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There is a lack of attention and reporting in aspects of the neutral/nonionic perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and corresponding treatment mechanisms. Herein, new function-oriented deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with pyridine moiety were designed for perfluorinated iodoalkanes extraction from the oil phase. The effect of hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) functional groups on the effectiveness of targets retrieval was investigated. Moreover, different structural, quantum-chemical, solvatochromic, and statistical thermodynamics parameters were conducted, calculated, and correlated to the distribution coefficients of the studied DESs. Results showed that functional groups of HBAs significantly affected the extraction effectiveness of eutectic mixtures. The pyridine ring-based DESs with the CO group possessed the highest extraction efficiencies among the studied groups. To some extent, the extraction performances of the DES were substantially affected by the electrostatic potential extrema of the donor halogen atom and pyridine analogues. For targets with relatively short alkyl chain length, the topological indices had a positive relationship with the treatment efficacy of the DESs, and the quantum-chemical parameters of these solvents had a strong negative relationship with them. For targets with long alkyl chain length, the solvatochromic parameters of DES had a great influence on the distribution coefficients and also on the selectivity of these solvents. Furthermore, the halogen and hydrogen bonds presented cooperativity, clarifying via quantum-chemistry calculations. The synergism mechanism between them is beneficial to the extraction of perfluorinated iodoalkanes. Besides shedding light on the structure–property-performance relationships of the DESs, these findings also provided novel insights into the directional design and selection of DESs.

With the development and wide application of nickel-based single-crystal superalloys, the effect of Ru on the microstructure stability and high-temperature properties of superalloys is becoming increasingly important. In this study, the effect of Ru on the evolution of the γ′ phase in Ni-Al-Ru ternary alloys during aging treatment was analyzed, using a scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The relationship between chemical partition behavior and γ/γ′ lattice misfit was investigated in detail. During the aging process, Ru addition suppressed the growth rate and rafting process of γ′ precipitates, while the effect of Ru on hindering γ′ phase growth was reduced when the Ru content was over 3 at%. Ru preferentially partitioned to the γ phase, and its partitioning ratio to the γ phase increased with a variation in Ru content from 1 at% to 3 at% and decreased for the NiAl6Ru alloy. Additionally, the lattice misfit of all alloys was positive and reduced with the increase in Ru content, which hindered the Ru atoms to diffuse into the γ phase and promoted the shape of γ′ precipitates to change from cubic to spherical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-density single crystal (LDS) alloy with the composition of high Mo content was designed. The extra 1.5 wt% Mo was added in the Alloy A with the composition of Ni–6.5Al–8.0Mo–2.4Cr–6.2Ta–4.9Co–1.5Re–(0.01–0.05)Y (wt%) to study the influence of Mo on the lattice parameter and partitioning behavior. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) were used to observe the microstructure, analyze the elemental content and measure the lattice parameter of the alloys. The natural lattice misfit was calculated by lattice constants which were measured by HT-XRD at the temperature from 25 to 1150 °C, and the results showed that the lattice misfit would be more and more negative with temperature increasing. It was found that 1.5 wt% addition of Mo will increase the absolute value of the lattice misfit of γ/γ′ phases and the volume fraction of γ′, and at the same time, influence the elemental distribution in γ and γ′ phases, especially Re and Cr. Re has a higher partitioning ratio (k) after the addition of Mo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development and wide application of nickel-based single-crystal superalloys, the effect of Ru on the microstructure stability and high-temperature properties of superalloys is becoming increasingly important. In this study, the effect of Ru on the evolution of the γ′ phase in Ni-Al-Ru ternary alloys during aging treatment was analyzed, using a scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The relationship between chemical partition behavior and γ/γ′ lattice misfit was investigated in detail. During the aging process, Ru addition suppressed the growth rate and rafting process of γ′ precipitates, while the effect of Ru on hindering γ′ phase growth was reduced when the Ru content was over 3 at%. Ru preferentially partitioned to the γ phase, and its partitioning ratio to the γ phase increased with a variation in Ru content from 1 at% to 3 at% and decreased for the NiAl6Ru alloy. Additionally, the lattice misfit of all alloys was positive and reduced with the increase in Ru content, which hindered the Ru atoms to diffuse into the γ phase and promoted the shape of γ′ precipitates to change from cubic to spherical.

Abstract Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) occur by the mixture of two polymers or a polymer and an inorganic salt in water. It was shown that not only polymers but also ionic liquids in combination with inorganic cosmotrophic salts are able to build ATPS. Suitable for the formation of ionic liquid-based ATPS systems are hydrophilic water miscible ionic liquids. To understand the driving force for amino acid and peptide distribution in IL-ATPS at different pH values, the ionic liquid Ammoeng 110™ and K2HPO4 have been chosen as a test system. To quantify the concentration of amino acids and peptides in the different phases, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC–MS) technologies were used. Therefore the peptides and amino acids have been processed with EZ:faast™-Kit from Phenomenex for an easy and reliable quantification method even in complex sample matrices. Partitioning is a surface-dependent phenomenon, investigations were focused on surface-related amino acid respectively peptide properties such as charge and hydrophobicity. Only a very low dependence between the amino acids or peptides hydrophobicity and the partition coefficient was found. Nevertheless, the presented results show that electrostatic respectively ionic interactions between the ionic liquid and the amino acids or peptides have a strong impact on their partitioning behavior.

