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Arremon flavirostris Swainson, 1838 Arremon affinis Burmeister, 1856: pp. 223 (Hellmayr 1938: pp. 429) Arremon wuchereri P. L. Sclater & Salvin, 1873: pp. 25, 157 (Ihering 1902: p. 265) Holotype. CUMZ 27 / Fri (E)/6/c/1 (University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, UK), sub-adult male. Type locality. vicinity of Salvador, Bahia state, Brazil (subsequent designation). ��� Brazil ��� (original designation). Plumage diagnosis. It differs from A. dorbignii in having short white superciliary stripes starting above the eye, instead of right after the bill; Sepia (Color 119 in Smithe 1975) rectrices with more extensive Yellowish Olive- Green (50) on webs; Medium Neutral Gray (84) crown stripe absent or restricted to a few feathers between the nape and bill in adults. It differs from A. polionotus by having Yellowish Olive-Green (50) dorsal regions (including scapular and tail-coverts) instead of Plumbeous Gray (78); presence of Yellowish Olive-Green (50) on rectrices instead of plain Sepia (119). Measurements. (n: m = 8 / f = 3). Mean values in mm, male (m), female (f). Bill length = 17.37 (m), 17.34 (f); Bill width = 7.40 (m), 7.29 (f); Bill height = 7.67 (m), 7.98 (f); Wing length = 77.43 (m), 73.09 (f); Tail length = 68.10 (m), 61.37 (f). Description. Conical bill; mandible Orange-Yellow (18); maxilla Orange-Yellow (18) with black ridge starting at base of the bill at level of nares, becoming thinner as it reaches the tip; black head and auriculars; Medium Neutral Gray (84) crown stripe usually absent or restricted to a few feathers between the nape and bill; bold white superciliary stripes starting above the eye and reaching to sides of nape; nape Medium Neutral Gray (84), rest of dorsal regions including scapulars, wing- and tail-coverts Yellowish Olive-Green (50); edge of marginal wing coverts Spectrum Yellow (55); remiges and rectrices Sepia (119) with Yellowish Olive-Green (50) on webs from border nearly to the rachis, especially on the inner primaries and the secondaries, and closer to base on rectrices; white ventral regions contrasting with black pectoral band; Light Neutral Gray (85) sides and flanks; thighs white with Glaucous (79). Sexual dimorphism. Females have plumage generally tinged Buff (24) (except black parts), more visible on ventral regions, but also slightly on superciliary and crown stripes, the latter being more evident than in adult males. On ventral regions, brownish tinge produces different tones between Greenish Olive (49), Olive-Green (Auxiliary) (48) and Olive (30). Immatures. No immature specimens analyzed. General plumage tinged buff, slightly greenish wings, gray auriculars, striated chest and totally black bill (Lopes et al. 2013). Greenish crown stripe, white superciliary stripe above the eye, dark olive-green back and wing coverts, white ventral regions, black pectoral band (Burmeister 1856). Younger specimens have duller plumage and dusky pectoral band (Burmeister 1856). Distribution. Interior of central-eastern Brazil. Eastern Goi��s, Minas Gerais and north and eastern S��o Paulo and extreme adjacent parts of eastern Mato Grosso do Sul state., Published as part of Buainain, Nelson, Brito, Guilherme Renzo Rocha, Firme, Daniel Honorato, Figueira, Daniel Monteiro, Raposo, Marcos A. & Assis, Claydson Pinto De, 2016, Taxonomic revision of Saffron-billed Sparrow Arremon flavirostris Swainson, 1838 (Aves: Passerellidae) with comments on its holotype and type locality, pp. 547-567 in Zootaxa 4178 (4) on page 561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/259842, {"references":["Swainson, W. (1838) Animals in Menageries. Printed for Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, and John Taylor, London, 373 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 41853","Burmeister, H. (1856) Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens, welche wahrend einer Reise durch die Provinzen von Rio de Janeiro und Minas Geraes gesammelt oder beobachtet wurden von Dr. Hermann Burmeister. Th. Vogel (Aves). Vol. 3. Georg Reimer, Berlin, 223 pp.","Hellmayr, C. E. (1938) Catalogue of Birds of the Americas and Adjacent Islands. Field Museum of Natural History Publication, 430, Zoological Series, 13, part 11, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, 645 pp.","Sclater, P. L. & Salvin, O. (1873) Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium: sive Avium quae in regione Neotropica hucusque repertae sunt nomina systematice disposita adjecta sua cuique speciei patria aenerum et specierum novarum diagnoses. Londini, Sumptibus Auctorum, London, 163 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61132","Ihering, H. V. (1902) Contribuicoes para o conhecimento da Ornithologia de Sao Paulo. Revista do Museu Paulista, 5, 1 - 329.","Smithe, F. B. (1975) Naturalist's Color Guide. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 229 pp.","Lopes, L. E., Peixoto, H. J. C. & Hoffmann, D. (2013) Notas sobre a biologia reprodutiva de aves brasileiras. Atualidades Ornitologicas On-line, 171, 33 - 49."]}

