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Developing leadership skills during adolescence is crucial for future career success. Previous studies have primarily focused on the impact of school settings, academic courses, and simulated team tasks on leader emergence, neglecting the significant role of parental influence in this process. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this research investigated the positive relationship between parental warmth and adolescent leader emergence and the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. The quantitative study (Study 1) collected multi-source data from 1255 adolescents (M age  = 14.2, SD age  = 0.56, 48.2% male) and their parents, teachers and peers. Findings from Study 1 revealed a positive correlation between parental warmth and adolescent leader emergence. Structural equation modeling showed two mediating pathways: an intrapersonal pathway involving self-esteem and leader self-efficacy, and an interpersonal pathway involving empathy and prosocial behavior. Encouragement of independence, as an additional adolescents-focused parenting practice, strengthened the observed positive relationship. The qualitative study (Study 2) conducted in-depth interviews with adolescents to identify the parental practices that facilitate or hinder adolescent leader emergence for the triangulation of the central research question. Study 2 collected data from 32 adolescents (M age  = 15.16, SD age  = 1.37, 50% male). Findings from Study 2 corroborated the significance of parental warmth and the encouragement of independence for adolescent leader emergence, elucidating specific parenting behaviors conducive to these positive parenting practices, such as providing companionship and communication, as well as encouraging adolescents to participate in household tasks. This mix-methods research prepositioned the stages of leadership development, advocating for the importance of the warmth and autonomy from parents as formative factors for cultivating the next generation of leaders., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

There is increasing interest in the early roots and influencing factors of leadership potential from a life span development perspective. This conceptual and empirical work extends traditional approaches focusing on adults in organizational settings. From the perspective of early influences on leader development, the goal of this study was to examine the effects of overparenting on adolescent leader emergence, influencing mechanisms, and sex differences. Students ( N = 1,255) from 55 classrooms in 13 junior high schools participated, with additional responses from their parents, peers, and teachers. The results indicated that overparenting is negatively related to adolescent leader emergence as indicated by parent ratings, teacher ratings, and peer nominations in addition to leader role occupancy. The negative effects of overparenting on leader emergence (perceived and actual) were serially mediated by self-esteem and leader self-efficacy. In addition, sex difference analysis revealed that male adolescents received more overparenting and showed less leader emergence (perceived and actual) than female adolescents. Female adolescents' self-esteem was more likely to be negatively related to overparenting, and female adolescents' leader emergence (perceived and actual) was more strongly related to their leader self-efficacy when compared with male adolescents. Implications for life span leader development theory, for youth and adult leadership development practices, and for parenting practices on future generations are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Introduction: The present study investigated the longitudinal relationship between parental psychological control and adolescent aggression in Chinese adolescents. We also explored whether adolescent gender plays a moderating role in this relationship., Methods: A total of 2458 adolescents (mean age = 13.20 ± 0.65 years; 51.3% male) from Beijing, China, participated at three time points during middle school, 1 year apart. Parental psychological control, adolescent aggression, and demographic characteristics were self-reported at each time point. A cross-lagged model was conducted., Results & Conclusions: The results showed that adolescent aggression at Time 1 positively predicted parental psychological control at Time 2. Parental psychological control at Time 2 positively predicted adolescent aggression at Time 3. Adolescent aggression at Time 2 predicted parental psychological control at Time 3. These findings provide evidence that supports the reciprocal effects model and further our understanding of the longitudinal and bidirectional relationship between parental psychological control and adolescent aggression. No significant adolescent gender differences were found in terms of the reciprocal effect model., (Copyright © 2019 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to investigate the long-term effect of both paternal and maternal warmth on children's subjective well-being and explore the intervening role of parent–child relationships and the moderating effect of child gender on above effect in Chinese families. A total of 1322 children (Mage at Time 1 = 10.30 years, SD = 0.33; 49.7% boys) and their parents (Mage of fathers at Time 1 = 41.63 years, SD = 5.22; Mage of mothers at Time 1 = 39.11 years, SD = 4.47) participated the questionnaire survey at two time points, 1 year apart. Parental warmth was reported by both fathers and mothers at the first time point, while parent–child relationship and subjective well-being were self-reported by children at the first and second time points. The results of our latent variable structural equation modeling revealed