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The plants of the Papaveraceae family are used for ornamental purposes because of their varicolored flowers, and are known as medicinal crops. Some species of poppy are used in foods such as salads or sorbets, utilizing the seeds, leaves, pedicels, and petals. There are several morphological similarities among the species of this family, which make it difficult to distinguish the seeds of different species or identify opium poppies. The family is known to contain about 100 species. The leaves of Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule) cultivars with five different flower colors (white, yellow, pink, orange, and scarlet) were sequenced to obtain transcriptome data. Sequencing was done on plants in three different developmental growth stages (leaf rosette, branching and elongation of internodes, and blossom and seed formation). Systematic bioinformatics analysis was conducted to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) unique to the five Papaver nudicaule cultivars and two other Papaver species (Papaver rhoeas and Papaver somniferum). A 739-Mb reference transcriptome (94.6% BUSCO completeness score) from a 566-Gb RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) dataset was obtained. Likewise, 18 significant SNPs were identified to authenticate the three species and five cultivars of Papaver. This study will facilitate future Papaver research, including evaluation of the results for more detailed characterization.

Opium poppy, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, is grown for its alkaloid compounds of pharmaceutical value. Downy mildew caused by Peronospora somniferi and Pe. meconopsidis, substantially impacts crop production. The present study was conducted to identify the host range of Pe. somniferi and Pe. meconopsidis within selected weed and ornamental members of the Papaveraceae family. Nine Papaver spp., Meconopsis cambrica and a nonhost control (tomato, Solanum lycopersicum) were challenged with both pathogens under controlled glasshouse or laboratory conditions using infested soil or foliar applied sporangia as inocula. Peronospora somniferi and Pe. meconopsidis induced disease symptoms, including sporulation, in at least one trial for all tested species except for Pa. atlanticum and tomato. Species‐specific PCR testing of foliage of challenged plants confirmed infections by both pathogen species of symptomatic plants, identifying these as hosts. Positive PCR tests were also obtained from Pa. atlanticum plants for both pathogens. However, in the absence of pathogen sporulation structures as further evidence of infection, the host status of Pa. atlanticum remains inconclusive. Testing of seeds collected from Pe. somniferi and Pe. meconopsidis infected plants of Pa. somniferum, Pa. dubium, Pa. rhoeas and Pa. nudicaule showed presence of both pathogens, indicating likely ability for seed transmission in these species. We identified new hosts of these pathogens and discuss potential implications of these alternative hosts in pathogen survival, dissemination and epidemic initiation.

The anatomical features of leaves and stems of seven species belonging to five genera of the Papaveraceae family were studied, including: Fumaria bracteosa Pomel,1875; Glaucium grandiflorumBoissier & A. Huet,1856; Hypecoum pendulumLinnaeus,1753;Papaver fugax Poiret,1804;Papaver macrostomum Boissier & A. Huet,1867;Papaver rhoeasLinnaeus,1753and Roemeriarefractade Candolle,1821. The results showed thatthe anticlinal cell walls of the adaxial surface were more thickened in P. fugax, H. pendulum, P. macrostomumand R.refracta, while it was thin in P. rhoeas.The current investigation finds three types of the stomata (i.e.,anomocytic, paracytic and hemiparacytic), and the number of stomata on the adaxialepidermis ranged between 22.11 stomata mm2 in P. rhoeasand 69.30 stomata/mm2in P. fugax; the stomatal index percentage on the adaxial surface was 15.04% in P. macrostomumand 4.14% in P.rhoeas.The type of the mesophyll wasbifacial (dorsiventral)in structure for the species. Stems gave a good character in separation of the species;shape and size of cortex cells, and the numbers of cortex layers were taxonomically significant. The observations of this study showed six types of trichomes that werenon-glandular biseriated, triseriated or multiseriated, unicellularwith multicellular short hairs and finally uniseriate long hairs (in G. grandiflorum). P. rhoeasrecognized by found glandular short hairs.