Arremon dorbignii Sclater, 1856 Arremon flavirostris d���orbignii Sclater, 1856 (Hartert & Venturi 1909: pp. 172) Holotype. MNHNP7026 (Museu National d���Histoire Naturelle, Paris), adult male, Yungas. Type locality. Province Yungas, Bolivia (original designation). Plumage diagnosis. Differs from A. flavirostris and A. polionotus by having long white superciliary stripes starting right after bill instead of above eye; full Medium Neutral Gray (Color 84 in Smithe 1975) crown stripe always present even in adult male. Also differs from A. polionotus by having Yellowish Olive-Green (50) dorsal regions (including scapulars) instead of Gray (varies between 78/79/84) and from A. flavirostris by less extensive Yellowish Olive-Green (50) on borders of Sepia (119) rectrices. Description. Conical bill; mandible Orange Yellow (18); maxilla Orange Yellow (18) with black ridge starting at base of bill at level of nares, becoming thinner as it reaches tip; black head and auriculars; Medium Neutral Gray (84) crown stripe on middle of head, from bill insertion to nape; bold white superciliary stripes starting above the eye reach sides of nape; nape Medium Neutral Gray (84); rest of dorsal regions (including scapulars), wing- and tail-coverts Yellowish Olive-Green (50); edge of marginal wing coverts Spectrum Yellow (55); remiges and rectrices Sepia (119) with Yellowish Olive-Green (50) on webs from border nearly to the rachis, especially on inner primaries and the secondaries, rectrices Sepia (119) with Yellowish Olive-Green (50) close to base; presence of very subtle Turquoise-Green (64) with Light Neutral Gray (85) on edges of rectrices; white ventral regions (chin, chest, breast and abdomen), contrasting with black pectoral band; Light Neutral Gray (85) sides and flanks; thighs white with Glaucous (79). Sexual dimorphism. Females differ slightly from males by tending to have all plumage only slightly tinged Buff (24), more evident on throat and breast, but also on crown stripe and dorsal regions resulting in brownish tone over Yellowish Olive-Green (50). However, some adult males also have some buff in plumage and some females can have pure white ventral regions, which make it difficult or even impossible to distinguish the sexes without direct comparison. Immatures. No specimens analyzed. Measurements. (n: m = 65 / f = 31). Mean values in mm, male (m), female (f). Bill length = 16.38 (m), 16.18 (f); Bill width = 6.95 (m), 6.83 (f); Bill height = 7.49 (m), 7.33 (f); Wing length = 72.94 (m), 69.51 (f); Tail length = 62.43 (m), 59.49 (f). Distribution. Western Bolivia and northwestern Argentina in Andes., Published as part of Buainain, Nelson, Brito, Guilherme Renzo Rocha, Firme, Daniel Honorato, Figueira, Daniel Monteiro, Raposo, Marcos A. & Assis, Claydson Pinto De, 2016, Taxonomic revision of Saffron-billed Sparrow Arremon flavirostris Swainson, 1838 (Aves: Passerellidae) with comments on its holotype and type locality, pp. 547-567 in Zootaxa 4178 (4) on pages 562-563, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/259842, {"references":["Sclater, P. L. (1856) Synopsis Avium Tanagrinarum. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Species of Tanagers. In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Vol. 24. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 1 - 436.","Hartert, E. & Venturi, S. (1909) Notes sur les oiseaux de la Republique Argentine. Novitates Zoologicae, xvi, 159 - 267.","Smithe, F. B. (1975) Naturalist's Color Guide. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 229 pp."]}