that parental warmth at Time 1 positively predicted children's subjective well-being at Time 2 via both parents' own relationship with their child and their spouse's relationship with their child after controlling the children's subjective well-being at Time 1. Furthermore, there was no child gender difference in the indirect effect of parent–child relationships on the long-term effect of parental warmth on children's subjective well-being. These findings provide significant implications for the improvement of children's subjective well-being and suggest that more parental warmth from both fathers and mothers can help build positive parent–child relationships, thereby further promoting mental health development among children in China. Highlights: We investigated the long-term effect of parental warmth on children's subjective well-being during late childhood in China. Paternal and maternal warmth promoted children's subjective well-being via their own and their spouse's relationship with child. Above effect and its psychological mechanism did not vary significantly between boys and girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental emotion‐related socialization behaviors (ERSBs) are developmental and multiply determined. However, longitudinal studies on the development patterns of ERSBs and their antecedents, especially for Chinese fathers, are scarce. This study examined the longitudinal trajectories of Chinese fathers' ERSBs during early adolescence and whether they are influenced by the father (depressive symptoms and emotion dysregulation) and adolescent factors (depressive symptoms and emotional intelligence). We used 4‐year, self‐reported, survey‐based data from Chinese early adolescents (46.70% girls, Mage at Wave 1 = 10.26 years, SD = 0.33) and their fathers (Mage at Wave 1 = 40.36 years, SD = 4.22), and data analyses were conducted using unconditional and conditional latent growth model (N = 1061 at Wave 1). The results revealed an increase in the father's supportive and non‐supportive ERSBs over 4 years. Furthermore, father's depression symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and adolescent's depression symptoms can predict paternal supportive ERSBs' trajectories, while only the father's depression symptoms and emotion dysregulation can predict the change in non‐supportive ERSBs. The findings give a holistic picture of the developmental trajectories of paternal ERSBs during early adolescence, and highlight the importance of accounting for differences in father and adolescent factors in understanding changes in parental ERSBs during this critical developmental period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Coparenting Relationship Scale (CRS) in Chinese samples. Background: The coparenting relationship serves an important role in raising children. The CRS was originally developed to measure the multidimensionality of the coparenting relationship. However, its latent structure and psychometric properties have not been extensively addressed, particularly in non‐Western cultures. Method: Data were collected from a sample of 991 Chinese families (991 mothers, 967 fathers, 31–57 years of age). Confirmatory factor analyses were utilized to provide evidence of the theoretical factorial structure. Internal consistency was examined by Cronbach's α and omega coefficients. Correlations with the Dyadic Adjustment Scale were to verify criterion validity. Configural, metric, scalar, and residual variance invariance were examined across the gender of parents in dyadic perspective. Results: In contrast to a poor fit for the seven‐factor structure of the original 35‐item CRS, the Chinese version of the CRS (CRS‐C) showed a good fit in a six‐factor structure with 27 items. The CRS‐C showed strict measurement invariance across gender of the parent, satisfactory internal consistency, and criterion‐related validity as indicated by marital quality. Conclusions: These findings provided preliminary evidence that the CRS‐C is reliable and valid for measuring the coparenting relationship among Chinese parents. Implications: Coparenting relationship and its measurement will benefit from attention in non‐Western contexts and cross‐cultural studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental reflective functioning (PRF) is important for parenting and child development. To effectively assess PRF in Chinese parents, this study aimed to revise the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ) for the Chinese context. The original Chinese version of the PRFQ (PRFQ-C) was revised by following psychometric validation procedures in a sample of Chinese parents (N = 2,021, 1,034 mothers and 987 fathers). A series of psychometric analyses, including confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), internal consistency reliability analysis, discriminant validity, and criterion-related validity analysis, and analysis for measurement invariance between mothers and fathers, were conducted. The CFA results indicated that the final 12-item, three-factor model had a good fit { χ 2(49) = 472.381; CFI = 0.929; TLI = 0.904; RMSEA = 0.065, 90%CI = [0.060, 0.071]}. The Chinese version of the PRFQ with 12 items (PRFQ-12C) showed satisfactory reliability (omega = 0.68–0.82), discriminant validity [heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) values < 0.85], and criterion-related validity. The PRFQ-12C also had measurement invariance across mothers and fathers. In conclusion, the PRFQ-12C is psychometrically sound and can be applied in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to examine whether parental neuroticism was related to the coparenting relationship directly and indirectly via parental depressive symptoms. Furthermore, this study aimed to explore the