The STORR gene fusion event is considered a key step in the evolution of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) metabolism in opium poppy as the resulting bi-modular protein performs the isomerization of (S)- to (R)-reticuline which is required for morphinan biosynthesis. Our previous analysis of the opium poppy genome suggested the STORR gene fusion event occurred before a whole genome duplication event 7.2 million years ago. Here we use a combination of phylogenetic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, biochemical and genomic analysis to investigate the origin of the STORR gene fusion across the Papaveraceae family. The pro-morphinan/morphinan subclass of BIAs was present in a subset of 10 Papaver species including P. somniferum (opium poppy) and this correlated with the presence of the STORR gene fusion with one important exception. P. californicum does not produce morphinans but it does contain a STORR gene fusion that epimerizes (S)- to (R)-reticuline when heterologously expressed in yeast. The high similarity of the amino acid sequence linking the two modules of STORR along with phylogenetic gene tree analysis strongly suggests the gene fusion occurred only once and between 17-25 million years ago before the separation of P. californicum from the other Papaver species. We discovered that the most abundant BIA in P. californicum is (R)-glaucine, a member of the aporphine subclass of BIAs. Only the (S) isomer of this compound has previously been reported from nature. These results lead us to conclude that the function of the STORR gene fusion is not exclusive to morphinan production in the Papaveraceae.

The flowers of poppies (Papaveraceae) exhibit bright colours, despite their thin and floppy petals. We investigated the optical properties of flowers of Papaver rhoeas, P. dubium, Meconopsis cambrica and Argemone polyanthemos using a combined approach of anatomy, spectrophotometry and optical modelling. The petals of Papaver flowers are composed of only three cell layers, an upper and lower epidermal layer, which are densely filled with pigment, and an unpigmented mesophyll layer. Dense pigmentation together with strong scattering structures, composed of serpentine cell walls and air cavities, cause the striking poppy colours. We discuss how various aspects of the optical signal contribute to the flower’s visibility to pollinators. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00359-018-01313-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Tukhm Khashkhaash is the seeds of Papaver somniferum belonging to the family Papaveraceae. The description of Poppy seeds is mentioned in various classical Unani books. Renowned Unani scholar Avicenna had also described poppy seeds in his famous book “The Canon of Medicine”. He wrote that Tukhme Khashkhaash safaid are the small white seeds obtained from the capsule of white poppy plant. The seeds which are obtained before the incision of capsules for the extraction of opium are considered to be of best quality. They are used since centuries for treating various ailments like diarrhea, dysentery, cough, premature ejaculation, chronic cough, insomnia and skin disorders as well as a nutritive food. Their antibacterial, anti-carcinogenic and hypoglycemic potential have also proved on scientific basis. In this review an effort have been made to collect the disseminated information and summarize the available data of the said drug.

Papaver somniferum commonly known as Khashkhash /Afyon, belongs to family Papaveraceae. It is one of those traditional plants, which have a long history of usage as medicine. The opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) produces some of the most widely used medicinal alkaloids like morphine, codeine, thebain and porphyroxine which are the most important component of this plant. Apart from these alkaloids, opium poppy produces approximately eighty alkaloids belonging to various tetrahydrobenzylisoquinolinederived classes. It has been known for over a century that morphinan alkaloids accumulate in the latex of opium poppy. According to Unani literature, it possesses most important theurapeutic values as modern literature and research studies also prove its therapeutical importance. It is used as analgesic, narcotic, sedative, stimulant as well as nutritive, etc. It is also useful in headache, cough, insomnia, cardiac asthma, and biliary colic. In this paper we have provide a review on habitate, pharmacological actions, phytochemical with special refrence to Unani Medicine. In this review, an attempt is made to explore the complete information of Papaver somniferum including its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Key words: Khashkhash, Biliary colic, Alkaloid, phytochemistry.