Arremon polionotus Bonaparte, 1850 Arremon devillii Des Murs, 1856: pp. 69 Arremon callistus Oberholser, 1901: pp. 188 (Hellmayr 1906: pp. 311) Arremon polionotus devillii Des Murs, 1856: pp. 69 (Hellmayr 1906: pp. 312) Arremon flavirostris polionotus Bonaparte, 1850: pp. 487 (Hartert & Venturi 1909: pp. 172) Arremon flavirostris devillii Des Murs, 1856: pp. 69 (Hellmayr 1938: pp. 430) Holotype. MNHNP 7029 (Museu National d���Histoire Naturelle, Paris), adult male, ��� Corrientes ���. Type locality. Corrientes, Argentina (original designation). Plumage diagnosis. Differs from A. dorbignii by short white superciliary stripes starting above eye instead of right after the bill; Medium Neutral Gray (color 84 in Smithe 1975) crown stripe absent or restricted to a few feathers between the nape and bill in adults, instead of always present and starting at bill insertion. It differs from A. dorbignii and A. flavirostris by its dorsal regions (including scapulars and tail-coverts) being variable in tone (78/ 79/84) instead of Yellowish Olive-Green (50); plain Sepia (119) rectrices with no Yellowish Olive-Green (50). Description. Conical bill; mandible Orange Yellow (18); maxilla Orange Yellow (18) with black ridge starting at base of bill at level of nares, becoming thinner as it reaches tip; black head and auriculars; Medium Neutral Gray (84) crown stripe may be present or absent, starting somewhere between bill insertion and nape; bold white superciliary stripes starting above eye and reaching sides of nape; nape Medium Neutral Gray (84); rest of dorsal regions (including scapulars and tail-coverts) Plumbeous Gray (78); wing-coverts Yellowish Olive-Green (50); edge of marginal wing-coverts Spectrum Yellow (55); remiges and rectrices Sepia (119); white ventral regions (chin, chest, breast and abdomen) contrasting with black pectoral band; Light Neutral Gray (85) sides and flanks, thighs white with Glaucous (79). Sexual dimorphism. Females have plumage generally tinged Buff (24), more visible on ventral regions, but also subtly on superciliary and crown stripes, the latter being more evident than in adult males. On dorsal regions buff tones vary between Glaucous (79) and Olive (30). Immature. Younger immature has Black bill; Greenish Olive (49) dorsal regions and sides, except rectrices and remiges which are Sepia, white superciliary stripes with irregular Greenish Olive (49) patches, no crown stripe and no well-defined pectoral band, ventral regions Greenish Olive (49) slightly striated with Medium Neutral Gray (84) and white. As it matures, head becomes Greenish Olive (49) with Medium Neutral Gray (84) and discrete black; nape, back, rump, upper tail and wing coverts become Medium Neutral Gray (84) with Greenish Olive (49); ventral regions (chin, throat, breast, abdomen, and thighs) become white; black pectoral band appears; sides and flanks Medium Neutral Gray (84). All plumage has strong Buff (24) tone except rectrices and remiges. Greenish Olive (49) patches irregularly distributed over plumage especially on buffy white ventral regions, pectoral band and superciliary stripes. Measurements. (n: m = 32 / f = 46). Mean values in mm, male (m), female (f). Bill length = 16.72 (m), 16.87 (f); bill width = 7.13 (m), 7.28 (f); bill height = 7.46 (m), 7.51 (f); wing length = 70.95 (m), 76.22 (f); tail length = 60.52 (m), 65.32 (f). Distribution. Southwestern Brazil from western S��o Paulo to Mato Grosso do Sul, southern Mato Grosso, northern and western Paran��, and eastern Bolivia, Paraguay and north-eastern Argentina., Published as part of Buainain, Nelson, Brito, Guilherme Renzo Rocha, Firme, Daniel Honorato, Figueira, Daniel Monteiro, Raposo, Marcos A. & Assis, Claydson Pinto De, 2016, Taxonomic revision of Saffron-billed Sparrow Arremon flavirostris Swainson, 1838 (Aves: Passerellidae) with comments on its holotype and type locality, pp. 547-567 in Zootaxa 4178 (4) on pages 561-562, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/259842, {"references":["Bonaparte, C. L. (1850) Conspectus Generum Avium I. Lugduni Batavorum: Apud E. J. Brill, 550 pp.","Des Murs, M. A. P. (1856) In: Castelnau, F. (Eds.), Expedition dans les parties centrales de l'Amerique du Sud: de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para, Oiseaux. Chez P. Bertrand, Libraire-Editeur, Paris, pp. 69 - 70.","Oberholser, H. C. (1901) Seven new birds from Paraguay. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 14, 187 - 188.","Hellmayr, C. E. (1906) Critical notes on the types of little-known species of Neotropical birds. Novitates Zoologicae, xiii, 305 - 352.","Hartert, E. & Venturi, S. (1909) Notes sur les oiseaux de la Republique Argentine. Novitates Zoologicae, xvi, 159 - 267.","Hellmayr, C. E. (1938) Catalogue of Birds of the Americas and Adjacent Islands. Field Museum of Natural History Publication, 430, Zoological Series, 13, part 11, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, 645 pp.","Smithe, F. B. (1975) Naturalist's Color Guide. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 229 pp."]}