Steroids have been attracting global attention given potential carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting effects, yet the environmental status of steroids, especially their metabolites, in estuarine environment remain largely unexplored. This study investigated 31 steroids and metabolites in suspended particulate matter (SPM), water phase and sediments of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) during the dry and wet seasons to elucidate their spatiotemporal patterning, partitioning behavior, and environmental fate. The results showed that natural steroids predominated in SPM and sediments while the metabolites predominated in water. The spatial distribution of steroids and metabolites varied seasonally, with hydrophobicity and environmental factors influencing phase partitioning in the estuary. Furthermore, a natural steroid, progesterone (P) could serve as a trustworthy chemical indicator to estimate the concentrations of steroids and metabolites in the PRE. Importantly, the mass budget of P was estimated using an improved multi-box mass balance model, revealing that outflow to the South China Sea was the primary sink of P in water (∼87%) and degradation was the primary sink of P in sediments (∼68%) of the PRE. Overall, this study offers insightful information about the distribution and environmental fate of steroids and metabolites in estuarine environment, with implications for future management strategies. Due to strong endocrine disrupting effects and potential carcinogenicity, steroids in the environment have attracted substantial attention, with studies mostly focusing on the parent steroids. Steroid metabolites often have high biological activity, while their fate in the environment remains largely unknown. This work provides new insights regarding the multimedia partitioning and source–sink relationships of steroids and their metabolites in an estuary based on field investigation and model simulation. These results underscore that substantial steroids and metabolites in the estuary eventually migrated to the open ocean, inevitably increasing the risk to marine organisms. [Display omitted] • Multimedia partitioning of steroid metabolites was elucidated for the first time. • Hydrophobicity and environmental factors influence the partitioning of steroids. • Natural steroid progesterone was a reliable indicator of steroids. • Most progesterone migrated to the open ocean, endangering marine organismal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tailoring the partitioning behavior of solid solution strengtheners is a crucial design strategy for advanced Ni-based superalloys. The goal of this study was to maximize the enrichment of Mo, Re, Ru and W in the γ-matrix phase. To determine the composition dependency of the partitioning behavior, a set of polycrystalline superalloys with varying contents of these solid solution-strengthening elements and a W-containing single-crystalline alloy series with varying concentrations of the γ′-forming elements Ta and Ti was produced. Assessed properties include phase compositions by electron-probe micro-analysis, phase transformation temperatures by differential scanning calorimetry and creep behavior. Re exhibits the most pronounced enrichment in the γ-matrix, followed by Mo, Ru and W. Due to the preference of the Al-sites in the γ′-phase in the order Ta > Ti > W > Mo > Re, the solid solution strengthening elements Mo, Re and W are displaced from the γ′-phase by increasing Ti and Ta contents. The investigated solutes do not directly influence the partitioning behavior of Ru as it prefers Ni-sites in the γ′-phase. Compressive creep experiments reveal a correlation between the content of solid solution strengtheners in the γ-phase and creep performance.

Highlights • As, Se in coal is more likely to be released into water while Be, Hg is insoluble. • Trace elements in coal mainly migrate to and are enrich in gangue, slime, middlings. • Over 50% trace elements can be removed by pre-gangue removing at density of 1.8 g/cm3. Abstract Coal preparation technology is expected to play an important role in trace elements removal before coal combustion. The modes of occurrence of five trace elements (As, Se, Pb, Be, and Hg) in two coal cleaning plants in Guizhou, China, designated WJZ and ZZC, were studied using screening and float-and-sink tests. The behaviors of these trace elements when coal was cleaned were also investigated via sampling and analysis of raw coal, coal products, fresh water, and circulating water in two coal cleaning plants. Screening tests show that the content of trace elements is highest in 3–1 mm or 1–0.5 mm size fraction and they distributed mainly (more than 50%) in the +0.5 mm size fractions. Float-and-sink tests indicate that trace elements have a strong inorganic affinity and are significantly enriched, distributed in high-density fraction (+1.8 g/cm3). Over 50% of trace elements could be removed when pre-gangue removal is done with separation density of 1.8 g/cm3. The analysis of solid samples (raw coal, coal products) demonstrates that trace elements migrated mainly into gangue, and slime, enrichment of trace elements in middlings was also observed in ZZC plant. Results of water samples analysis suggest that Se, and As in coal are more likely to be released into water during coal cleaning while Be and Hg are present in a highly insoluble form in coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention has been paid to the environmental distribution and fate of nanomedicines. However, their effects on the toxicity of environmental pollutants are lack of knowledge. In this study, the negatively charged poly (ethylene glycol)- b -poly (L-lactide- co -glycolide) (mPEG-PLA) and positively charged polyethyleneimine-palmitate (PEI-PA) nanomicelles were synthesized and served as model drug carriers to study the interaction and combined toxicity with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). DDT exerted limited effect on the biointerfacial behavior of mPEG-PLA nanomicelles, whereas it significantly mitigated the attachment of PEI-PA nanomicelles on the model cell membrane as monitored by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The cytotoxicity of DDT towards NIH 3T3 cells was greatly decreased by either co-treatment or pre-treatment with the nanomicelles according to the results of real-time cell analysis (RTCA). The cell viability of NIH 3T3 exposed to DDT was increased up to 90% by the co-treatment with mPEG-PLA nanomicelles. Three possible reasons were proposed: (1) decreased amount of free DDT in the cell culture medium due to the partitioning of DDT into nanomicelles; (2) mitigated cellular uptake of nanomicelle-DDT complexes due to the complex agglomeration or electrostatic repulsion between complexes and cell membrane; (3) detoxification effect in the lysosome upon endocytosis of nanomicelle-DDT complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of feed coals and coal combustion products (CCPs) from the Shenhuo and Yihua Power Plants in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, were studied by means of proximate analysis, Power X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDX), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-AES). The environmental geochemistry of CCPs was evaluated by Al-normalized enrichment factor as well as European Standard EN-12457 leaching test. Two feed coals have the characteristics of low sulfur content, medium to high volatiles matter yields, medium moisture content, super low to medium ash yield, medium to high calorific value and low mineral content. The main crystalline facies in fly ash and slag are quartz and mullite, with a small amount of calcite, and some unburned carbon. Hematite, SrSO4 and barite also can be observed in fly ashes by SEM. Typical plerophere occurs in fine fly ash rather than the coarse fly ash. The concentration of most trace elements in CCPs falls within the lower concentration range of European fly ashes. With respect to the partitioning behavior of trace elements during coal combustion, S is highly volatile, and Mg, Na, Zn, B, Co, As, Nb, Zr, Cu and K also show certain volatility, which may to some extent emit to the atmosphere. Furthermore, leaching experiments show that leachable concentrations of most of the potentially toxic elements in CCPs are low, and the CCPs fall in the range between inert and nonhazardous landfill material regulated by the 2003/33/EC Decision.

