Search

Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for gout and other cardiovascular diseases. One of the therapies used is Allopurinol. Unfortunately, it has unwanted side effects. These conditions made researchers continue to seek and develop alternative treatments from natural products. One of which is from plants of the Phyllanthus genus. One of their contents was polyphenols, especially flavonoids. It is an alternative treatment for hyperuricemia because of its minimal side effects. The flavonoids in this genus were reported to have xanthine oxidase inhibitory: quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, apigenin, luteolin, myricetin, catechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin with IC50 values ​​from 0.44 M to > 100μM. The presence of π-π interactions between planar rings A and C on flavones with phe 1009 and phe 914 and the addition of hydroxyl groups on flavonoid compounds plays a crucial role in inhibiting xanthine oxidase.

The Black-throated Laughingthrush (Pterorhinus chinensis) is a bird belonging to the order Passeriformes and the family Leiothrichidae, and is found in Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Pterorhinus chinensis was once classified as belonging to the genus Garrulax. However, recent research has reclassified it in the genus Pterorhinus. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete mitogenome of P. chinensis. The complete mitochondrial genome of P. chinensis is 17,827 bp in length. It consists of 13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs, and two control regions. All genes are coded on the H-strand, except for one PCG (nad6) and eight tRNAs. All PCGs are initiated with ATG and stopped by five types of stop codons. Our comparative analyses show irregular gene rearrangement between trnT and trnP genes with another similar control region emerging between trnE and trnF genes compared with the ancestral mitochondrial gene order, called "duplicate CR gene order". The phylogenetic position of P. chinensis and phylogenetic relationships among members of Leiothrichidae are assessed based on complete mitogenomes. Phylogenetic relationships based on Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods showed that Garrulax and (Pterorhinus + Ianthocincla) formed a clade. Leiothrix and Liocichla also formed a clade. Our study provides support for the transfer of P. chinensis from Garrulax to Pterorhinus. Our results provide mitochondrial genome data to further understand the mitochondrial genome characteristics and taxonomic status of Leiothrichidae.

Turdoides reinwardtii stictilaema (Alexander, 1901) LITERATURE. — Green & Sayer (1979); Thonnérieux et al. (1989); Dowsett (1993); Borrow & Demey (2001, 2014); Portier (2002c); Portier et al. (2002); Balanca et al. (2007); Sinclair & Ryan (2010); Pavia et al. (2012); Dowsett et al. (2013); ABC (2020). MUSEUM MATERIAL. — MCCI 3233, 3234, 3280, 3805, 3843; MGPT-MPOC 605. FIELD DATA. — eBird; GBIF; WABD; XC. STATUS. — Resident; Breeding., Published as part of Boano, Giovanni, Belemsobgo, Urbain, Silvano, Fabrizio, Hema, Emmanuel M., Belemsobgo, Aristide, Dimobe, Kangbéni & Pavia, Marco, 2022, An annotated checklist of the birds of Burkina Faso, pp. 27-107 in Zoosystema 44 (2) on page 88, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5999691, {"references":["GREEN A. A. & SAYER J. A. 1979. - The birds of Pendjari and Arly National Parks (Benin and Upper Volta). Malimbus 1: 14 - 28.","THONNERIEUX Y., WALSH J. F. & BORTOLI L. 1989. - L'avifaune de la ville de Ouagadougou et ses environs (Burkina Faso). Malimbus 11: 7 - 39.","DOWSETT R. J. 1993. - Afrotropical avifaunas: annotated country checklists, in DOWSETT R. J. & DOWSETT- LEMAIRE F. (eds). A Contribution to the Distribution and Taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds Tauraco Research Report 5, Tauraco Press, Liege: 1 - 322.","BORROW N. & DEMEY R. 2001. - Birds of Western Africa. Christopher Helm, London, 832 p.","BORROW N. & DEMEY R. 2014. - Field Guide of the Birds of Western Africa. II edition. Christopher Helm, London, 592 p.","PORTIER B. 2002 c. - Liste de l'avifaune du Ranch de Gibier de Nazinga. http: // environnement. wallonie. be / projet _ nazinga / PDF / Liste _ oiseaux _ Nazinga. pdf.","PORTIER B., LUNGREN C. & OUEDA G. H. 2002. - Birding in Burkina Faso, more than just birdwatching. Dutch Birding 24: 127 - 141.","BALANCA G., CORNELIS D. & WILSON R. 2007. - Les oiseaux du complexe WAP. ECOPAS. Cirad, Montpellier.","SINCLAIR I. & RYAN P. 2010. - Birds of Africa south of the Sahara. II edition. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 768 p.","PAVIA M., BOANO G., SILVANO F. & MAMADOU K. 2012. - New bird records from southwestern Burkina Faso. Malimbus 34: 57 - 81.","DOWSETT R. J., ATKINSON P. W. & CADDICK J. A. 2013. - Checklist of the birds of Burkina Faso: 1 - 12. https: // www. africanbirdclub. org / [accessed 14 October 2013].","ABC 2020. - Burkina Faso. News. Available from https: // www. africanbirdclub. org / countries / burkina - faso [accessed 01 Nov. 2020]"]}

