The purpose of this investigation was to look at the influence of foliar applied silicic acid on the chemical content of field peas of variety Mehis. Silicic acid was applied as an aqueous spray applied in different concentrations from the 2–3 true leaf stage at two-week intervals from 21 May to 2 July 2014, in total 108 g ha–1 Si. Silicic acid partially improved the quality of field peas of variety Mehis by increasing phosphorus and potassium concentrations in the peas. It is suggested that foliar applied silicic acid may improve root growth through an improved phosphorus supply and also the water status of the plants through an improved potassium supply. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2016.01.02, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2016.01.02

The complete protocol for regeneration and long-term micropropagation of several Polish cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L.) has been elaborated. The shoots were the most likely regenerated via de novo organogenesis. The adventitious buds formed in callus derived from cotyledons tissue adjacent to the axillary meristems of immature embryos. All cultivars' calli regenerated several shoots per explant on the MS medium supplemented with B5 vitamins and 4.5 mgl-1 of BAP, however some differences in regeneration capacity among cultivars were observed. The plantlets were subsequently micropropagated with slightly higher efficiency and preserving a good viability over the long-term culture on a medium containing 2.0 mgl-1 than one with 4.5 mgl-1 of BAP. The additional step of the pre-conditioning culture of multiplicated shoots on a medium with very low BAP concentration i.e. 0.02 mgl-1 was applied and appeared to be beneficial before rooting in vitro or grafting. The modified MS-derived medium with the half-strength of MS macroelements but with the full original dose of calcium and supplemented with B5 vitamins and 1.0 mgl-1 of NAA was developed for effective rooting. The shoots were also sufficiently transferred into ex vitro conditions using grafting. The majority of the regenerated plants had adapted to in vivo conditions in a greenhouse and subsequently has set seeds. The presented protocol provides relatively efficient rate of de novo pea regeneration and would be useful for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation purposes.

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) has a compound leaf like many other legume species. The 'semi-leafless' pea (afaf tltl), with all leaflets transformed into tendrils, is considered one of the most important achievements in pea breeding, due to a significantly enhanced standing ability and equally efficient dry matter production in comparison to normal-leafed genotypes (AFAF TLTL). 'Semi-leafless' cultivars provide high and stable grain yield and are dominant in the modern dry pea production worldwide. There are also 'semi-leafless' cultivars that are autumn-sown and those for forage production. The genotypes with all tendrils transformed into leaflets (afaf tltl), called 'acacia' or 'tendril-less', are extremely prone to lodging and may have importance in breeding for forage production. Little is known about the potential agronomic value of 'acacia-tendril-less' (afaf tltl) genotypes.

The effects of cultivar on the nutrient profile and protein quality of field pea (Pisum sativum) was investigated. A total of 19 samples representing five cultivars of field pea (Santana, Miami, Rex, Crusader and Courier) were analysed for proximate, fibre and carbohydrate components, minerals and amino acids. Starch was the major carbohydrate component in field pea, but it also contained significant quantities of non-starch polysaccharides. The pea protein was deficient in lysine, methionine, cystine and threonine. The results from the protein quality assay showed that there were no differences (P>0.05) in protein quality between pea cultivars. Compared to raw field pea, raw soybeans had a lower (P