The emission of Arsenic from coal-fired power plants has generated widespread environmental and human health concerns. This paper discusses Arsenic partitioning from three 440 t/h circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers co-firing petroleum coke and coal. All the boilers were equipped with electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or fabric filter (FF), and wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD). Flue gas was sampled simultaneously both up- and down-stream of the ESP/FF and at the outlet of the WFGD based on EPA Method 29. Concurrent with flue gas sampling, feed fuel, bottom ash, ESP/FF ash, WFGD gypsum, WFGD wastewater, limestone slurry and flush water were also collected. The results show that, for three tested CFB boilers, the overall mass balance ratios of As ranged from 80.0%–114.2%, which can be considered to be acceptable and reliable. Most of the As was distributed in the bottom ash and ESP/FF ash with the values of 17.4%–37.5% and 55.6%–77.5%, respectively. Speciation analysis suggests that As 5 + was the major water-soluble species in the feed fuel, bottom ash and fly ash, while As 3 + was found to be the dominant species in WFGD wastewater. For three CFB boilers, the concentrations of total As in the stack emission were 0.97, 0.32 and 0.31 μg/m 3 , respectively. The CFB boiler equipped with ESP/FF + WFGD was shown to be able to provide good control of the emission of As emitted into the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been observed in various environmental matrices globally in recent years. In this study, the levels, spatial distribution tendencies, and partitioning characteristics of the target 12 PFAAs were investigated in water and sediment from the coastal regions of Shandong peninsula in China, and two sediment core samples were also collected to study the vertical and historical variation of PFAAs. The ranges (means) of total PFAA concentrations were 23.69-148.48 ng/L (76.11 ng/L) in the water and 1.30-11.17 ng/g (5.93 ng/g) in the surface sediment, respectively. Among the target 12 PFAAs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the dominant component in water, followed by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). PFOS, perfluoroundecanoic acid, and PFOA were the dominant components in sediment. For their spatial distribution, higher levels of PFAAs were found at the locations close to much developed cities. The PFAA concentrations showed an overall decreasing tendency with depth increase in the two sediment cores, which indicates that the extent of PFAAs pollution is aggravating trend in recent years. Results of the partition coefficient ( K ) show that the compounds with longer carbon chains ( C ≥ 7) generally had higher K values, which suggest that long-chain PFAAs are prone to be adsorbed by sediment. In addition, the Log K of PFHxA, PFOA, and PFOS were significantly and positively correlated to the salinity of the water. The results of risk assessment suggest appreciable risk of PFAAs to the local ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sheds light on the fundamental phenomena governing temperature swing solvent extraction (TSSE) desalination by investigating the influence of temperature on the equilibrium partitioning of water, salt, and solvent. The distribution of components across a range of temperatures and feed salinities typical to TSSE hypersaline desalination was examined for two amine solvents. A tradeoff between selectivity and productivity is established, providing a novel framework to assess TSSE performance. Salt was shown to be a key determinant in equilibrium partitioning by diminishing the ability of the solvent to extract water at lowered temperatures and salting-out amines from the aqueous phase. Na+ and Cl− ions consistently partition into the solvent phase in equimolar ratios. Analysis further reveals a linear correlation between the natural logarithms of salt activity coefficients and water contents of the organic phase. The two collaborating results suggest that water-ion interactions are more important than amine-ion interactions in the organic phase, resolving a critical gap in the understanding of salt transport. The findings of this study can provide important insights for the informed development of temperature swing solvent extraction for hypersaline desalination. [Display omitted] • Effect of temperature on equilibrium partitioning in TSSE is studied. • A tradeoff between productivity and selectivity is observed. • Transport of Na+ and Cl− ions into the solvent phase is equimolar. • Salt activity is strongly correlated with water content of organic phase. • Ion interactions with water are more important than with amine in the organic phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • New pyridine ring-based DESs were design for perfluorinated iodoalkanes extraction. • The different functional groups of DESs render distinct partitioning behaviour. • Structure-property-performance relationship of these green solvents was clarified. • Cooperativity of the halogen and hydrogen bonds facilitates the extraction of targets. There is a lack of attention and reporting in aspects of the neutral/nonionic perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and corresponding treatment mechanisms. Herein, new function-oriented deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with pyridine moiety were designed for perfluorinated iodoalkanes extraction from the oil phase. The effect of hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) functional groups on the effectiveness of targets retrieval was investigated. Moreover, different structural, quantum-chemical, solvatochromic, and statistical thermodynamics parameters were conducted, calculated, and correlated to the distribution coefficients of the studied DESs. Results showed that functional groups of HBAs significantly affected the extraction effectiveness of eutectic mixtures. The pyridine ring-based DESs with the C O group possessed the highest extraction efficiencies among the studied groups. To some extent, the extraction performances of the DES were substantially affected by the electrostatic potential extrema of the donor halogen atom and pyridine analogues. For targets with relatively short alkyl chain length, the topological indices had a positive relationship with the treatment efficacy of the DESs, and the quantum-chemical parameters of these solvents had a strong negative relationship with them. For targets with long alkyl chain length, the solvatochromic parameters of DES had a great influence on the distribution coefficients and also on the selectivity of these solvents. Furthermore, the halogen and hydrogen bonds presented cooperativity, clarifying via quantum-chemistry calculations. The synergism mechanism between them is beneficial to the extraction of perfluorinated iodoalkanes. Besides shedding light on the structure–property-performance relationships of the DESs, these findings also provided novel insights into the directional design and selection of DESs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the trace elements partitioning behavior during cement manufacture process were systemically investigated as well as their distribution behaviors in the soil surrounding a cement plant using hazardous waste as raw materials. In addition to the experimental analysis, the thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were simultaneously conducted. The results demonstrate that in the industrial-scale cement manufacture process, the trace elements can be