Boano, Giovanni, Belemsobgo, Urbain, Silvano, Fabrizio, Hema, Emmanuel M., Belemsobgo, Aristide, Dimobe, Kangbéni, Pavia, Marco (2022): An annotated checklist of the birds of Burkina Faso. Zoosystema 44 (2): 27-107, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a2

Turdoides plebejus platycirca (Swainson, 1837) LITERATURE. — Bannerman (1931); Green & Sayer (1979); Holyoak & Seddon (1989); Thonnérieux et al. (1989); Dowsett (1993); Balanca & de Visscher (1997); Mauvais (1998); Borrow & Demey (2001, 2014); Portier (2002c); Söderström et al. (2003); Balanca et al. (2007); Sinclair & Ryan (2010); Pavia et al. (2012); Dowsett et al. (2013). MUSEUM MATERIAL. — MCCI 3231, 3232. FIELD DATA. — eBird; GBIF; WABD; XC. STATUS. — Resident; Breeding., Published as part of Boano, Giovanni, Belemsobgo, Urbain, Silvano, Fabrizio, Hema, Emmanuel M., Belemsobgo, Aristide, Dimobe, Kangbéni & Pavia, Marco, 2022, An annotated checklist of the birds of Burkina Faso, pp. 27-107 in Zoosystema 44 (2) on page 88, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5999691, {"references":["BANNERMAN D. A. 1931. - Liste des oiseaux observes en 1928 par M. G. - L. Bates pendant son voyage du Nord de la Nigerie au Senegal, a travers le Soudan Francais et les territoires du Haut-Niger et de la Haute-Volta. L'Oiseau et la Revue francaise d'ornithologie NS 1: 594 - 617.","GREEN A. A. & SAYER J. A. 1979. - The birds of Pendjari and Arly National Parks (Benin and Upper Volta). Malimbus 1: 14 - 28.","HOLYOAK D. T. & SEDDON M. B. 1989. - Distributional notes on the birds of Burkina Faso. Bulletin of the British ornithologists' Club 109: 205 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.25226 / bboc. v 139 i 2.2019. a 7","THONNERIEUX Y., WALSH J. F. & BORTOLI L. 1989. - L'avifaune de la ville de Ouagadougou et ses environs (Burkina Faso). Malimbus 11: 7 - 39.","DOWSETT R. J. 1993. - Afrotropical avifaunas: annotated country checklists, in DOWSETT R. J. & DOWSETT- LEMAIRE F. (eds). A Contribution to the Distribution and Taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds Tauraco Research Report 5, Tauraco Press, Liege: 1 - 322.","BALANCA G. & DE VISSCHER M. - N. 1997. - Composition et evolution saisonniere d'un peuplement d'oiseaux au nord du Burkina Faso (Nord-Yatenga). Malimbus 19: 68 - 94.","MAUVAIS G. 1998. - Recensement des especes d'oiseaux de Bois de Boulogne a Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) en saison de pluie. Alauda 66: 324 - 328.","BORROW N. & DEMEY R. 2001. - Birds of Western Africa. Christopher Helm, London, 832 p.","BORROW N. & DEMEY R. 2014. - Field Guide of the Birds of Western Africa. II edition. Christopher Helm, London, 592 p.","PORTIER B. 2002 c. - Liste de l'avifaune du Ranch de Gibier de Nazinga. http: // environnement. wallonie. be / projet _ nazinga / PDF / Liste _ oiseaux _ Nazinga. pdf.","SODERSTROM B., KIEMA S. & REID R. S. 2003. - Intensified agricultural land-use and bird conservation in Burkina Faso. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 99: 113 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0167 - 8809 (03) 00144 - 0","BALANCA G., CORNELIS D. & WILSON R. 2007. - Les oiseaux du complexe WAP. ECOPAS. Cirad, Montpellier.","SINCLAIR I. & RYAN P. 2010. - Birds of Africa south of the Sahara. II edition. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 768 p.","PAVIA M., BOANO G., SILVANO F. & MAMADOU K. 2012. - New bird records from southwestern Burkina Faso. Malimbus 34: 57 - 81.","DOWSETT R. J., ATKINSON P. W. & CADDICK J. A. 2013. - Checklist of the birds of Burkina Faso: 1 - 12. https: // www. africanbirdclub. org / [accessed 14 October 2013]."]}

