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Non-destructive techniques for characterizing materials in-service have been increasing in importance. Thus, it is relevant to assess the potential of non-destructive techniques for solid materials. This work aimed to determine the modulus of elasticity of Bertholletia excelsa wood using the particle image velocimetry technique and the ultrasound method to compare the results with the conventional methodology. For this purpose, samples of Bertholletia excelsa were made using a circular saw. The samples were evaluated for sound propagation to calculate the modulus of elasticity using ultrasound equipment. Subsequently, they were subjected to the compression parallel to grain test in a universal testing machine. The samples were marked and monitored during the loading session, with the repeated capture of images using a professional camera. The deformation values obtained were used to estimate the modulus of elasticity using the particle image velocimetry technique. The mean values of modulus of elasticity found were 17403 MPa for ultrasound, 15589 MPa for the particle image velocimetry technique, and 15333 MPa for the universal testing machine. The particle image velocimetry technique was considered to be statistically similar (Tukey α = 0,05) to the other methods tested. The linear coefficient of determination (R2) between the particle image velocimetry technique and the universal testing machine was 0,95, a high and satisfactory value. Thus, the particle image velocimetry technique and the ultrasound method are valid to estimate the modulus of elasticity of Bertholletia excelsa wood and possibly of woods with similar technological characteristics.

Several non-destructive testing techniques have been improved and tested in recent years. The non-destructive testing techniques using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and digital image correlation (DIC) differ from conventional testing techniques, as they allow making measurements indirectly. In this study, the elastic modulus in wood beams of Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus oocarpa were determined using PIV and DIC. The application of PIV and DIC techniques occurred during the static bending tests, when the displacements were also measured by the conventional method. The applied load values allowed calculating the elasticity modulus. In all regions of analysis, the mean values of the elasticity modulus found by the DIC, PIV and conventional method are statistically equivalent. It is concluded that the PIV and DIC testing techniques can be used to determine mechanical properties of wood.

Throughout their useful life structures demand monitoring to verify their conditions of use. Thus, the need arises to seek methodologies capable to evaluate displacements and deformations in structural components of buildings. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique to analyze test specimen behavior during a static bending test, additionally a displacement map is presented. The PIV technique measures variations of position of a region in an object from consecutive images from a loading session. The tests were performed on wood of Pinus oocarpa and Eucalyptus grandis, plywood panels, laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and oriented strand board (OSB). The results obtained by the PIV technique were compared to values obtained from dial indicators. It was verified that in all the materials tested, the PIV technique presented results similar to those found in the dial indicators. By means of the Student t test, with a significance level of 1%, some regions of analysis the values found by the PIV technique and the dial indicators were statistically similar. For the analyzed regions that did not achieve statistical equality, a correction equation was calculated (R² higher than 0.99). It was concluded that the PIV technique, with properly adjusted setup, presented results similar to those obtained in the conventional tests, proving its accuracy and reliability in displacement measurements, with the advantage of being a non-destructive and contactless structure monitoring technique.

The aim of this work was to verify the ability to use the Particle Image Velocimetry technique for measurements of dimensional variations resulting from wood retractability of Pinus elliottii wood, initially saturated and with the surface marked with multiple dots of ink randomly distributed, was used in this work to apply the Particle Image Velocimetry technique. The specimens were dried and images were captured during the process. The images obtained were processed by the Particle Image Velocimetry algorithm and the deformations that occurred were calculated. For comparison, a conventional method (pachymeter) was used to measure the dimensions of the specimen during drying. The variation in dimensions obtained on the surface of the specimens from the Particle Image Velocimetry technique was 2,28 % for the radial direction and 0,20 % for the longitudinal direction of the fibers. With the standardized method, these values were 2,18 % for the radial direction and 0,21 % for longitudinal. The reduction in the average area of the specimens was 3,85 % by the Particle Image Velocimetry technique and 3,77 % by the conventional methodology. It was concluded that the Particle Image Velocimetry technique was able to accurately measure the displacements on the surface of the Pinus elliottii specimens, resulting in values statistically similar to those reached through the use of the conventional measurement method, demonstrating its reliability.

The most important parameter in terms of material mechanical behavior knowledge is the modulus of elasticity, being traditionally obtained through destructive tests. The objective of this study is the verification of the potential use of the particle image velocimetry technique (PIV) as a tool to obtain the modulus of elasticity in sawed wood samples (Pinus oocarpa and Eucaliptus grandis) and wood panels (Plywood, LVL and OSB). The PIV technique has as characteristics the low cost of equipment, fast results, no need for contact with the object tested, accuracy and possibility of application in the field. The application of the PIV technique occurred during the static bending tests where the deformations were also measured with a dial indicator (conventional method), thus obtaining comparative measurements. From the load values applied by a universal test machine and deformation values obtained by the dial indicator and PIV techniques, it was possible to calculate the modulus of elasticity through both methods. With the “Student's t” statistical test application with significance level of 1%, it was verified that the modulus of elasticity found by the PIV technique and the dial indicator were statistically equal. Average values for the modulus of elasticity found were respectively for the use of the conventional method and for the PIV method the values of: 13,077 and 13,027 MPA for Eucalyptus grandis; 6,171.6 and 6,418.8 MPa for Pinus oocarpa; 10,481.2 and 11,094.3 MPa for plywood; 8,687.4 and 10,261.0 MPa for the LVL; and 2,480.1 and 2,899 MPa for the OSB. It was concluded that the PIV technique is capable of measuring modulus of elasticity values with similar precision to the test techniques traditionally used for this purpose.

Proposing technological innovations in the investigation of the structure and behaviour of wood is important to optimize its use. The assimilation of methods diffused in other areas, such as particle image velocimetry (PIV), can allow a rich range of information for different aspects. The aim of this study was to estimate the Young’s modulus using the PIV technique, independently of the wood density. The Young modulus value was obtained by universal testing machine, transversal vibration and PIV technique. Cedrela spp. and Eucalyptus cloeziana wood specimens were analyzed and their Young modulus were compared and correlated. The PIV technique presented mean Young’s modulus values statistically equal to those of the universal testing machine. The standard error of prediction from PIV approach was 0.46 and 0.97 GPa for Young’s modulus estimates for Cedrela spp. and Eucalyptus cloeziana wood, respectively.