classified into three groups according to their releasing behaviors. Hg is recognized as a highly volatile element, which almost totally partitions into the vapor phase. Co, Cu, Mn, V, and Cr are considered to be non-volatile elements, which are largely incorporated into the clinker. Meanwhile, Cd, Ba, As, Ni, Pb, and Zn can be classified into semi-volatile elements, as they are trapped into clinker to various degrees. Furthermore, the trace elements emitted into the flue gas can be adsorbed onto the fine particles, transport and deposit in the soil, and it is clarified here that the soil around the cement plant is moderately polluted by Cd, slightly polluted by As, Cr, Ba, Zn, yet rarely influenced by Co, Mn, Ni, Cu, Hg, and V elements. It was also estimated that the addition of wastes can efficiently reduce the consumption of raw materials and energy. The deciphered results can thus provide important insights for estimating the environmental impacts of the cement plant on its surroundings by utilizing wastes as raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ni-based single crystal (SX) superalloys, the local partitioning behaviors of solute elements at γ/γ′ interface directly determine the structure and strength of the interface, which in turn have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of superalloys. As a characteristic strengthening element, Re has become indispensable in modern Ni-based SX superalloys in spite of its high cost. In order to unveil the strengthening mechanisms of Re combined with other alloying elements, the local partitioning behaviors of alloying atoms X (X Mo, W, Cr, Ta, Re) at the γ/γ′ interfaces with and without Re were investigated by first-principles calculations. An innovative quantity called layer concentration was defined and calculated to study the distributions of the alloying elements near γ/γ′ interface. The results show that Mo, W, Re and Cr are soluble in the nearest layer to the coherent plane on γ side most, while Ta is soluble in the nearest layer to the coherent plane on γ′ side most. An extra Re atom fixed at its most preferable site increases the partitioning tendencies of X to γ all, although it does not change the most preferable site of X. The presence of X also increases the layer concentration of Re in its favorable layer. Both single-alloying X and co-alloying Re-X could stabilize and strengthen the γ/γ′ interface with enhanced Griffith rupture works. Especially, for γ phase solid solution elements, Re-W co-alloying has the strongest strengthening effect on the interface, followed by Re-Re unexpectedly. Therefore, properly replacing Re with W could theoretically play an important role in improving the interfacial strength. The obtained results give an insight into the strengthening mechanism on atomic scale focusing at γ/γ′ interface area and pave a way to design high-performance low-cost Ni-based SX superalloys in future. [Display omitted] • An innovative quantity called layer concentration is defined. • Re increases the partitioning tendencies of X (X=Mo, W, Ta, Cr) to γ. • The co-alloying Re-X could stabilize the γ/γ′ interface further. • Re enhances the optimal strengthening effect of X on the phase interface. • Replacing Re with W may play an important role in interfacial strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence, spatial distribution, and partitioning behavior of 17 marine lipophilic phycotoxins (MLPs) in surface and bottom seawater, particulate organic matter (POM), and surface sediment from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) were investigated to understand current contamination and the potential risks to marine ecosystems in this region. Nine MLPs were detected, including azaspiracid1−3, gymnodimine, okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin 1−2, pectenotoxin2 (PTX2), and homoyessotoxin, with Σ 17 MLP concentrations ranging 545–12,600 pg L−1 and 619−8,800 pg L−1 in surface and bottom seawater, respectively; 0–294 ng g−1 and 0.307–300 ng g−1 dry weight (dw) in surface and bottom POM, respectively; and 3.90–982 pg g−1 dw in surface sediment. Lower Σ 17 MLP levels in the seawater were found at the mouth of the PRE, and gradually increased with increasing distance offshore. According to the calculated partition coefficient, the affinity of MLPs for the aquatic environment components was as follows (from highest to lowest): POM > seawater > sediment. Overall, the distribution and migration of MLPs in the PRE may depend on partition coefficients, the organic carbon fraction, and environmental factors. [Display omitted] • MLPs spread in various environmental matrices from the Pearl River Estuary. • MLP levels were lower closer to the coast and increased with distance offshore. • The affinity of MLPs declined in sequence of POM > seawater > sediment. • Significant correlations have been examined between MLPs and environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfides, although modally of low abundance in most igneous rocks, have strong influences on the geochemical behavior of many elements including Pb, Cu, Ni, and the PGEs. In a recent paper, we demonstrated a simple relationship between the sulfide-silicate partition coefficients DMsulf/sil of such elements and the FeO content of the coexisting silicate melt (Kiseeva and Wood 2013). logDMsulf/sil A-n/2 log [FeO] where n is the valency of element M, [FeO] is the concentration of FeO in the silicate in wt%, and A is a constant that depends on temperature and pressure. Elements that closely obey the simple model are Pb, In, Sb, Cd, Co, Zn, and Cr. We show here, however, that the fitted slope n depends not only on the valency of element M, but also on how M interacts with oxygen, the dissolution of which as FeO in the sulfide increases as the FeO content of the silicate melt increases. To take account of interactions of trace element M with FeO dissolved in the sulfide we introduce an additional parameter ... (Wagner 1962), which represents the difference between the lithophile and chalcophile properties of M and those of Fe. If ... is positive, then element M is more chalcophile than Fe and if negative more lithophile. We performed experiments to investigate partitioning of lithophile Nb, Ta, Ce, and Ti between sulfide and simplified basaltic melt and find that they all exhibit, as expected, concave upward behavior on a plot of logD vs. log[FeO]. New experiments on Cu at low FeO contents confirm that it is more chalcophile than Fe, yielding a concave-downward curve of logD vs. log[FeO]. The combined results mean that nominally lithophile elements may partition more strongly into sulfide than nominally chalcophile elements at either very low or very high FeO contents of the silicate melt. For example, as the FeO content of the silicate melt declines below about 1 wt%, the partition coefficient of Cu, DCusulf/sil declines to an unusually low value (DCusulf/sil ~80), whereas those for Nb (DNbsulf/sil ~600), and rare earths (REE's) increase strongly. Under these conditions, Nb is, therefore, substantially more "chalcophile" than Cu in that it partitions much more strongly into sulfide. The implications of these observations for the Earth are that under a wide range of conditions one would expect significant partitioning of REE, Nb, Ta, Ti, and other lithophile elements into sulfides. Wohlers and Wood (2015) have, for example, shown that the partitioning of U and the REE into sulfides at low FeO content of the silicate is sufficiently pronounced that addition of a reduced sulfur-rich body to the accreting Earth could