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Currently, the presence of antimalarial drug resistance has become a major obstacle in the treatment of malaria. To overcome the problem, a series of studies are needed to find new antimalarial drugs from plants. Previously, 90% ethanolic extract of Cassia spectabilis DC (EECS) leaves have been reported to have antimalarial activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo against Plasmodium berghei ANKA. The research is conducted to find out the toxicity and protective effects of EECS on the liver and kidneys of mice infected with P. berghei ANKA. The acute and subacute toxicity tests were carried out on healthy mice that were given EECS at a dose of 150 mg/kg BW. An antimalarial activity test was carried out at doses of 150 and 200 mg/kg BW in P. berghei-infected mice. Regarding hepatomegaly, further plasma levels of hepatic enzyme were analyzed, as well as histopathological observation of the liver to determine the effect of the extract on liver. The kidney was observed histopathologically as well. The acute toxicity test of EECS showed that there was no mouse died at the highest dose, indicating safe for the mice. The subacute toxicity based on the histology data showed no significant difference in the liver and kidney of mice between the tested group and the healthy group. The histological and enzymatic effect of EECS in mice infected with P. berghei showed the histological and enzymatic effect that improved liver function and the histopathological effect on kidneys with the highest activity at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW compared with the negative control. The results showed the EECS was not toxic in mice and repaired the liver and kidney functions of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice, indicating a good candidate for antimalarial drug development.

BACKGROUND: South Kalimantan is one of province in Indonesia which has endemic area, mainly in the villages at forest area. Understanding the risk factors which can increase the risk of malaria in individuals at forest area will enable more effective use for controlling the disease. The identification of risk factors will provide information about local malaria epidemiology and usefull for making appropriate and effective malaria eradication program policies in this area. AIM: To know the risk factors of malaria prevalence in endemic forest areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 107 adult people who lived in Batu Bulan Village and Batu Paha Village, South Kalimantan. Blood samples for malaria microscopy and rapid diagnostic test is taken from cubital vein. Household factors and demographic data were obtained. Chi-square and logistic regression were performed to analyze the factors associated with malaria prevalence in South Kalimantan. This research didn’t do vector survey, only on the prevalence of malaria and risk factor in human and environment. RESULTS: The prevalence of malaria based RDT examination was 35.5% with 23.68% Plasmodium falciparum, 21.05% Plasmodium vivax, and 55.27% mixed infection. The prevalence malaria based on microscopic examination was 17.75% with 47.36% P. falciparum, 26.32% P. vivax, and 26.32% mix infection. Demographic factors influencing the prevalence of malaria were aged below 25-years-old (p = 0.01, 95% CI, OR = 2.289), villages in Batu Paha (p = 0.048, 95% CI, OR = 3.55), and occupation as a forest worker (p = 0.022, 95% CI, OR = 6.38). House factors that influence the prevalence of malaria were the condition of the walls that are open or not tight (p = 0.048 95% CI, OR = 5.205), the roof is made of plastic (p = 0.015 95% CI, OR = 2.831), and the presence of animal cage around the house (p = 0.015 95% CI, OR = 6.292). CONCLUSIONS: Malaria incidence remains occurs with high prevalence in the pupolation in remote forest areas.

Background and Aim: Some individuals in Indonesia consume intact goat gallbladder to prevent and treat malaria. The acute and subacute toxicity tests of goat bile (GB) have shown mild diarrhea in mice. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the suppressive effect of GB on parasitemia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and blood biochemistry to assess liver and kidney function in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Materials and Methods: Fifty healthy mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA and divided into five groups. Mice in three groups were administered 0.5 mL of 25%, 50%, or 100% of GB by gavage. Animals in Group 4 were administered 187.2 mg/kg BW of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine phosphate as a positive control (POS Group). Mice in fifth group were administered sterile water as negative (NEG) controls. Further, 30 uninfected mice were divided into groups 6-8 and administered GB as were mice in the first three groups. Group 9 included 10 uninfected and untreated animals as healthy controls. Treatments were administered in a 4-day suppressive test followed by daily observation of Giemsa-stained blood smears. On day 7, mice were sacrificed to measure the length and weight of spleens and livers, plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine. Results: GB suppressed parasitemia but did not affect the size and weight of spleens or livers or plasma levels of AST and ALT compared to uninfected GB-treated and healthy control animals. Conversely, plasma levels of BUN and creatinine were suppressed and remained in the normal range in all groups of mice. Conclusion: GB suppresses parasitemia with no significant impact on hepatic enzymes in GB-treated infected mice. Liver dysfunction in GB-treated infected mice was due to P. berghei rather than GB treatment.