interdependency of the effects between parents in Chinese nuclear and extended families. Two waves of longitudinal data from a sample of 1,419 Chinese families were used (822 nuclear families and 597 extended families). Both fathers and mothers rated their levels of neuroticism, depressive symptoms at the first wave, and their perceived coparenting relationship 1 year later. Using the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) in nuclear and extended families, both parental neuroticism and depressive symptoms predicted their coparenting relationship (i.e., actor effects). Maternal neuroticism and maternal depressive symptoms predicted paternal coparenting relationship in both nuclear and extended families. Partner effects of paternal neuroticism were significant only in extended families. Compared with fathers, the actor effects of depressive symptoms on the coparenting relationship were higher among mothers. Depressive symptoms played a partial mediating role between neuroticism and the coparenting relationship in dyadic ways. These findings improved our understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in the coparenting relationship by showing the interrelation of personality and mental health factors. The specific implications of how therapists may intervene in parental mental health to promote the coparenting relationship were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer victimization is a serious problem among children and adolescents. Family and peers are two of the most proximal and influential microsystems for children. The present study examined the influence of parental psychological control and peer pressure on peer victimization. According to social learning theory and attachment theory, parent-child interactions may serve as a model of peer interactions. Therefore, we proposed the hypothesis that peer pressure functioned as a mediator in the association between parental psychological control and peer victimization. We tested this hypothesis in a sample of Chinese adolescents and examined whether this mediation model varied by gender. Participants were 2382 seventh grade students (1166 girls and 1216 boys) in Beijing, China. The results showed that both parental psychological control and peer pressure were positively associated with peer victimization in Chinese adolescents. Additionally, peer pressure partially mediated the effect of psychological control on peer victimization. Furthermore, multi-group comparisons showed that gender differences existed in the mediation model. The direct effect of psychological control on peer victimization was a little larger in boys, whereas the indirect effect was larger in girls. The findings suggest that parental psychological control contributes to peer victimization in non-Western culture as well. These findings also improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in peer victimization by interrelating family and peer factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chinese parents report more warmth and authoritarianism than their teens perceive. • Only father-adolescent discrepancies predicted adolescents' depressive symptoms. • Parent-child communication serves a mediating role. • Parental warmth has stronger effects than authoritarian parenting. This study investigated discrepancies in parents' and early adolescents' perceptions of parental warmth and authoritarian parenting about early adolescents' depressive symptoms, including the mediating effect of parent-adolescent communication. The sample comprised of 2,443 Chinese early adolescents (M age = 12.64 years, SD =0.23 years; 50.6 % boys) and their parents. Data analysis used latent difference score modeling and structural equation modeling. Parents perceived more parental warmth and authoritarian parenting than did adolescents. Perceived discrepancies in parental warmth and authoritarian parenting between parents and adolescents predicted early adolescent depressive symptoms via the mediating role of parent-adolescent communication. The findings provide new perspectives on interventions for adolescent depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adolescence is a period when adolescents seek autonomy and parent-adolescent conflict appears inevitable. Even though some research found that parental psychological control triggered parent-adolescent conflict, studies clarifying the directionality of effects at the within-family level are scarce. This study investigated the longitudinal relations between parental psychological control and parent-adolescent conflict using a traditional cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and the random-intercept CLPM (RI-CLPM) framework.Methods: Data from 2473 Chinese adolescents (Mage Time1 = 13.20 years, standard deviation = 0.52 years; 51.4% male) were collected via a cross-sectional survey across three time points. Adolescents reported on parental psychological control, parent-adolescent conflict, and demographic characteristics at each time point. CLPM and RI-CLPM were utilized.Results: The results from the CLPM analyses suggested a reciprocal effects model. However, the results from the RI-CLPM framework supported a conflict-driven model at the within-family level, wherein if parent-adolescent conflict increased, subsequent parental psychological control would increase as a result. The reverse pattern was not observed.Conclusions: These findings indicate the maladaptive processes of parent-adolescent conflict that shape parental psychologically controlling behaviors in Chinese families at the within-family level. Practical implications, including how to assist Chinese parents to address parent-adolescent conflict and to reduce psychological control, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]