generate observable fractionation of Nd from Sm and, together with S, transfer sufficient U to the core to provide a significant energy source for the geodynamo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(a) Schematic representation of various functionalities on the surface of ZnO@SiO 2 nanoparticles. The partially hydrophobic (PH-NPs, S2), hydrophobic (HP-NPs, S3), and hydrophilic (H-NPs, S4) functionalities were developed on the surface of ZnO@SiO 2 NPs using various silanes having methyl, octyl, and amino groups, respectively. (b,c) The fluorescent NPs (S4) stayed entirely in the water phase due to the presence of –NH 2 group (hydrophilic nature), while the fluorescent NPs (S3) moved completely toward the oil phase due to the presence of octyl-group (hydrophobic nature) on their surface. However, the luminescent NPs (S2) were shifted toward the interface between two phases due to partially hydrophobic character (CH 3) on their surface. [Display omitted] • ZnO@SiO 2 NPs were synthesized via a modified sol–gel Stober protocol. • Surface functionalities were attained by co-condensation of various silanes. • Surface chemistry and partitioning behavior of ZnO@SiO 2 NPs were investigated. • ZnO@SiO 2 NPs have excellent fluorescence stability in aqueous environments. • Stability of ZnO@SiO 2 NPs was examined under harsh reservoir conditions. Fluorescent nano-tracers are being utilized for oil sensing applications in the reservoir. In this work, we developed various hydrophobic, partially hydrophobic, and hydrophilic zinc oxide encapsulated silica nanoparticles (ZnO@SiO 2 NPs) as smart nano-agents for oil sensing applications. The surface of ZnO@SiO 2 NPs was functionalized by co-condensation using various silanes in combination with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Cryogenic TEM images display the average size of ZnO QDs (S0) and ZnO@SiO 2 nanoparticles (S1) around ∼5.3 nm and ∼50 nm, respectively. The surface chemistry and partitioning behavior of photoluminescent ZnO@SiO 2 NPs were investigated before and after mixing with the model oil under normal and UV light. The chemical and photoluminescence (PL) stability of ZnO@SiO 2 NPs was monitored in harsh reservoir conditions, such as variable temperature (30–100 °C) and high salinity (0–80 g L−1) environment. The results demonstrated that the surface modification and functionalization of these nano-agents with different functional groups (methyl, octyl) improved the nano-agents' selectivity and stability after changing their hydrophilic-hydrophobic surface characters. This work is opening new research in the field of oil sensing, which promotes their potential utilization as cost-effective and efficient fluorescent tracer materials for the oil exploration industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution, partitioning behavior, and diffusion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within sediment–porewater system were determined in two cores obtained from the Min-Zhe coastal mud of the East China Sea (ECS). Depth profiles of apparently dissolved PAH levels exhibited greater variabilities, with their elevated levels at depth and a high abundance of two-to three-ring PAHs observed. These distribution and composition patterns were inconsistent with the corresponding sediment PAHs, indicating differences in controlling factors for PAHs present in the system. In addition to compound's hydrophobicity, low detection of heavier PAHs in porewater was possibly correlated with the sediment transport process, as indicated by a relatively high weathering ratio in southern Min-Zhe coastal mud. PAH sorption affinity to the collected core sediments exhibited a generally decreasing trend downcore, as expressed by sediment–porewater partition coefficients. This was consistent with the higher content of porewater PAHs in deep core sediment. The established sediment total organic carbon (TOC)–porewater partitioning profiles in cores were predicted with amorphous organic carbon (AOC)-, coal tar-, and TOC-based distribution models, suggesting a dominant nonlinear sorption of PAHs to AOC. Through activity determinations, PAH diffusion within porewater was elucidated, with significant upward and downward mass transfer for PAHs occurring in both cores. The upward diffusion in the core collected from northern Min-Zhe coastal mud was in significant association with sediment TOC. This suggests that sediment TOC (especially AOC)-desorption of lighter PAHs into porewater, and therefore the possibility of their participation in environmental cycling. Baseline toxicity potential and toxic unit calculations indicated a relatively low exposure risk for benthic organisms to porewater PAHs. • Profiles and dominating factors of PAH levels in sediment and porewater differed. • Sorption of PAHs to amorphous organic carbon prevailed overall sorptive process. • Porewater PAHs presented upward and downward diffusion based on activity profiles. • PAH diffusion tendency in porewater was correlated with core sediment sorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Geophysical interpretations of the Earth's interior and its dynamics are significantly influenced by phase transitions of the constituting minerals and their chemical compositions. Pressure induced Fe spin crossovers in the main mineral phases of the Earth's lower mantle, Mg–Fe silicate perovskite and ferropericlase, have been suggested to influence Fe partitioning resulting in separate layers with distinct physical properties. However, previous results remain ambiguous regarding the exact effect of Fe spin crossovers and the actual transition pressures. We observe here a continuous decrease of the Fe2+–Mg partition coefficient between silicate perovskite and ferropericlase from 25 GPa to 79 GPa in a pyrolitic Earth's lower mantle system. At about 97 GPa the significantly increases with an accompanied decrease of the Fe3+/ΣFe ratio in perovskite, which therefore leads to an amplified change in the Fe2+ . We conclude that the Fe2+ high-spin to low-spin crossover in ferropericlase and the Fe2+ high-spin to intermediate spin crossover in perovskite at mid-lower mantle pressures (30–80 GPa) exert no control on , but the Fe2+ intermediate-spin to low-spin crossover in silicate perovskite at about 100 GPa preferentially partitions Fe into silicate perovskite and reduces its Fe3+ content. The change in oxidation state and partitioning behavior of Fe will increase thermal conductivity and probably could induce a thermal boundary layer at this depth. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Rare earth elements (REEs) are frequently found concentrated in acid mine drainage (AMD). The recovery of REEs from AMD has been successfully achieved using selective chemical precipitation. However, a portion of the REEs is often lost to the precipitates of the dominant metal contaminant ions. To better understand the REE partitioning behavior and mechanisms during the precipitation process, a systematic study was performed on both natural and synthetic AMD solutions. Precipitation test results show that REE removal was noticeably elevated at pH 4.0 after adding H 2 O 2 to convert ferrous to ferric ions, causing nearly complete precipitation of iron. Solution equilibrium calculations suggested that the REE removal increase was realized through adsorption onto the surfaces of the ferric precipitates. The presence of aluminum species in the solutions reduced the adsorption of REEs on the ferric precipitates. Based on electro-kinetic test results, it was concluded that aluminum species neutralize the negative surface charge of the ferric precipitates and compete with REEs for the adsorption active sites. The presence of ferrous ions in the solutions reduced REE adsorption on the aluminum precipitates at lower pH values (e.g., 5.0) due to competitive adsorption. However, at higher pH values (e.g., 6.0), REE removal to the precipitate product increased due to the precipitation of ferrous ions. In addition to the electro-kinetic tests and solution equilibrium calculations, mineralogy characterization, specific surface area measurement, particle size analysis, and morphology analysis were also conducted to investigate and identify the partitioning mechanisms. [Display omitted] • REE partitioning behavior and mechanisms were investigated. • Ferric precipitates have a higher adsorption capacity towards REEs. • The presence of aluminum ions reduced the adsorption of REEs on ferric precipitates. • The presence of ferrous ions reduced REE adsorption on aluminum precipitates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorinated acids (PFAs) are an emerging class of environmental contaminants present in various environmental and biological matrices. Two major PFA subclasses are the perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and carboxylic acids (PFCAs). The physicochemical properties and partitioning behavior for the linear PFA members are poorly understood and widely debated. Even less is known about the numerous branched congeners with varying perfluoroalkyl chain lengths, leading to confounding issues around attempts to constrain the properties of PFAs. Current computational methods are not adequate for reliable multimedia modeling efforts and risk assessments. These compounds are widely present in surface, ground, marine, and drinking waters at concentrations that vary from pg L- 1 to μg L- 1. Concentration gradients of up to several orders of magnitude are observed in all types of aquatic systems and reflect proximity to known industrial sources concentrated near populated regions. Some wastewaters contain PFAs at mg L- 1 to low g L- 1 levels, or up to 10 orders of magnitude higher than present in more pristine receiving waters. With the exception of trifluoroacetic acid, which is thought to have both significant natural and anthropogenic sources, all PFSAs and PFCAs are believed to arise from human activities. Filtration and sorption technologies offer the most promising existing removal methods for PFAs in aqueous waste streams, although sonochemical approaches hold promise. Additional studies need to be conducted to better define opportunities from evaporative, extractive, thermal, advanced oxidative, direct and catalyzed photochemical, reductive, and biodegradation methods. Most PFA treatment methods exhibit slow kinetic profiles, hindering their direct application in conventional low hydraulic residence time systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial trends, partitioning behavior, and potential sources of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in water-sediment system from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) were investigated in this study. The total concentrations of 75 PCNs in water and sediment samples were 0.022–0.310 ng/L and 0.01–1.59 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The homolog patterns in the sediment and water samples were somewhat different. Di-to tetra-CNs made larger contributions in the sediment, while the mono-to tri-CNs were dominant homologs in the water. Overall, the low-chlorinated naphthalenes (mono-to tetra-CNs) were found to be the dominant homologs in the YRD water and sediment samples, and the homolog group contributions to the total PCNs concentrations decreased as the number of chlorine atoms increased. CN-5/7 and CN-24/14 were found at high concentrations in both the water and sediment. Partitioning and transfer of PCNs between water and sediment were assessed by calculating the partition coefficients and fugacity fractions. The partition coefficients showed that PCNs were not in equilibrium status in the water–sediment system, and hydrophobicity played an important role in PCNs partitioning. The fugacity fractions indicated that mono- to tri-CNs had stronger tendencies to escape from the sediment into the water, while the high-chlorinated naphthalenes close to equilibrium. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis indicated that industrial thermal processes and the use and disposal of products containing PCNs industrial products are sources of PCNs in the YRD water-sediment system. [Display omitted] • Spatial trends, partitioning behavior and sources of PCNs in YRD were investigated. • The mono-to tetra-CNs were the dominant PCNs in water and sediment. • Partitioning and transfer of PCNs were assessed by partition coefficient and fugacity fraction. • Lower chlorinated PCNs had a stronger tendency to escape from the sediment to the water. • Emissions of PCNs during industrial thermal processes were the major sources in YRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The organic or inorganic affinities of trace elements are speculated and determined. • The proportions of trace elements going into fly ash are positively correlated with their volatility. • Volatilization of trace elements during laboratory combustion has been divided into three stages. Partitioning behavior of 17 deleterious trace elements in Ge-rich coals during coal combustion was studied in a bench-scale combustion apparatus in a laboratory and in full-scale combustion in a coal-fired power plant. Methods used in this study include spectrophotometry, tube furnace combustion, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and statistical evaluation. A comparison of the results obtained at these two scales and of the factors affecting their volatilization behavior during combustion are discussed. These seventeen trace elements tend to be volatilized more completely during combustion in coal-fired power plant than in a laboratory-scale combustion environment due to the differences in operating conditions. The average proportions of elements going into fly ash from feed coals during combustion are positively correlated with the trace element volatilities. Volatilization behavior of trace elements in laboratory-scale combustion involves three stages: initial release (<500 ℃), relative stability (500–1,000 ℃), and secondary release or stability (>1,000 ℃). The seventeen trace elements can be classified into four groups according to their behavior during the above-mentioned stages. Factors affecting behavior of elements in combustion, such as combustion conditions, modes of occurrence, concentrations, and geochemical affinities, are discussed. A new insight into the behavior of potentially deleterious trace elements during combustion is given, which provides further guidance to controlling their emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tailoring the partitioning behavior of solid solution strengtheners is a crucial design strategy for advanced Ni-based superalloys. The goal of this study was to maximize the enrichment of Mo, Re, Ru and W in the γ-matrix phase. To determine the composition dependency of the partitioning behavior, a set of polycrystalline superalloys with varying contents of these solid solution-strengthening elements and a W-containing single-crystalline alloy series with varying concentrations of the γ′-forming elements Ta and Ti was produced. Assessed properties include phase compositions by electron-probe micro-analysis, phase transformation temperatures by differential scanning calorimetry and creep behavior. Re exhibits the most pronounced enrichment in the γ-matrix, followed by Mo, Ru and W. Due to the preference of the Al-sites in the γ′-phase in the order Ta > Ti > W > Mo > Re, the solid solution strengthening elements Mo, Re and W are displaced from the γ′-phase by increasing Ti and Ta contents. The investigated solutes do not directly influence the partitioning behavior of Ru as it prefers Ni-sites in the γ′-phase. Compressive creep experiments reveal a correlation between the content of solid solution strengtheners in the γ-phase and creep performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The γʹ coarsening behavior during long-term aging at 850°C of multi-component CoNi-based superalloys with high (14 at.