Malaria remains an important health problem in Indonesia with the highest transmission in Papua Province, an easternpart of this country. The genetic diversity of malaria parasites is the main problem in understanding several aspects ofmalaria infections and the dynamics of their transmission, which also play a role in the development of a vaccine.Plasmodium falciparum is the deadliest of the human malaria parasites. Plasmodium falciparum glutamate-rich protein(Pfglurp) is one of the many erythrocytic stages antigens currently under development for a vaccine. The Pfglurp gene hasbeen extensively used as a marker to investigate the genetic diversity, Multiplicity of Infection (MOI), the level of malariatransmission, immunity against malaria, as well as a discriminatory instrument to distinguish new from recrudescentinfections of the field parasite population. Thus, this genotyping study aimed to find out the genetic population ofP.falciparum at the Merauke District, Province of Papua, Indonesia. DNA samples were isolated from Dried Blood Spots(DBS) obtained from P.falciparum infected patients in the Regional Public Hospital of Merauke, Province of Papua, Indonesiaduring May 2019-July 2019. The isolated DNAs were then amplified for nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) prior toPfglurp genotyping. The glurp gene was identified in all 51 DBS samples of P.falciparum-infected patients, and 18 variants ofallele were found. Among them, 45.10% were found to bear multigenotype infections. The size of the dominant allele(12.5%) was 701-750 bp. The MOI was 1.58. The genetic population of P.falciparum in Merauke Hospital has contained ahigher percentage of multigenotypes compared with monogenotypes indicating the high transmission of malaria in thestudied area.

Soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections is kind of helminth infection which transmitted by contact with warm and moist soil especially affect the farmer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the profile of STH infection and the intensity of STH infection among farmers in Gelgel Village, Klungkung, Bali. The cross sectional study was conducted in Gelgel Village, Klungkung District, Bali and obtained stool and quitionaires from farmers by informed consent. Kato-Katz technique was used to diagnose the STH infection and to determine the intensity of infection based on the number of eggs per gram feces (EPG). Total 162 stool samples were collected from farmers aged 25-80 years, 22 farmers was positive of STH infection and 140 farmers was negative of STH infection. The result showed prevalence of STH infection was 13,5%, single infection of A. lumbricoides was 1.85%, 9.26% of T. trichiura single infection, and 0.61% of Hookworm single infection. The mixed infection was detected that were 1.23% of A. lumbricoides with T. trichiura, and 0.61% of A. lumbricoides with Hookworm. STH infection is the health problem among farmer. The farmer must be admitted antihelminthic drugs for preventing and eleminating STH infection.

BACKGROUND: Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are frequent causes of malaria. Although they are blood parasites, their biological characteristics are dissimilar, and their species-related consequences on hematological parameters have not been widely investigated. They might be valuable to distinguish both species infection, notably for an endemic region with limited diagnostic resources. AIM: This study aimed to know the species-specific effect on hematological parameters and its correlation to the parasite density in P. vivax- and P. falciparum-infected patients attending Merauke General Hospital, Papua, Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Malaria patients confirmed by blood film microscopy from January 1 to July 31, 2019, were recruited, and their hematological parameters were measured using Sysmex XN-1000 instrument. All obtained data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: From 100 malaria-positive patients, 87 patients, consisting of 57 P. vivax and 30 P. falciparum patients, met criteria. Anemia and parasite density >50,000 parasites/μL were significantly higher in P. falciparum than P. vivax patients (p < 0.05) though hemoglobin concentration and parasite density were insignificantly different. Interestingly, basophil count was significantly higher in P. falciparum compared to P. vivax patients (p = 0.04). The eosinophil count was significantly higher in P. vivax (p = 0.01) than P. falciparum patients and indicated a significant positive correlation (p = 0.04, r = +0.28) with the parasite density. CONCLUSION: There were significant differences between basophil and eosinophil count between P. vivax and P. falciparum infections. Eosinophil count showed a significant positive correlation with parasite density.