Four new species of Guimaraesiella Eichler, 1949 are described and illustrated based on specimens collected in South China. They are: Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) citreisoma new species ex Leiothrix lutea kwangtungensis Whistler, 1943 (Leiothrichidae); Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) corrugata new species ex Alcippe hueti hueti David, 1874 (Leiothrichidae); Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) petilorica new species ex Alcippe nipalensis nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837) (Leiothrichidae); and Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) yuhinae new species from Yuhina flavicollis rouxi (Oustalet, 1896) (Zosteropidae); this is the first species of the Brueelia-complex recorded from a member of the Zosteropidae.

Four new species of amblyceran chewing lice of the genus Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 are described from hosts of the babbler families Leiothrichidae, Paradoxornithidae and Timaliidae in China. They are: Myrsidea attenuata n. sp. from Garrulax maesi maesi (Oustalet, 1890), Myrsidea zhangae n. sp. from Ianthocincla berthemyi (Oustalet, 1876), Myrsidea liopari n. sp. from Lioparus chrysotis amoenus (Mayr, 1941) and L. chrysotis swinhoii (Verreaux, 1871), and Myrsidea suthorae n. sp. from Suthora verreauxi verreauxi Sharpe, 1883. A checklist of host-louse associations for identified and unidentified Myrsidea species known from babblers is provided.

Two new feather mite species of the genus Trouessartia Canestrini are described from laughingthrushes (Passeriformes: Leiothrichidae) captured in Meghalaya (India): Trouessartia cyanouropterae sp. n. from Actinodura cyanouroptera (Hodgson) and Trouessartia alcippeae sp. n. from Alcippe nipalensis (Hodgson). It is the first time when species of the genus Trouessartia are described from leiothrichids.

Josef Prokop Pražak (1870–1904) published a number of papers from 1894–1900, mainly on faunistics and taxonomy of birds. In the 1890s his faunistic papers were shown to include many fraudulent data and were thus rejected or cited with caution. However, no comprehensive review of Pražak’s new bird taxa was made. My reconstruction of Pražak's Curriculum vitae shows that Pražak spent most of his life in his native Bohemia. In 1893–95 he studied at the Universitat Wien, Austria, and volunteered at the Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum, and in 1896–98 he studied at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. His taxonomic studies are connected with the ornithological collections in Vienna and Edinburgh. Although his contemporaries described Pražak as a charming and talented man, I document that his taxonomic papers include many fraudulent data and that his activities included stealing and relabeling museum specimens. The revision of Pražak's new bird taxa presented here reveals that Remizus and the following species-group names are available for nomenclatural purposes: Aegithalus caudatus japonica (Aegithalidae), Alauda arborea cherneli (Alaudidae), Carduelis elegans alpestris (Fringillidae), Carduelis elegans hortensis (Fringillidae), Carduelis elegans sylvestris (Fringillidae), Erithacus rubecula maior (Turdidae), Lophophanes cristatus brunnescens (Paridae), Lophophanes cristatus scotica (Paridae), Panurus biarmicus raddei (Paradoxornithidae), Parus caeruleus obscurus (Paridae), Parus major newtoni (Paridae), Parus major blanfordi (Paridae), Poecile cincta alascensis (Paridae), Poecile lugubris persica (Paridae), Remizus pendulinus raddei (Remizidae) and Sturnus vulgaris intermedius (Sturnidae). I defined type series for all, and I restricted type localities for most, of these species-group taxa. I synonymized Remizus pendulinus raddei Pražak, 1897g, with Remiz pendulinus pendulinus (Linnaeus, 1758). In addition I found that Vanellus grisescens was described by Grant (1912), not by Pražak, and I synonymized this species with Vanellus chilensis lampronotus (Wagler, 1827). I found that the following names created by Pražak have no standing in zoological nomenclature: Accentor modularis sclateri (hypothetical form), Anthus spipoletta reichenowi (hypothetical form), Scops scops taczanowskii (manuscript name), Trochalopteron hennickei (hypothetical form) and Vanellus grisescens (hypothetical form).

