Search

Background: In patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), motor performance may be dramatically improved in urgent and stressful situations. Objective: The aim of this PET H2150 study was to determine the changes in brain activation pattern related to this unconscious increase in motor speed observed in the context of urgency in patients with PD. Methods: Eight right-handed patients with PD, who had been off medication for at least 12 hours, without tremor, were enrolled. A reaching task with the right hand was performed under three conditions: self-initiated (SI), externally cued (EC) and externally cued-urgent (ECu). Results: (1) Self-initiated movements (SI-EC) revealed activations in the prefrontal cortex bilaterally, the right lateral premotor cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and cerebellum, and the left primary motor cortex and thalamus; (2) Externally driven responses (EC-SI) did not involve any statistically detectable activation; (3) Urgent situations (ECu-EC) engaged the left cerebellum. Compared with a control group previously studied, the cerebellar activation was greater in patients with PD. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the increase in movement speed in urgent situations in patients with PD is associated with the recruitment of the left (contralateral) cerebellum. This structure is a key node of the accessory motor circuitry typically recruited by patients with PD to compensate for basal ganglia dysfunction and by healthy subjects to increase movement velocity in urgent motor contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the case of a patient who had benefited from bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease and who presented acute and reproducible manic behaviour when stimulated mainly in the substantia nigra. A positron emission tomography scan showed an activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior temporal cortex, the left anterior cingulate cortex and a deactivation of the left insula. This suggests that changes in cortical activation related to mania are subcortically driven, involving notably the substantia nigra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional imaging techniques provide major insights into understanding the pathophysiology, progression, complications, and differential diagnosis of Parkinson''s disease (PD). The dopaminergic system has been particularly studied allowing now early, presymptomatic diagnoses, which is of interest for future neuroprotective strategies. The existence of a compensatory hyperactivity of dopa-decarboxylase at disease onset has been recently demonstrated in the nigrostriatal and also extrastriatal dopaminergic pathways. Modification of dopamine receptors expression is observed during PD, but the respective contribution of dopaminergic drugs and the disease process towards these changes is still debated. Abnormalities of cerebral activation are seen and are clearly task-dependent, but the coexistence of hypoactivation in some areas and hyperactivation in others is also now well established. Such hyperactivation may be compensatory but could also reflect an inability to select appropriate motor circuits and inhibit inappropriate ones by PD patients. Interestingly, dopaminergic medications or surgical therapy reverse such abnormalities of brain activation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy and safety of chronic subthalamic nucleus deep-brain stimulation (STN-DBS) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). 18 consecutive severely affected PD patients were included (mean age, SD: 56.9±6 years; mean disease duration: 13.5±4.4 years). All the patients were evaluated clinically before and 6 months after the surgical procedure using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Additionally, a 12 months follow-up was available in 14 patients. The target coordinates were determined by ventriculography under stereotactic conditions, followed by electrophysiology and intraoperative stimulation. After surgery, continuous monopolar stimulation was applied bilaterally in 17 patients at 2.9±0.4 V through 1 (n = 31) or 2 contacts (n = 3). One patient had bilateral bipolar stimulation. The mean frequency of stimulation was 140±16 Hz and pulse width 68±13 μs. Off medication, the UPDRS part III score (max = 108) was reduced by 55 % during on stimulation (score before surgery: 44.9±13.4 vs at 6 months: 20.2±10; p < 0.001). In the on medication state, no difference was noted between the preoperative and the postoperative off stimulation conditions (scores were respectively: 17.9±9.2 and 23±12.6). The severity of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias assessed by UPDRS IV was reduced by 76 % at 6 months (scores were respectively: 10.3±3 and 2.5±3; p < 0.001). Off medication, the UPDRS II or ADL score was reduced by 52.8 % during on stimulation (26.9±6.5 preop versus 12.7±7 at 6 months). The daily dose of antiparkinsonian treatment was diminished by 65.5 % (levodopa equivalent dose – mg/D – was 1045 ± 435 before surgery and 360 ± 377 at 6 months; p < 0.01). These results remained stable at 12 months for the 14 patients studied. Side effects comprised lower limb phlebitis (n = 2), pulmonary embolism (n = 1), depression (n = 6), dysarthria and freezing (n = 1), sialorrhea and drooling (n = 1), postural imbalance (n = 1), transient paresthesias and dyskinesias. This study confirms the great value of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in the treatment of intractable PD. Some adverse events such as depression may be taken into account in the inclusion criteria and also in the post-operative outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B Background: b De novo parkinsonian patients with apathy, depression and anxiety exhibit profound serotonergic dysfunction and microstructural disarray in the limbic system in comparison to non-apathetic parkinsonian patients. B Results: b Eleven patients with apathy and 11 patients without apathy at diagnosis completed the follow-up evaluation at median (IQR) 4.3 (0.6) years after diagnosis. Apathy, depression, anxiety and fatigue improved in apathetic parkinsonian patients over time, whereas these symptoms worsened in non apathetic parkinsonian patients (p<0.001). [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: Head tremor is very unusual in Parkinson''s disease (PD). Five PD patients presenting a head tremor during the disease evolution have recently been reported. Here we describe a 74 year-old woman with a pure head resting tremor. The tremor was responsive to levodopa and had a 4.7 Hz frequency. A [123I]FP-CIT SPECT imaging confirmed a reduction of tracer uptake in the right striatum consistent with PD, that should be confirmed by long-term follow-up. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]