Sequestration of Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected erythrocytes occurs in BALB/c mice as characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans. Animals’ bile has been widely used for centuries in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Goat bile has been used in healing infectious and non-infectious diseases; however, no report on the use of goat bile against malaria infection and sequestration. The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between parasitemia and sequestration in the liver of P.berghei ANKA-infected BALB/c mice treated with goat bile. This research was an in vivo experimental study using the post-test control group design. The male BALB/c mice aged ± 6 weeks, body weight 20-25 g were used. The mice were divided into five groups where Group 1-3 were mice treated with goat bile 25%, 50%, and 100%, respectively. Group 4-5 were negative (sterile water) and positive controls (DHP). Parasitemia was observed daily from each mouse and the number of sequestered infected erythrocytes on the endothelium of sinusoids. The data were analyzed using t independent test. Antimalarial activity of goat bile was shown by the lower parasitemia in goat bile-treated mice compared with the negative control. The average number of sequestration was goat bile concentration-dependent manner. The higher the concentration, the lower the number of sequestration. Sequestration was correlated with parasitemia (p=0,0001). Sequestration of P.berghei ANKA-infected erythrocytes correlated with parasitemia, and was goat bile concentration-dependent manner. Keywords : Malaria, parasitemia, sequestration, goat bile Correspondence: arwatiheny@gmail.com

Introduction: Malaria is one of global health problems. Splenomegaly is one of malaria symptoms. Antimalarial drug resistance had been reported. Alternative treatment is by using traditional medicinal plants such as kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris). Kelakai contains alkaloid and flavonoid which had been reported to have antimalarial activity. The aim of this study was to discover antimalarial activity of ethanol extract of kelakai leaves to parasitemia and splenomegaly of Plasmodium berghei ANKA in infected BALB/c mice.Methods: This study was based on a modified Peter test using BALB/c mice infected with P. berghei ANKA treated with ethanol extract of kelakai leaves, with chloroquine diphosphate as a positive control. The negative control was P. berghei ANKA infected mice without any additional treatment. Administration of ethanol extract of kelakai leaves was performed for 4 days with a serial doses of 100, 10, and 1 mg/kg body weight. The positive control was given chloroquine diphosphate 20 mg/kg body weight. Parasitemia was observed daily prior to the calculation of the percentage of parasite growth and parasite growth inhibition. At the end of the test, the mice were sacrificed and spleens were isolated to measure their sizes. Probit analysis was performed to obtain ED50 to find the effect of extract in parasite killing by 50%. Spearman test was performed to analyze the correlation of doses of extract and splenomegaly.Results: Parasitemia growth inhibition was directly proportional to the dose. Higher parasitemia inhibition was obtained at higher doses and vice versa. Result of probit analysis showed an ED50 was 77.05 mg/kg body weight. Statistical analysis resulted in insignificant correlation between doses and splenomegaly p = 1.0 (significancy < 0.05).Conclusion: Ethanol extract of kelakai leaves possessed good antimalarial activity and there was no correlation between extract doses and splenomegaly in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice.

Malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS) is characterized by extensive infiltration of leukocytes, microhemorrhages, vasogenic edema, changes in lung color, and a significant increase in the weight of the lung. This study was aimed to find out the differences in parasitemia and lung size in MA-ARDSand non-MA-ARDSin mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Sixteen male BALB/c mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA, and daily parasitemia was observed on Giemsa-stained tail blood smears. Mice were sacrificed when parasitemia reached ±20%. Simultaneously eight uninfected mice were used as negative control (NEG). The statistical analysis was done using Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney U tests, and Spearman correlation test. The results showed that there were significant differences in parasitemia (p=0.001), weight (p=0.001), and lung length (p=0.021) between the MA-ARDS and non-MA-ARDS groups. Comparison of NEG and MA-ARDS resulted in a significant difference in lung size (p=0.05). When non-MA-ARDScompared with NEG groups, it showed a significant difference in lung width (p=0.001). However, there was no significant difference in lung weight and length (p>0.05). Spearman correlation test showed that there was a strong correlation between parasitemia with weight (p=0.000), length (p=0.001), and lung width (p=0.017). The findings indicated that parasitemia played a role in the development of MA-ARDS in mice infected with P. berghei ANKA and influenced the size of the lung.