Trochalopteron hennickei Pražák Trochalopteron hennickei Pražák, 1897 c: 328 (Orn. Mschr.) Remarks. Pražák (1897 c: 328) said that he based this form on the holotype (JPPH 18720) and two paratypes (both in JPPH, no accession or inventory numbers given), all adult males collected by Mr. W. Jaworowski on 26 August 1896 at the outflow of the “Yuen” [= Yuan] River in the “Tungting See” [= Dongting Lake], Hunan Province, China. There is no evidence that Pražák received these specimens from W. Jaworowski (who existed probably only in Pražák’s mind) or from anybody else, and there is no evidence that the holotype and paratypes of T. hennickei Pražák existed. I thus consider Trochalopteron hennickei Pražák a hypothetical form (see also Hartert 1909: 629, footnote), whose name has no standing in zoological nomenclature (Art. 1.3. 1 of the Code). In inventing this species, Pražák (1897 c) might have been inspired by descriptions and/or illustrations of Trochalopteron cinereiceps Styan (1887: 166, pl. 6) [= Garrulax cineraceus cinereiceps (Styan)] and Trochalopteron sukatschewi Berezovskǐj & Bianki (1891: 59, pl. 1, fig. 1; Deditius 1897: 67) [= Garrulax sukatschewi (Berezovskĭj & Bianki)], which he cited. Oustalet (1898: 254) believed that T. hennickei is a valid species, but remarked that specimens agreeing with Pražák’s (1897 c) description were unknown to him.

Trochalopteron hennickei Praž��k Trochalopteron hennickei Praž��k, 1897 c: 328 (Orn. Mschr.) Remarks. Praž��k (1897 c: 328) said that he based this form on the holotype (JPPH 18720) and two paratypes (both in JPPH, no accession or inventory numbers given), all adult males collected by Mr. W. Jaworowski on 26 August 1896 at the outflow of the ���Yuen��� [= Yuan] River in the ���Tungting See��� [= Dongting Lake], Hunan Province, China. There is no evidence that Praž��k received these specimens from W. Jaworowski (who existed probably only in Praž��k���s mind) or from anybody else, and there is no evidence that the holotype and paratypes of T. hennickei Praž��k existed. I thus consider Trochalopteron hennickei Praž��k a hypothetical form (see also Hartert 1909: 629, footnote), whose name has no standing in zoological nomenclature (Art. 1.3. 1 of the Code). In inventing this species, Praž��k (1897 c) might have been inspired by descriptions and/or illustrations of Trochalopteron cinereiceps Styan (1887: 166, pl. 6) [= Garrulax cineraceus cinereiceps (Styan)] and Trochalopteron sukatschewi Berezovsk��j & Bianki (1891: 59, pl. 1, fig. 1; Deditius 1897: 67) [= Garrulax sukatschewi (Berezovsk��j & Bianki)], which he cited. Oustalet (1898: 254) believed that T. hennickei is a valid species, but remarked that specimens agreeing with Praž��k���s (1897 c) description were unknown to him., Published as part of Ml��kovsk��, Ji����, 2011, Nomenclatural and taxonomic status of bird taxa (Aves) described by an ornithological swindler, Josef Prokop Pra����k (1870 ��� 1904), pp. 45-68 in Zootaxa 3005 on page 62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202788, {"references":["Prazak, J. P. (1897 c) Uber einen neuen Vogel vom oberen Yang-tse Kiang und Tungting See. Ornithologische Monatsschrift des Deutschen Vereins zum Schutze der Vogelwelt, 22, 327 - 328.","Hartert, E. (1909) Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna. Vol. 1 (Heft 5). R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, pp. 513 - 640.","Styan, F. W. (1887) On a new species of Trochalopteron from China. Ibis, 29, 166 - 168.","Berezovskij, M. & Bianki, V. (1891) Pticy Gan'sujskago putesestvia G. N. Potanina 1884 - 1887 [Birds from G. N. Potanin Gansu expedition of 1884 - 1887]. Imperatorskaa Akademia Nauk', Sanktpeterburg \", xl + 156 pp. [In Russian.]","Deditius, K. (1897) Die Vogel der westchinesischen Provinz Gan-su. Journal fur Ornithologie, 45, 57 - 75. [Extracted and translated from Berezovskij & Bianki 1891.]","Oustalet, E. (1898) Notes sur quelques oiseaux de la Chine occidentale. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 4, 253 - 258."]}