Persian poppy (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to the Papaveraceae family that is endemic to the mountainous areas in Northern Iran. It is known for high amounts of the valuable benzylisoquinoline alkaloid thebaine. The effects of induced polyploidy as well as the effect of methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation on the root production of thebaine and on the expression of five alkaloid biosynthesis related genes were studied. The in vitro tetraploidy induction caused a significant increased expression of norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) and salutaridinol (SAT), and a significant decreased expression of berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) in the leaves. In the root tissues, the BBE, NCS, and SAT showed an increased expression in tetraploid plants, while codeinone reductase (COR) showed a decreased expression. A similar alteration pattern was found in mixoploid plants when compared to their diploid counterparts. MeJA at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mM caused a remarkable increase in the thebaine content in the roots of treated plants, where the highest thebaine content was identified in plants elicited with 0.5 mM MeJA. Elicitation treatment caused a substantial increase in the expression of NCS and SAT in the leaves, while it had no major effect on BBE, codeine 3-O-demethylase (CODM) and COR. Expression analysis in the roots showed that MeJA caused a significant increase in the expression of only BBE and NCS, while expression of other studied genes remained unchanged. Our results may be exploited for improved thebaine production and the processing of Persian poppy.

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is a source of morphine, codeine, and semisynthetic derivatives, including oxycodone and naltrexone. Here, we report the de novo assembly and genomic analysis of P. somniferum traditional landrace ‘Chinese Herbal Medicine’. Variations between the 2.62 Gb CHM genome and that of the previously sequenced high noscapine 1 (HN1) variety were also explored. Among 79,668 protein-coding genes, we functionally annotated 88.9%, compared to 68.8% reported in the HN1 genome. Gene family and 4DTv comparative analyses with three other Papaveraceae species revealed that opium poppy underwent two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events. The first of these, in ancestral Ranunculales, expanded gene families related to characteristic secondary metabolite production and disease resistance. The more recent species-specific WGD mediated by transposable elements resulted in massive genome expansion. Genes carrying structural variations and large-effect variants associated with agronomically different phenotypes between CHM and HN1 that were identified through our transcriptomic comparison of multiple organs and developmental stages can enable the development of new varieties. These genomic and transcriptomic analyses will provide a valuable resource that informs future basic and agricultural studies of the opium poppy.

Papaver rhoeas L. (Papaveraceae), commonly known as corn poppy, is a cosmopolitan weed and edible plant capable of possessing biological properties, thus positive correlating with human health. The plant is also known as field poppy, flanders poppy or shirley poppy. It can be consumed raw or cooked, and has been traditionally used to treat nervousness, insomnia, digestive and respiratory disorders, baldness, eye infections, as well as measles treatment. This paper is aimed to contribute to the knowledge of corn poppy by providing a critical review of the botanic characteristics, the traditional uses, the plant chemistry and pharmacology.

We report a new transformation protocol for the pharmaceutically important opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L.; the protocol allows transformation for the first time of high yielding commercial cultivars. The method involves Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection of hypocotyl explants, followed by the production of antibiotic- or herbicide-resistant embryogenic callus and the subsequent induction of somatic embryos and plants. Key elements of the improvement are the use of buffering agents to stabilise medium pH and bottom-cooling of the cultures. Transformation was verified by PCR and Southern blot hybridisation. Transcription of transgenes was confirmed by RT–PCR and product sequencing. Expression of transgenes was detected by histochemical GUS staining, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) enzyme assays for bar and pat genes, and western analysis of transgenic sunflower seed albumin protein. Expression of various transgenes was detected in stem, leaf, seed, capsule and latex. The pat gene was demonstrated to be stably inherited to the T2 generation and to confer phosphinothricin (PPT) herbicide resistance. Most T0 plants showed normal morphology, were self-fertile and the transgenes displayed the expected Mendelian segregation. The percentage of explants producing somatic embryos that developed into plantlets able to be transplanted to soil, ranged from 6–11% in two Tasmanian cultivars.A field trial using pat transgenic plants was designed to estimate the frequency of hybridisation at various distances into buffer rows of non-transgenic poppies and to related weed species, P. somniferum spp. setigerum and P. dubium. The frequency of hybridisation to completely compatible poppy fell sharply with distance, being 2.6% at 20 cm, 2.13% at 0.5 m and falling to 0% at 2.5 and 5 m. No hybridisation could be detected to two weed species under open pollination conditions, including the compatible P. somniferum spp. setigerum, when grown as close as 20 cm, despite flowering at the same time as the transgenic plants in the presence of foraging bees.