Malaria remains a health problem in various parts of the world. A decrease in antioxidant levels during malaria infection cause oxidative stress, therefore exogenous antioxidant is needed. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) can be a source of exogenous antioxidants due to the antioxidant activity of VCO, which was contributed majority by phenolic acids content. Antioxidants play a role in countering the effects of free radicals by inhibiting fat peroxidation that cause erythrocyte cell wall stronger and not easily ruptured. Pharmacological properties of VCO including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antiviral, and antiprotozoal properties have been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to find out the antimalarial activity of VCO by evaluating the parasitemia and percentage of inhibition to the growth of parasite. Thirty male BALB/c mice were infected intraperitonially with 1×106 Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected erythrocytes. The mice were than randomly divided into five groups: positive control (PC) group was given 187.2m g/kg BW of dihydroartemisinin phosphate, negative control (NC) group was only given sterile water; G1, G2, and G3 groups were given 1 ml, 5 ml, and 10 ml/kg BW of VCO, respectively. VCO treatments were given for 4 consecutive days started from 24 hours post infection. Parasitemia was determined daily on Giemsa-stained tail blood smear, further the percentage inhibition was calculated. The results showed that parasitemia in VCO-treated mice were lower than that of NC group, but higher than that of PC group, indicated the antimalarial activity of VCO. The inhibition of VCO to the growth of parasite showed that G2 was higher (48.70%) than that of G1 (13.04%) and G3 (33.9%). The use of antioxidant therapy as a supportive therapy is one of alternatives in supporting the healing process of malaria patients and may reduce various risks that could potentially occur in patients.

Malaria remains a health problem in Indonesia. West Kalimantan is a malaria endemic area with high and lowincidence. Landak District is one of the malaria endemic area. Malaria cases were found in the areas around illegalgold mining and oil palm plantations. The aims of this study were to describe the characteristics of the breeding sitesand species of Anopheles larvae found in high malaria cases area, namely Amboyo Utara Village and low clinicalmalaria cases, area namely Mandor Village. This research is a descriptive research with cross sectional design. Thesamples were Anopheles larvae collected with Accidental sampling technique in the breeding sites. Environmentalcharacterization of breeding sites were physical characteristic including water temperature and sun exposure,chemical characteristic including water pH and salinity, and biological characteristics including water biota. Theresults of this study ware environmental characteristics that have the potential to breed Anopheles mosquitoes inAmboyo Utara Village, including water temperature 26-30C, shandy, water pH 5.0-7.6, salinity 0.2-1.0 ppt, biotaswater hyacinth, grass and tadpole. The Mandor village, water temperature 29-30 ºC, shandy, pH of 6.9-8.0, salinity of0.5 ppt, water biota grass. Anopheles species found in Amboyo Utara village were larvae of An. vagus (94.30%), An.tessellatus (3.42%), An. subpictus (1.62%), An. indefinitus (0.81%) and An. maculatus (0.81%). Characteristics ofbreeding sites in Mandor village were larvae of An. maculatus (11.11%), An. subpictus (3.70%), and An. vagus(85.18%). The conclusion of this study was that di erent species found at breeding sites with di erent environmentalcharacteristics in both high and low malaria areas in Landak District, West Kalimantan Province.

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites from the genus Plasmodium and transmitted through the bites of Anopheles mosquitoes. This study was an observational analytic research by using adult mosquito specimens. The mosquitoes were caught using indoor net trapping and outdoor cow baited net trapping started at 18.45 to 24.00 for six catching times. Outdoor cow baited net trapping caught 61 mosquitoes from seven different species namely An. aconitus, An. annularis, An. barbirostris, An. indefinitus, An. kochi, and An. vagus. Human bait trap only trapped one species, An. indefinites. The most often caught mosquito was a zoophilic An. barbirostris, while An. indefinitus was the only spesies of anthropozoophilic mosquito and suspected as the malaria vector because they were caught using indoor human bait trap.

Malaria in Indonesia remains a significant health problem. Trenggalek District is one of the receptive malaria areas in East Java Province, Indonesia, with mainly imported malaria from outside Java Island. The people of this district accustomed to traveling to outside Java where malaria is endemic for temporary working purposes. Usually, they have acquired malaria infection in the areas where they worked and brought to their homeland during their return to the district. The number of imported malaria cases depend on the returning season of the workers. When no workers return from outside Java malaria case is zero. During the year of 2012-2016 microscopic examination of Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained thick blood films of the workers have been done in the working activity of Pandean Primary Health Center on their arrival from Kalimantan Island either by active or passive case detection. Microscopically positive data were reported herein to describe the trend of imported malaria in the studied areas. A total number of malaria-infected workers were 118 cases. The trend towards increasing case number yearly between 2012 and 2013 being 1.35%, then decreasing between 2013 and 2016 to only 4 cases in 2016. Different patterns of imported malaria by month were seen in each year but no specific pattern throughout the year. The Plasmodium vivax infection was predominant every year and followed by Plasmodium falciparum and mixed infection of those two species. Trends of imported malaria cases in Trenggalek district were decreased and increased irregularly in each month yearly. However, the number of cases declined annually during 2013 – 2016. Antimalarial prophylaxis and insecticides prevent the workers from malaria infection.