Garrulax mitratus (Muller) Locality. – Malaysia: Fraser’s Hill, Aug.2002 and Jul.2003. Remarks. – Haemoproteus timalus has been recorded, in addition to the African origin type host species Turdoides rubiginosus, from Southeast Asian timaliid hosts including Garrulax spp. [Bennett et al., 1991; Valkiunas, 1997 (2005)]. The gametocytes recovered from the timaliid Pellorneum capistratum from Sarawak and Java, however, conform better than those from Garrulax spp. with the type description. The gametocytes embrace the erythrocyte nucleus and fill the entire space between the nucleus and erythrocyte wall. Contrary to the type description by Bennettt et al. (1991), who reported the presence of “amoeboid outlines” (projections) also in fully mature specimens, the gametocytes from Garrulax spp. rarely extend wall projections, and only in the younger specimens. The infected erythrocyte becomes enlarged as previously reported, whereas the host-cell nucleus is frequently considerably displaced (NDR approximately 0.6, with the exception of a microgametocyte-infected Gar. mitratus erythrocyte, which is approximately 0.8, comparable with 0.8 in the type material and 0.76–0.87 of Pellorneum capistratum infections). The pigment granules, numbering about 10–11, are robustly-elongate and of medium size, as in the other described Hae. timalus., Published as part of Paperna, Ilan, Keong, Malcolm Soh Chu & May, Charlotte Yap Aye, 2008, Haemosporozoan Parasites Found In Birds In Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak And Java, pp. 211-243 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 56 (2) on page 220, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5340123, {"references":["Valkiunas, G. A. 1997 (2005). Bird Haemosporidia. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 3 - 5: 1 - 608 [Russian text, English summary]; English translation: 2005. Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidia. CRC Press Boca Raton, Florida, 946 pp."]}

Garrulax erythrocephalus Locality. – Malaysia: Cameron Highlands, Dec.2002. Description. – A round type, the host cell nucleus encloses 73 ± 12% of the macrogametocyte perimeter and 81 ± 7% of the microgametocyte perimeter. The macrogametocyte nucleus is usually central and the karyosome is distinct, while the cytoplasm contains some vacuoles and dense granules. The microgametocyte cytoplasm contains a few vacuoles and a diffuse nuclear mass with a central large pink-staining granule (Fig. 12). Remarks. – Valkiunas [1997 (2005)] synonymized Leucocytozoon spp. from passeriform birds, enclosed by over half by the host-cell nucleus with Leu. majoris. In both Leu. majoris from the type host genus Parus as well as of host from other families included in Leu. majoris, notably Timaliidae (as the presently discussed), the host-cell nucleus covers over 75% of the gametocyte periphery (Bennett & Peirce, 1992). Since the coverage of the parasite by the host-cell nucleus is the cardinal character for specific differentiation, it remains to examine the validity of such an inclusive species, as proposed by Valkiunas, 1997 /2005 which infects a wide range of non-related hosts, of diverse geographical origin (see also remarks to Leucocytozoon sp. 3)., Published as part of Paperna, Ilan, Keong, Malcolm Soh Chu & May, Charlotte Yap Aye, 2008, Haemosporozoan Parasites Found In Birds In Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak And Java, pp. 211-243 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 56 (2) on pages 221-222, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5340123, {"references":["Valkiunas, G. A. 1997 (2005). Bird Haemosporidia. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 3 - 5: 1 - 608 [Russian text, English summary]; English translation: 2005. Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidia. CRC Press Boca Raton, Florida, 946 pp."]}