%) Cr content were investigated, and the effects of W, Mo or Ti (1 at.%) additions were analyzed with respect to the change in the γ/γʹ microstructure, lattice misfit, and elemental partitioning behavior. The coarsening behavior of the γʹ precipitates follows the classical Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner (LSW) model, where the size is proportional to t1/3. The addition of either W, Mo or Ti (1 at.%) alters the γ/γʹ elemental partitioning behavior and thus the γ/γʹ lattice misfit and interfacial energy, resulting in quite different coarsening rates of the γʹ precipitates, with Ti having the most significant effect. Cr was found to be the rate-limiting element of γʹ coarsening rather than the other alloying elements. This study could provide guidance for the design and optimization of CoNi-based superalloys with lower γ' coarsening rate. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have gained increasing attention due to the potential health risks that they present. Secondary sludge and biosolids are known as notable PFAS emission routes to the environment. In this study, partitioning behavior of 14 PFAS were investigated across four secondary wastewater treatment types (activated sludge, trickling filter, biological nutrient removal, and rotating biological contactor; n = 10) and three sludge stabilization methods (composting, aerobic digestion, and anaerobic digestion; n = 6). Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate how PFAS sorption to secondary sludge and biosolid was affected by various treatment methods, solid properties, and solution chemistry parameters. Insignificant differences in compound-specific partitioning coefficients (K d) were observed among the four secondary treatment methods. However, sludge stabilization resulted in significantly different partitioning behavior among biosolid samples, in which anaerobically digested biosolids generally had significantly higher K d values compared to aerobically digested and composted biosolids (anaerobic digestion > aerobic digestion > composting). Multiple linear regression models were developed to explain analyte-specific K d values across the biosolid samples and identified that solid-specific property significance was as follows: protein fraction > organic matter fraction > lipid fraction. Stabilization generally decreased the PFAS sorption capacity relative to the secondary sludge samples. Furthermore, PFAS K d increased with elevated calcium concentrations and ionic strengths and decreased with increasing pH values in sludge and biosolid samples. These findings could inform the decision-making process to reduce the release of PFAS to the environment. • Sludge stabilization significantly affected PFAS K d in biosolid. • Secondary treatment did not significantly affect PFAS K d in sludge. • Biosolids generally had significantly lower PFAS K d compared to secondary sludge. • Protein was stronger predictor of PFAS K d than organic matter or lipid fraction. • Elevated mono- and divalent cations increased PFAS K d , while high pH decreased it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhalable fine particulate matter (PM), which is rich in Pb and other pollutants from coal-fired power plants, can cause air pollution and severe health problems. To facilitate the development of efficient techniques for controlling fine particulate Pb emissions, in this study, various types of size-resolved fine PM (<10.0 μm) were collected from the outlets of fabric filter units (FFs) at an industrial circulating fluidized bed (CFB) power plant to assess the distribution and partitioning behavior of Pb. The results showed that the mass particle size distribution (PSD) of the collected fine PM followed unimodal distribution, peaking at 5.8–4.7 μm, which might be caused by the fragmentation of limestone additives and new-formed CaSO 4. However, the mass PSD of Pb for size-fractionated PM displayed different distribution pattern. Two peaks were observed in the size ranges of 5.8–4.7 μm and 1.1–0.7 μm. The mechanism of Pb enrichment in the supermicron particles was mainly controlled by the surface adsorption reaction, which could be explained by 1/d p dependence and be improved using excess active CaO produced by the injected limestone. For submicron particles, gas-film transfer or heterogenous condensation (mass transfer) might represent the deposition mechanism. Besides Pb enrichment, it was found that the submicron particles (<0.7 μm) mainly consisted of Si-rich and Si–Al phases. The emission of those fine SiO 2 -bearing particles should be limited as they can be inhaled and can damage the respiratory system. Image 1 • The mass PSD of emitted PM 10 (unimodal pattern) differs its Pb fraction (bimodal pattern). • Pb deposited onto supermicron particles was controlled by surface chemisorption. • Pb deposited onto submicron particles might be controlled by heterogenous condensation. • The injection of limestone facilitated Pb enrichment in PM via forming Ca 2 PbO 4 at 600–800 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution, partitioning behavior and risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in the surface sediment-pore water system of the Haihe River were investigated. The total cumulative concentrations of 21 PAE species (Σ 21 PAEs) in the surface sediment ranged from 45.9 to 1474.1 ng·g−1 dry weight (dw) and were from 17.9 to 2628.8 ng·mL−1 in the pore water. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) were the dominant components, and their sum accounted, on average, for 88.4% and 72.0% of Σ 21 PAEs in the surface sediment and pore water, respectively. The spatial distributions of Σ 21 PAEs in the surface sediment and pore water indicated that large amounts of the consumed products contained plasticizers in the urban and nearshore areas and increased the discharge of PAEs into the Haihe River. The river dam also affected PAEs distributions. The organic carbon normalized partitioning coefficient (log K OC) followed a sequence as dry season (2.47 ± 0.35 mL·g−1) > wet season (2.02 ± 0.45 mL·g−1) > normal season (1.98 ± 0.42 mL·g−1). The risk quotient (RQ) method was employed to assess the potential ecological risk from specific species. High ecological risks of DEHP to the sensitive algae, crustacean, and fish species along with high ecological risks of DIBP to sensitive fish species were found in the surface sediment and pore water for all sampling seasons. In addition, DBP in the surface sediment and pore water exhibited moderate and high ecological risks to sensitive aquatic species. The highest RQ values for PAEs were found in the surface sediment and pore water in suburban and urban areas, respectively, and indicated that anthropogenic activities may cause severe river pollution and high risk to the local aquatic