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The partner choice of migrants and their children receives traditionally a lot of attention. Very often it is assumed that those with overall more traditional attitudes would be more likely to be married to a first-generation co-ethnic partner. Whether these attitudinal differences also translate into different behavior within couples living together remains unanswered. Linking the partner type and the division of tasks in the household can provide more in-depth insights in these different partnership arrangements. In addition, we compare the gender role behavior of second-generation Turks and natives in different European countries. It has been shown that gender role behavior overall differs throughout Europe. How and to what extend the societal context and policies would affect the gender role behavior of second-generation Turks in the same way has not been studied before. Using TIES data (2007-08), we aim at comparing gender role behavior of the Turkish second generation (with a first generation, a second generation, and a native partner) and native young adults across Europe. We include different aspects of gender role behavior (labor force participation, sharing of household tasks, childcare and taking care of finances). The study will take into account individual, family and partner characteristics. First results indicate that among the majority native population couples more often share tasks whereas this is less the case for the Turkish. Being higher educated results in more sharing of tasks for young adults of all origins. Finally, Turkish second-generation women living with a first-generation partner are more involved in taking care of finances than is the case for those with a second-generation partner. This suggests that gender role behavior and division of tasks is not only the result of attitudes but may also be influenced by practical constraints.

Among migrants & their descendants, it may not be sufficient to simply contrast exogamous & endogamous unions to draw conclusions on social distance or integration trends. A second-generation partner may constitute an important alternative, e.g. may represent an in-between choice between a first-generation & a native partner in terms of orientation toward the country of origin or the host country. Using TIES data (2007-08), this paper aims to contribute to the study of intermarriage by giving a comparative picture of the partner choice among second-generation Turks in 13 European cities in 7 countries. Specific attention is paid to the role of pref-erences, parents & non-coethnic peers as well as context factors such as group size & the type of integration policies. Competing risk models suggest that second-generation Turks with a propensity for a secondgeneration partner may be located on a continuum between the ‘poles’ of the other two partner choices in terms of family values & orientation toward the host country. The findings suggest furthermore that a shortage of suitable second-generation partners does not increase intermarriage rates, but rather leads to an increased pressure to find a suitable firstgeneration partner.

Partner choice and union formation as well as the family formation are the results of various social determinants: many sociological and demographic studies have shown that social homogamy plays an important role in the partner choice and that the timing of the union formation as well as the first birth is highly determined by the level of education. Some changes during the last decades have been identified too: the age at first union and at first birth is considerably delayed and there is a strong decline of marriage. These changes are due to both the increase of the age at the completion of education and the transformation of norms and values regarding sexuality and matrimonial life. These general trends vary by country but they are quite well studied in Europe. Nevertheless, we know quite few things on the matrimonial practice of descendants of immigrants. Descendants of immigrants have to manage the differences between their parents' culture of origin and the culture of the society in which they have been raised. This is particularly true for descendant of immigrants coming from Muslim countries such as Turkey where the patterns of union formation are clearly different from those in Europe: indeed, marriage is universal and age at marriage remains low. Yet, little is known about the matrimonial behaviors of the women and men of immigrant parentage in Western Europe. This chapter aims at expanding this knowledge by focusing on the transition to a first union of young adults of Turkish descent living in Europe. We especially study the timing of the first union, the type of union (marriage or cohabitation), the partner's origin and the partner's characteristics and especially the trend to form a transnational union. Variations between countries and between cities are discussed from the history of the Turkish migration and the size of the Turkish matrimonial market in each country. to which descendants of Turkish immigrants form a specific group (or not) among young adults, and to what extent they combine the patterns of their parents' country of origin and of their country of residence. In addition, diversity within the groups will be studied in the different national and city-level contexts.

This study examines partner choice among the Turkish second generation by using data from a European wide survey (TIES). First, we aim to increase our insights into the intermarriage rates of the Turkish second generation. Second, our work goes beyond previous research by studying the influence of both parents and peers as well the effect that the host country context may exert on partner choice. Third, we not only study intermarriage with a native born partner, but include unions with a second generation partner from the same origin. Multinominal regression analyses show that marriage regimes and peer effects differentiate second-generation youths with a second generation partner from those with a first generation partner. For the choice between a native partner and a first-generation partner both parents and peers seem relevant. Further, both unions with second generation and native partners were less likely in countries with predominantly multicultural policies.