Paperna, Ilan, Keong, Malcolm Soh Chu, May, Charlotte Yap Aye (2008): Haemosporozoan Parasites Found In Birds In Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak And Java. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 56 (2): 211-243, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5340123, {"references":["Anschuts, G., 1909. Ueber den entwickelungsgang des \"Haemoproteus orizivorae\" nov. spec. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infectionkranheiten. Hygienne I. abt. Orig. 51: 654-659.","Ashford, R. W., T. T. Palmer, J. S. Ash, R. S. Bray, 1976. Blood parasites of Ethiopian birds 1. General survey. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 12:409-426.","Baker, D. G., C. A. Speer, A. Yamaguchi, S. M. Griffey & J. P. Dubey 1996. An unusual coccidian parasite causing pneumonia in a northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 32: 130-132.","Bennett, G. F. & A. G. Campbell, 1972. Avian Haemoproteidae. 1. Description of Haemoproteus fallisi n. sp. and a review of the haemoproteids of the family Turdidae. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 50: 1269-1275.","Bennett, G. F. & A. G. Campbell 1973. Avian Haemoproteidae. III. Description of Haemoproteus fusca sp. n. and redescription of Haemoproteus halcyonis de Mello 1935, parasites of the kingfisher family Alcedinidae. Journal of Parasitology, 59: 337-343.","Bennett, G. F., M. A. Bishop & M. A. Peirce, 1991. The species and distribution of the haemoproteids of the avian family Muscicapidae sensu latu (Passeriformes). Journal of Natural History 25: 23-43.","Bennett, G.F., R. A.Earle & M. A.Peirce, 1992.The Leucocytozoidae of of South African birds: Passeriformes. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 59: 235-247.","Bennett, G. F. & N. C. Nandi, 1981. Avian Haemoproteidae. 16. The haemoproteids of the avian family Capitonidae (The Barbets). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59: 2064-2071.","Bennett, G. F. & M. A. Peirce, 1986. Avian Haemoproteidae. 21. The haemoproteids of the parrot family Psittacidae. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64: 771-773.","Bennett, G. F. & M. A. Peirce, 1990.The haemoproteids of the old world avian families Alaudidae (larks), Irenidae (leaf birds) and Motacillidae (wagtails and pipits). Journal of Natural History, 24: 939-947.","Bennett, G. F. & M. A. Peirce, 1991. The haemoproteids of the weaver finches (Passeriformes). Journal of Natural History, 25: 7-22.","Bennett, G. F. & M. A. Peirce, 1992. Leucocytozoids of seven old world passerine families. Journal of Natural History, 26: 693-707","Bensch, S., M. Stjermam, D. Hasselquist, O. Ostman, B. Hansson, H. Westerdahl, & R. T. Pinheiro, 2000. Host specificity in avian blood parasites: a study of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus mitochondrial DNA amplified from birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 267: 1583-1589.","Bensch, S., J. Perex-Tris, J. Waldenstrom, & O. Hellgren, 2004. Linkage between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences in avian malaria parasites: multiple case of cryptic speciation? Evolution, 95: 1617-1621.","Bishop, M. A. & G. F. Bennett, 1989. The haemoproteids of the avian order Strigiformes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67: 2676-2684.","Bishop, M. A. & G. F. Bennett, 1990. The haemoproteids of the avian families Corvidae (crows and jays) and Sturnidae (Starlings and Mynas) (Passeriformes), Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68: 2251-2256.","Bishop, M. A. & G. F. Bennett, 1992. Host-Parasite catalogue of the avian hematozoa: Supplement 1, and bibliography of the avian blood inhabiting haematozoa: Supplement 2. Memorial University of Newfoundland Occasional Papers in Biology, No. 15, 244 pp.","Box, E. D., 1970. Atoxoplasma associated with an isosporan oocyst in canaries. Journal of Protozoology, 17: 391-396.","Box, E. D., 1981. Isospora as an extraintestinal parasite of passerine birds. Journal of Protozoology, 28: 244-246.","Brooks, B. W., N. S. Sodhi & P. K. L. Ng, 2003. Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore. Nature, 424: 420-421.","Celli A. & F. Sanfelice, 1891. Uber die Parasiten des rothen Blutkorperchens in Menchen und Thieren. Fortschrift fur Medicine. 9: 499-511, 541-552, 581-586.","Clay, K. 2003. Conservation biology: Parasites lost. Nature, 421: 585-586.","Coradetti, A., I., Neri & M. Sanga, 1960. Segnalazine in Italia di Plasmodium praecox var. matutinum in Turdus iliacus, a separazione di questo plasmodio da Plasmodium praecox come specie distinta: Plasmodium matutinum Huff, 1937, Parassitologia, 2: 333-343.","Fallis, A. M. & G. F. Bennett, 1961. Sporogony of Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus in simuliids and ceratopogoniids and a revised classification of the Haemosporidiida. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 39: 215-228.","Fallon, S. M., E. Bermingham & R. E. Ricklefs, 2003. Island and taxon effect in parasitism revisited: Avian malaria in the lesser Antilles. Evolution, 57: 606-615.","Gill, H. & I. Paperna 2005, Leucocytozoon in the Israeli sparrow Passer domesticus biblicus Hartert, 1904. Parasitology Research, 96: 373-377.","Greiner, E. C., 1976. Leucocytozoon maccluri sp. n. (Haemosporida: Leucocytozoidae) from a Thailand thrush, Zoothera marginata Blyth. Journal of Parasitology, 62: 545-547.","Koh, L. P., R. R. Dunn, N. S. Sodhi, R. K. Colwell, H. C. Proctor & V. S. Smith. 2004, Species coextinctions and the biodiversity crisis. Science, 305: 1632-1634.","Lainson, R., 1958. Some observations on the life cycle of Atoxoplasma, with particular reference to parasite's schizogony and its transmission by the mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Nature 182: 1250-1251.","Lainson R., 1959: Atoxoplasma Garnham, 1950, as a synonym for Lankesterella Labbe. Its life cycle in the English sparrow (Passer domesticus domesticus Linn.). Journal of Protozoology. 6: 360-371.","Laird, M., 1997. Avian Malaria in the Asian tropical subregion. Springer-Verlag Singapore Pte. Ltd.","Mathis, C. & M. Leger, 1911. Recherches de parasitologie et de pathologie humaines et animales au Tonkin. Masson et Cie, Paris. 451 pp.","McClure, H. E., P. Poonswad, E. C. Greiner & M. Laird, 1978. Hematozoa in the birds of Eastern and Southern Asia. Memorial University of New Foundland, Canada, 296pp.","Mello, I. F. de, B. Sa de, L. Sousa de, A. Diaz & R. Noronha, 1916. Hematozoaires et Pseudohematozoaires de l'Inde Portugese. Annals scientific des Faculdad de Medicine, Porto, 3, 181-200.","Mello, I. F. de & L. J. Braz de Sa, 1916. A contribution to the study of Haemoprotozoa of in Portugese India. Indian Journal of Medical Research 3: 731-737.","Mello, I. F. de, 1936. Further contribution to the study of blood parasites of Indian birds together with a list of the hemoparasites hitherto recorded. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal 2: 95-122.","Miltgen, F., I. Landau, N. Ratanaworabhan & S. Venbutra, 1981. Parahaemoproteus desseri n. sp.; Gametogonie et Schizogonie chez l'hote naturel: Psittacula roseata de Thailande, et Sporogonie experimentale chez Culicoides nubeculosus. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 56: 123-130.","Nandi, N. C. & A. K. Mandal, 1978. Studies on some avian haematozoa from Jammu and Kashmir, India. Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 1:103-106.","Paperna, I. & C. Smallridge, 2002.Haemoproteus columbae infection of feral pigeons in Singapore. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 50: 281-286.","Paperna, I., M. C.-K. Soh, C A.-M. Yap, N. S. Sodhi, S. L.-H. Lim, D. M. Prawiradilaga & H. Nagata, 2005. Blood parasite prevalence and abundance in the bird communities of several forested locations in Southeast Asia. 4 Ornithological Science, 4: 129-138.","Peirce, M. A. 1984. Haematozoan of Zambian birds. I. General survey. Journal of Natural History, 18: 105-122.","Peirce, M. A. & C.J. Mead, 1976. Haematozoa of British Birds. 1. Blood parasites of birds from Dumfries and Lincolnshire. Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club, 96: 128-132.","Perkins, S.L. & J.J. Schall, 2002. A molecular phylogeny of malarial parasites from cytochrome b gene sequence. Journal of Parasitology, 88: 972-978.","Sergent, E. D., Sergent, E. T. & Catanei, A., 1928. Sur un parasite nouveau du paludisme des oiseaux. C.R. Hebd. Seances Academie Sciences Paris, 186: 809-811.","Sodhi, N. S., 2002. A comparison of bird communities of two fragmented and two continuous Southeast Asian rainforests. Biodiversity and Conservation, 11:1105-1119.","Sodhi, N. S., M. C.K. Soh, D. M. Prawiradilaga, Darjono & B. W. Brook, 2005. Persistence of lowland forest birds in a recently logged area in central Java. Bird Conservation International, 15:173-191.","Torchin, M. E., K. D. Laffarty, A. P. Dobson, V. J. McKenzie & A. M. Kuris, 2003. Introduced species and their missing parasites. Nature, 421: 628-630.","Valkiunas, G. A., 1990. Parasitic protista of the blood of birds USSR. 7. Haemoproteids of passerids. Ekologia, 3: 65-81 [in Russian].","Valkiunas, G. A. 1997(2005). Bird Haemosporidia. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 3-5: 1-608 [Russian text, English summary]; English translation: 2005. Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidia. CRC Press Boca Raton, Florida, 946 pp.","Valkiunas, G. A. & T. A. Iezhova, 1993. Haemoproteus kairullaevi sp.n. (Haemosporidia:Haemoproteidae) from Myna Acridotheres tristis (Passeriformes). Zoological Journal, 72: 141-146 [In Russian, English summary].","Waldenstorm J., S. Bensch, S. Kiboi, D. Hasselquist & U. Ottosson, 2002. Cross-species infection of blood parasites between resident and migratory songbirds in Africa. Molecular Ecology, 11: 1545-1554.","Williams, N. A. & G. F. Bennett, 1980. Avian Haemoproteidae. 13. The Haemoproteids of the ducks and the geese (Anatidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58:88-93.","Wong, P. L., S. K. Poon, & R. C. Anderson, 1980. New records of nematodes in the house crow (Corvus splendens Vieillot) in Asia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58: 1212-1213."]}