ecosystem. High levels and ecological risks from PAEs were found in the urban river, and the partitioning behaviors of PAEs between the surface sediment and pore water were not significantly affected by their hydrophobicity, especially for species with low K OW. Unlabelled Image • DEHP, DBP, and DIBP were the dominant species in surface sediment and pore water. • Notable differences in PAEs concentrations were observed between urban reaches and nonurban reaches. • Partitioning of PAEs between surface sediment and pore water was not significantly affected by K OW. • DEHP and DIBP in surface sediment exhibited high ecological risk. • DEHP, DIBP, and DBP in pore water showed high ecological risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Co–30Ni-xAl-(15-x)W–1Ta–4Ti-yCr septenary alloys were systematically studied with the aim of developing multiple-component Co–Ni-base alloys with balanced properties. The microstructural stabilities were investigated at 1000 °C and 1100 °C after long-term aging. The experimental results indicate that increasing the Cr content significantly reduces the microstructural stability and promotes the precipitation of μ phase; while increasing Al/W ratio increases the γ′ volume fraction and the γ/γ′ lattice misfit. At the same time, increasing the Cr content increases the hardness of γ′ phase and increasing Al/W ratio shows the opposite effect. The APT results reveal that such effects should be mainly attributed to the change of elemental partitioning behaviors between the γ and γ′ phases. Furthermore, increasing the Cr content and Al/W ratio predominantly enhances the oxidation resistance at 1000 °C, resulting in promising oxidation property which is comparable to commercial Ni-base superalloys Waspaloy and Udimet 720. Finally, the well balance of the microstructural stability, alloy density, γ′ phase hardness and oxidation resistance can be achieved. This study will be beneficial for the continuous efforts on the development of multi-component Co–Ni-base superalloys for industrial applications. Image 1 • A Co–Ni–Al–W–Ta–Ti–Cr alloy with a balanced property profile was developed. • The Al/W ratio affects the misfit by changing the partitioning of γ/γ′ phases. • Additional Cr results in higher K γ ' / γ A l and lower K γ ' / γ W after long-term aging. • Increasing Al/W ratio or Cr content improves the oxidation resistance at 1000 °C. • Al > 11 at.% provides continuous Al 2 O 3 layer during oxidation at 1000 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First report of morphology and composition of primary particles emitted from a HWI. • Eight types of particles were identified from the flue gas and indoor air samples. • Partitioning behavior of heavy metals are mainly influenced by their volatilities. • Provide information for particle source identification and occupational risk assessment. Secondary pollution emitted from hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs) can pose potential risks to the surrounding populations and environment. An investigation was conducted on pollutant emission status in a HWI combusting homogenized phenolic waste, woodchips, and electroplating sludge during the sampling period. Morphologies and elemental compositions of particles in flue gas and indoor air of the incinerator were characterized by TEM-EDS. Eight types of single particles were classified, as organic, soot, K-rich, S-rich, Na-rich, Fe-rich, mineral and fly ash particles. In the indoor air near the fly ash collector, organic and S-rich particles were the two most observed particles, taking 56 % and 30 %, respectively. While near the bottom ash collector, Fe-rich particles took approximately 30 %. Besides, the partitioning behavior of heavy metals in the incinerating process were investigated. Hg, Cd and Pb were mainly enriched in fly ash through evaporation, condensation, and adsorption; while Cr, Cu, Mn, and Ni were mostly remained in the bottom ash due to their low volatilities. This study provides information for regional air pollution source apportionment, but also helps understand the partitioning behavior of heavy metals for the secondary pollution control. Meanwhile, the visualized micro-compositions of indoor particles pave a way for occupational exposure risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The γ′-strengthened Co-based superalloys have a lower γ′ solvus temperature and a higher γ′ volume fraction compared with Ni-based wrought superalloys, making this type of alloy more appropriate as a wrought superalloy for hot components of aero engines and industrial gas turbines, such as turbine disk. In order to accelerate the development and application of novel γ′-strengthened Co-based superalloys, CALPHAD method was employed to design a γ′-strengthened multi-component CoNi-based wrought superalloy with improved comprehensive performances on the basis of the Co–7Al–8W–4Ti–1Ta (at.%) quinary alloy. The preliminary evaluation of physical properties, microstructure, oxidation resistance, and mechanical properties of the designed alloy in as cast and as heat treated state shows that, in comparison with Ni-based wrought superalloys, the designed alloy which has a comparable density and a larger processing window, demonstrates better oxidation resistance and comparable mechanical properties. These results suggest that the CALPHAD method is helpful for the design and development of the γ′-strengthened multi-component CoNi-based superalloys, and the designed alloy has a potential for engineering application. • A new γ'-strengthened CoNi-based wrought superalloy was developed by means of CALPHAD method. • The density of the designed alloy is comparable to the commercial Ni-based wrought superalloys. • The oxidation resistance of the designed alloy could be primarily attributed to the formation of a continuous Al 2 O 3 layer. • The mechanical property of the designed alloy is comparable to Ni-based superalloy U720Li at temperature above 800 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of feed coals and coal combustion products (CCPs) from the Shenhuo and Yihua Power Plants in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, were studied by means of proximate analysis, Power X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDX), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-AES). The environmental geochemistry of CCPs was evaluated by Al-normalized enrichment factor as well as European Standard EN-12457 leaching test. Two feed coals have the characteristics of low sulfur content, medium to high volatiles matter yields, medium moisture content, super low to medium ash yield, medium to high calorific value and low mineral content. The main crystalline facies in fly ash and slag are quartz and mullite, with a small amount of calcite, and some unburned carbon. Hematite, SrSO4 and barite also can be observed in fly ashes by SEM. Typical plerophere occurs in fine fly ash rather than the coarse fly ash. The concentration of most trace elements in CCPs falls within the lower concentration range of European fly ashes. With respect to the partitioning behavior of trace elements during coal combustion, S is highly volatile, and Mg, Na, Zn, B, Co, As, Nb, Zr, Cu and K also show certain volatility, which may to some extent emit to the atmosphere. Furthermore, leaching experiments show that leachable concentrations of most of the potentially toxic elements in CCPs are low, and the CCPs fall in the range between inert and nonhazardous landfill material regulated by the 2003/33/EC Decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]