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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal disease caused by John Cunningham virus (JCV) infection; however, a growing number of PML patients now survive longer and achieve remission, largely due to the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy. Several reports have suggested that the pathology in such patients presents only chronic demyelination without characteristic cellular changes, being referred to as "burnt-out" PML. On the other hand, our knowledge of "burnt-out" PML is still substantially limited, especially in patients with non-human immunodeficiency virus infection. Here, we report a case of PML associated with idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia (ICL) who presented with spontaneous remission and survived for 11 years after onset. Notably, postmortem examination revealed surprisingly broad "burnt-out" lesions lacking the classic histopathological findings. However, pathogenic JCV-specific DNA sequences was still present in the autopsied brain tissue. This case suggests that complete remission can be achieved with a persistent presence of JCV-specific pathogenic sequences, even after a catastrophic infection. Considering that there have been a few reported cases of PML with ICL with long survival, the long-term survival of our case may share a favorable immunological response that is unique to a subgroup of ICL.

There have been 23 reports of primary central nervous system anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma in the literature. Here we report the 24th case of a 40-year-old man who presented with occipital headache for one month. His contrast-enhanced brain MRI showed enhancement around the right temporal lobe, which suggested a diagnosis of hypertrophic pachymeningitis. He improved with steroid therapy. After discharge, however, he was readmitted with generalized convulsive seizures. Finally, he was diagnosed as primary central nervous system ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma by brain biopsy. Primary central nervous system lymphoma invading dura matter can rarely manifests as a unilateral pachymeningitis. Therefore, in case of pachymeningitis, we should pay attention to the possibility of infiltration of lymophoma with meticulous clinical follow-up.

The patient was a 78-year-old man. Three years before admission, he developed transient peripheral neuropathy and purpura, and at admission, he presented with livedo reticularis of both his lower extremities and with mononeuritis multiplex. Vasculitis was not observed, and antiphospholipid antibodies were detected. The nerve and skin biopsies revealed no inflammation; axonal degeneration accompanied by thrombi was found in his arterioles and venules. Based on these findings, he was diagnosed with ischemic peripheral neuropathy due to primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Administration of anticoagulant therapy resulted in an improvement in symptoms; however, two months later, a relapse occurred, and the patient contracted an infection while undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. The infection became fulminant, and the patient succumbed to multiple organ failure. The autopsy revealed a systemic arterial and venous embolism; however, no vasculitis was observed. Antiphospholipid syndrome, which is responsive to antithrombotic treatment, should be considered as a differential diagnosis of mononeuritis multiplex.