Garrulax monachus Swinhoe Garrulax monachus Swinhoe, 1870a: 248 (Hainan). Now Garrulax chinensis monachus Swinhoe, 1870. See Cheng, 1987: 679, and MacKinnon and Phillipps, 2000: 416. SYNTYPE: AMNH 587140, adult unsexed, collected on Hainan Island, 198009N, 1098309E (USBGN, 1956a), Guangdong, China, in February 1863, by Robert Swinhoe. From the Rothschild Collection. COMMENTS: Swinhoe did not designate a type or say exactly how many specimens he had. There were at least four—two that were shot on 10 February as he was journeying inland and two that died in captivity (Swinhoe, 1870a: 249–250). Therefore, Warren and Harrison (1971: 361) were incorrect in saying that the two syntypes are in the BMNH. The above specimen is the one specifically mentioned by Swinhoe (1870a: 249) in the original description as having been shot in the foot and caught by hand, as it has a broken leg. The Rothschild label had been so noted and marked ‘‘co­type’’ (5 syntype). However, it was not listed by Hartert in any of his type lists and had not previously been included in the AMNH type collection., Published as part of Mary, Croy, History, Bulletin Of The American Museum Of Natural, At, Central Park West, Street, Th, York, New & Ny, 2005, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History. Part 6. Passeriformes: Prunellidae, Turdidae, Orthonychidae, Timaliidae, Paradoxornithidae, Picathartidae, And Polioptilidae, pp. 1-132 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2005 (292) on page 90, {"references":["Swinhoe, R. 1870 a. On the ornithology of Hainan. Ibis (new series) 6: 77 - 97, 230 - 256, 342 - 367.","Cheng, T. 1987. A synopsis of the avifauna of China. Beijing: Science Press and Hamburg and Berlin: Paul Parey Scientific Publishers, 1222 pp.","MacKinnon, J., and K. Phillipps. 2000. A field guide to the birds of China. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 586 pp.","Warren, R. L. M., and C. J. O. Harrison. 1971. Typespecimens of birds in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 2. Passerines. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 628 pp."]}