Malaria is a parasitic infectious disease caused by Plasmodiu m , which remains a world health problem with an estimated 219 million cases worldwide. In severe malaria infection, several organs of the body can be affected, including the kidneys. One of the pathophysiology associated with the worsening of this disease is oxidative stress. The use of antioxidants is expected to prevent this, and one product that has a high antioxidant content is virgin coconut oil (VCO). This study aimed to analyze the effect of VCO on the kidney in P lasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice. This study was an in vivo laboratory experimental study with a randomized post-test only control group design using 35 BALB/c mice infected with P . berghei ANKA, weighing 20-30 grams. VCO with the Javara® brand is used with doses of 1, 5, and 10 ml/kg body weight (kgBW)/ day. The parameter assessed were levels of BUN, creatinine, and renal histopathological changes. The administration of VCO on the treated group shows minimal tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis compared to the negative control group. The BUN and creatinine levels in the treated group were also lower than the negative control group. The results showed that VCO has a nephroprotective effect against P. berghei ANKA infection in mice. Keywords: malaria, kidney, virgin coconut oil

Malaria is a disease which is transmitted through the bite of Anopheles mosquito. This study aimed to analyse the difference of type of Anopheles larva breeding places between low malaria case area, namely Mandor Village, and high malaria case area, namely North Amboyo Village, both in Landak Regency, West Kalimantan Province. The samples of Anopheles mosquito breeding places was acquired through accidental sampling from all Anopheles larva breeding places and spatial mapping of breeding place points. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test and Mann-whitney test. This study found 70 breeding place points which consisted of 8 types of place, namely dig well, drilled well, Illegal Gold Mining (PETI) well, puddle, fish pond, sewer, swamp, and rice field. The lowest larva density in Mandor Village was at PETI well (0.48/dip) and the highest was at dig well (0.75/dip). In North Amboyo Village, the lowest density was at number 3 dig well (0.2/dip) and the highest was at rice field (2.3/dip). It can be concluded that there was a significant difference of Anopheles breeding places between low and high malaria case areas.

Background: Amoebiasis, the cause of dysentery and extra-intestinal abscesses, now becomes second fatal parasitic disease in the world. As routine microscopic diagnosis cannot differentiate causative Entamoeba histolytica from non-pathogenic E. dispar and E. moshkovskii, better diagnosis has to be searched.Materials and Methods: Multiplex single round PCR was tested and compared with results of microscopy of wet preparation on 30 samples of diarrheic stools and extra intestinal lesions from amoebiasis suspected patients.Results: Microscopy examination showed that 21 (70%) of the samples were positive for E. histolytica/E. dispar/E. moshkovskii complex and 18 (86%) of them contained hematophagous trophozoites. Multiplex single round PCR showed 12 positive results, from which seven were positive for E. histolytica, two were positive for E. moshkovskii, and three showed mixed of E. histolytica and E. moshkovskii. No samples were positive for E. dispar. High positive rate of microscopy might be related with highly suspected amoebiasis cases, while lower positive PCR might be caused by low parasite density and time-related trophozoite disintegration.Conclusion: The study showed that multiplex single-round PCR is a valuable diagnostic tool for species differentiation, but cannot replace microscopy in the diagnosis of amoebiasis because of its low sensitivity and impossibility to discriminate the form of E. histolytica and whether it is in the disease-causing stage, while microscopic examination is capable to demonstrate the presence of hematophagous trophozoites that indicates it is invasive and at the disease-causing stage of E. histolytica.Keywords: E.histolytica/E.dispar/E.moshkovskii; multiplex single round PCR; microscopic diagnosis; hematophagous; invasive trophozoite