Evolutionary change is considered a major factor influencing the invasion of new habitats by plants. Yet, evidence on how such modifications promote range expansion remains rather limited. Here we investigated flower color modifications in the red poppy, Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae), as a result of its introduction into Central Europe and the impact of those modifications on its interactions with pollinators. We found that while flowers of Eastern Mediterranean poppies reflect exclusively in the red part of the spectrum, those of Central European poppies reflect both red and ultraviolet (UV) light. This change coincides with a shift from pollination by glaphyrid beetles (Glaphyridae) to bees. Glaphyrids have red-sensitive photoreceptors that are absent in bees, which therefore will not be attracted by colors of exclusively red-reflecting flowers. However, UV-reflecting flowers are easily detectable by bees, as revealed by visual modeling. In the North Mediterranean, flowers with low and high UV reflectance occur sympatrically. We hypothesize that Central European populations of P. rhoeas were initially polymorphic with respect to their flower color and that UV reflection drove a shift in the pollination system of P. rhoeas that facilitated its spread across Europe.

Phylogenomic analysis of whole genome sequences of five benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA)-producing species from the Ranunculales and Proteales orders of flowering plants revealed the sequence and timing of evolutionary events leading to the diversification of these compounds. (S)-Reticuline is a pivotal intermediate in the synthesis of many BIAs and our analyses revealed parallel evolution between the two orders, which diverged ∼122 million years ago (MYA). Berberine is present in species across the entire Ranunculales, and we found co-evolution of genes essential for production of the protoberberine class. The benzophenanthridine class, which includes the antimicrobial compound sanguinarine, is specific to the Papaveraceae family of Ranunculales, and biosynthetic genes emerged after the split with the Ranunculaceae family ∼110 MYA but before the split of the three Papaveraceae species used in this study at ∼77 MYA. The phthalideisoquinoline noscapine and morphinan class of BIAs are exclusive to the opium poppy lineage. Ks estimation of paralogous pairs indicates that morphine biosynthesis evolved more recently than 18 MYA in the Papaver genus. In the preceding 100 million years gene duplication, neofunctionalization and recruitment of additional enzyme classes, combined with gene clustering, gene fusion, and gene amplification, resulted in emergence of medicinally valuable BIAs including morphine and noscapine., Annotated genomes of five benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA)-producing species are used to conduct gene tree analysis and uncover the events leading to emergence of major BIA biosynthetic pathways in Ranunculales. Ks estimation of key paralogous pairs revealed that morphine biosynthesis evolved more recently than 18 million years ago in the Papaver genus. Contrary to previous reports, this study indicates that BIA biosynthesis evolved independently in the Ranunculales and Proteales orders.

Se aportan datos sobre la presencia de Papaver orientale L. en España. It is shown some data about Papaver orientale L. in Spain.

We generated a complete plastid genome (plastome) sequence for Lamprocapnos spectabilis, providing the first complete plastome from the subfamily Fumarioideae (Papaveraceae). The Lamprocapnos plastome shows large differences in size, structure, gene content, and substitution rates compared with two sequenced Papaveraceae plastomes. We propose a model that explains the major rearrangements observed, involving at least six inverted repeat (IR) boundary shifts and five inversions, generating a number of gene duplications and relocations, as well as a two-fold expansion of the IR and miniaturized small single-copy region. A reduction in the substitution rates for genes transferred from the single-copy regions to the IR was observed. Accelerated substitution rates of plastid accD and clpP were detected in the Lamprocapnos plastome. The accelerated substitution rate for the accD gene was correlated with a large insertion of amino acid repeat (AAR) motifs in the middle region, but the forces driving the higher substitution rate of the clpP gene are unclear. We found a variable number of AARs in Lamprocapnos accD and ycf1 genes within individuals, and the repeats were associated with coiled-coil regions. In addition, comparative analysis of three Papaveraceae plastomes revealed loss of rps15 in Papaver, and functional replacement to the nucleus was identified.