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited specimens of numerous Birds forming part of the Society’s collection ; and directed the attention of the Meeting to those which he regarded as the most interesting among them. He stated that one of them was especially curious as exhibiting a form of Insessorial Bird, not safely referrible to any known family ; on which account he proposed to consider it as the type of a group to be designated

Actinodura Egertoni . Act. cristata; suprà nitidè rufo-brunnea olivaceo tincta, subtùs pallide rufo-brunnea; cristd, occipite, genisque brunnescenti-cinereis; remigibus ad basin rufis, pogoniis nigro flavoque fasciatis; secundariis nigro brunneoque fasciatis; rectricibus sordidi rufo-brunneis, lineis saturatioribus transversim notatis, alboque apiculatis. ■ Long. tot. 8½ unc.; alae, 3 ⅜; caudce, 4 ¾; tarsi, l⅜; rostri, 1. Rostrum pedesque brunnei. Hab. in Nepaliâ. The specimen described was presented to the Society by Sir P. Grey Egerton, Bart., M. P., Published as part of Barlow. J., 1836, February 23, 1836, pp. 17-24 in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1836 on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7458114

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited specimens of numerous Birds forming part of the Society’s collection ; and directed the attention of the Meeting to those which he regarded as the most interesting among them. He stated that one of them was especially curious as exhibiting a form of Insessorial Bird, not safely referrible to any known family ; on which account he proposed to consider it as the type of a group to be designated