Goat bile has been used by some Indonesian people to treat malaria and increase their stamina. This study aimed to prove whether goat bile toxic or not in BALB/c mice and to verify the antimalarial activity of goat bile at various concentrations in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA . Acute toxicity test was performed using twenty male BALB/c mice with an average body weight of 25 grams, which were divided into four groups. Mice were given 25%, 50%, and 100% goat bile, respectively, while negative control was given distilled water. Any change in weight, odor, color, agitation, appearance, color of urine and feces, coma, and death, were recorded. A different set of mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA. This study conducted using the posttest only control group design with four treatments and five replications. A four day-treatment of goat bile was given by oral gavage to find out its effect on parasitemia level. Infected mice were divided randomly into 4 groups, where the GBNeg group as negative control was given only distilled water. The GB25, GB50, and GB100 groups were treated with 25%, 50%, and 100% goat bile, respectively. The parasitemia was observed daily on Giemsa-stained tail blood smears of each mice. No death or other sign of toxicity was found in goat bile-treated mice. Goat bile showed anti-malarial activity. The parasitemia in all goat bile treated groups was lower compared with the negative control group. The ED50 of goat bile against the growth of parasite was 48,55 %. Goat bile is a potential source of new antimalarial therapies. Further investigations are recommended to yield new anti-malarial drug candidates. Keywords : Goat bile, parasitemia, Plasmodium berghei ANKA, ED50 Correspondence : heny-a@fk.unair.ac.id

Introduction: Mosquito-borne diseases are still a burden worldwide, including in Indonesia. Some of those diseases, such as filariasis and Japanese encephalitis, are transmitted by some species of Culex mosquitoes. We aimed to describe the fauna of Culex mosquitoes in Salamwates village, Dongko subdistrict, Trenggalek district. Methods: Female Culex mosquitoes were collected in Salamwates village at night using the methods of indoor human-baited double bed-net trap and outdoor cow-baited double bed-net trap. The spesies of collected Culex mosquitoes were identified based on identification guide published by Ministry of Health of Republic Indonesia. Results: There were 67 identifiable female mosquitoes collected using cow-baited methods and no female mosquitoes collected using human-baited methods. Those mosquitoes consisted of nine species. Culex tritaeniorhynchus (29.85%), C. gelidus (23.88%), C. vishnui (13.43%), C. pseudovishnui (11.94%) were the dominant species. The peaks of biting activities were at 18.45-19.00 and 23.45-24.00. Conclusion: Nine species of Culex mosquitoes collected using cow-baited methods. C. tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant species. Those mosquitoes were zoophilic and exophagic. The peaks of biting activities of the Culex mosquitoes were at dusk and midnight.

Background Trenggalek district is a hypoendemic malaria area with mainly imported cases brought by migrant workers from islands outside Java. During malaria surveillance in 2015, no malaria cases were found microscopically, but some cases were positive by PCR. Therefore, a study was conducted to prove that local malaria transmission still occur. Methods The adult villagers were invited to the house of the head of this village to be screened for malaria using aseptic venipuncture of 1 mL blood upon informed consent. Thin and thick blood films as well as blood spots on filter paper were made for each subject. The blood films were stained with Giemsa and the blood spots were used to extract DNA for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to determine the malaria infection. In addition, the history of malaria infection and travel to malaria endemic areas were recorded. Entomologic survey to detect the existence of anopheline vector was also conducted. Results Of the total 64 subjects that participated in the survey, no malaria parasites were found through microscopic examination of the blood films. The PCR analysis found six positive cases (two Plasmodium falciparum, one Plasmodium vivax and two mixed infection of both species), and two of them had no history of malaria and have never travelled to malaria endemic area. Entomologic survey using human bait trap detected the existence of Anopheles indefinitus that was found to be positive for P. vivax by PCR. Conclusions The results indicated that although we did not find any microscopically slide positive cases, six PCR positive subjects were found. The fact that 2 of the 6 malaria positive subjects have never travelled to malaria endemic area together with the existence of the vector confirm the occurence of local transmission of malaria in the area.

Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are the worms which transmitted through the soil. The people of Dusun Semen, Grogol, Kediri have a habit of defecating in the river. Farmers who work in direct contact with water and soil is possible to be infected with STH. The purpose of this study was to determine STH species in water, soils, and farmer's fecal samples. Water samples were collected from three spots of river A and B, soil samples from 43 rice fields, and fecal samples from 50 farmers. Water samples were examined by sedimentation, soil samples by floatation, and fecal samples by Kato-Katz method. The data were then analyzed by Chi square test. Out of 18 water samples, 12 samples (66.7%) were positive, consisted of 4 samples (22.2%) contained of Ascaris lumbricoides and 8 samples (44.4%) contained Trichuris trichiura. Total soil samples were 129, where 8 samples (6.2%) were positive for A. lumbricoides, and 10 samples (7.7%) for T. trichiura. Out of 50 villagers, only 39 gave the fecal samples, where 12 samples (31.0%) were positive consisted of 5 samples (12.8%) for A. lumbricoides, 8 samples (20.5%) for T.trichiura. In conclusion, the STH species found in the media of water, soil, and feces of farmers are the similar namely A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Positive farmer samples prove STH transmission from STH contaminated water and soil.Keyword: Water, soil, feces, soil transmitted helminths

Background: Malaria is still a universal health problem, especially in tropical countries because of high morbidity and mortality rates. Infection by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax could result in asymptomatic disease of malaria and be found in Trenggalek, Jawa Timur. Differences in pathogenesis among affected individuals are affected by many factors, and the immune system is one of them. Among substances involved in the malarial immunity is Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α and Interleukin (IL)-10, produced by the body's defense system as the reaction to the parasite. Therefore a study was designed to detect the level of TNF-α and IL-10 in asymptomatic malaria patients.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Thirty male asymptomatic malaria subjects, age 21 to 60 years were selected. Blood from each subject was collected and the levels of TNF-α and IL-10 were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Significant values considered at p0.05), and positive correlation between TNF-α and the rate of hemoglobin (r=0.002; p>0.05). IL-10 was correlated negatively with the rate of hemoglobin (r=-0.363; p

In STH infection, the most important innate immune response on resistance to worm infections are eosinophils and basophils. The purpose of this research is to examine the correlation of eosinophils and basophils with intensity of STH infection among farmers in Bali. In this cross-sectional analytic study, 162 fecal samples from farmers aged 25-80 years were examined by Kato-Kats thick smear method and determined infection intensity based on number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG). Twenty blood samples from STH infected farmer and 20 blood samples from uninfected farmers were examined by flowcytometry method to obtain eosinophils and basophils. The results showed that prevalence of A. lumbricoides single infection was 1.85%, 9,3% of T. trichiura, 0,61% of Hookworm, mixed infection between A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura were 1.2%, mixed infection of A. lumbricoides and Hookworm were 0.61%. There was significant difference of eosinophils and basophils between STH-infected group and uninfected group (p> 0.05). Significant correlation was found between eosinophil count and EPG (rs = 0,572, p = 0,00), also between basophil count and EPG (rs = 0.50, p = 0.001). Eosinophils and basophils are significantly correlated with intensity of STH infection among farmer in Bali.

Malaria is a main health problem in islands area which is under developed and isolated. Nation-wide, in 2014 Maluku province was recorded to have Annual Malaria Incident (AMI) value of 30.4%, positive incidents of 13.30%, ABER 3.76%, SPR 21.50%, and Annual Paracite Incident (API) 8.10%, while South Buru Regency has a value of Annual Malaria Incident (AMI) of 14.49%, 494 positive incidents, ABER 1.12%, SPR 60.91%, and Annual Paracite Incident (API) 6.86%. The purpose of this study was to identify Plasmodium species in malaria incidents in NamroleSubdistrict, South Buru Regency, Maluku Province. Observational research with a sample of 64 respondents for symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria. The instrument for the research was Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and microscopic Gold Standard. Result: Malaria examination by using RDT suggested 3 kinds of parasites, i.e., P. falciparum, P. Vivax, and a mix between P. falciparum and P. vivax. Most parasites found were P. falciparum 56.3%. The accuracy of RDT examination was proven with microscopic test and the result suggested that the RDT sensitivity was 100% and the specifivity was 63.3%. Positive predictive value was 92.9% and negative predictive value was 100%, both were for positive likelihood ration of 2.75%. While for negative likelihood ration of 0%, the value of degree of conformity (Kappa) between RDT and microscopic is 0%. RDT has one benefit that it can be use to conduct malaria diagnosis rapidly, particularly in isolated areas. The benefit of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) was that it could be used in remote and isolated areas to conduct diagnosis. RDT is highly effective and efficient.