Papaver bracteatum, belonging to Papaveraceae, is considered to be a primary ingredient in the production of codeine and anti-drug drugs (e.g., naloxone and Naltrexone) without the involvement of morphine. For polyploidy induction, papaver seedlings were treated with various colchicine concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5% w/v) in three time durations (24, 48 and 72 h). The effects of polyploidy induction on morphological, physiological, alkaloid production and gene expression levels in the pathway of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids were analyzed. High rates of seedling survival were observed at lower colchicine concentrations (0.05 and 0.1% w/v) versus higher concentrations (0.2 and 0.5% w/v). The best polyploidy treatment to induce P. bracteatum shoot tips was observed in plants treated with 0.2% colchicine for 72 h. P. bracteatum-induced tetraploids showed higher stomata and an increase in leaf area (mm2), chlorophyll (a, b and total) and a decrease in stomata density, leaf length (cm) and petiole length. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting analysis revealed that chromosome number was 2n = 2x = 14 in diploid plants and 2n = 4x = 28 in tetraploid plants. Gene expression analysis through semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the transcription level of sat and tydc genes of the benzylisoquinoline biosynthesis pathway was enhanced in tetraploid plants. The tetraploid plants of P. bracteatum also showed 5.86 and 30.55 times higher thebaine and noscapine contents than the diploid plants, respectively. Regarding the higher commercial value of thebaine and noscapine, tetraploids can efficiently be used to improve the thebaine and noscapine production of P. bracteatum.

Opium poppy, a member of the Papaveraceae family, is an ancient herbaceous plant and well-known medical resource in the pharmaceutical industry. However, opium poppies are grown worldwide for producing illicit drugs, significantly increasing the incidence of narcotic drug abuse. Since the narcotic poppy has not yet been genetically investigated, we characterized a novel variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) marker of forensically important poppy species based on the genetic analysis of 164 samples collected from two locations spanning the Jeolla province and Jeju island of South Korea. Comparing analysis of the chloroplast (cp) genome sequences for four representative species of Papaver (Papaver somniferum, Papaver somniferum subs. setigerum, Papaver orientale, and Papaver rhoeas) revealed a unique region with 1–3 repeats for 16 nucleotide motifs in the genome inverted repeat A (IRA, positions 128,651 to 128,698) region. For 16 nucleotide motifs, 3 repeats were found in P. somniferum, and 2 repeats were found in P. somniferum subs. setigerum. Therefore, 10 known and the 133 unknown, seized Papaver species were compared to determine whether the species could be identified via variations in the repeat units. The sizes of a novel VNTR ranged from 181 to 252 bp between the species. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that a novel VNTR, which we named Pscp1, could clearly distinguish between the narcotic and non-narcotic types of Papaver species based on the patterns of sequence variation. Interestingly, we found that Pscp1 could also distinguish between P. somniferum and P. somniferum subs. setigerum. The regions of eight non-narcotic species displayed similar patterns and also differences were found due to the nucleotide substitution and deletion events. The structural differences of Pscp1 were observed within the two narcotic species or between the narcotic and non-narcotic species, suggesting that these variations may act as a genetic marker. We, therefore, developed a new Pscp1 PCR-capillary electrophoresis (CE) method that can reliably identify the narcotic type of Papaver species. Taken together, our findings suggest that the newly developed Pscp1 can be used as an identification marker of opium poppy, and establish that the Pscp1 genotyping method by PCR-CE is an effective primary screening tool that can also contribute to species discrimination in the field of forensic diagnosis and applications.

Opium poppy belongs to the family − ‘Papaveraceae’ and is well known mainly for its pharmaceutically important alkaloids and seeds. In order to delineate the gene-effects conditioning the expression of seed yield and straw alkaloids, six crosses viz. IS 14 × Sampada, I 14 × Mtu, Sampada × Sujata, CIM Ajay × Dfr 44, Sapna × Sanchita and SPS 49 × TS 1 involving the eleven parents, were sampled for P1, P2 and F1 (=P1 × P2) non segregating, and F2 (=F1), BCP1 (=F1 × P1), and BCP2 (=F1 × P2) segregating generations. The days to flowering (50%) and plant height showed all the three type of interactions (i, j, l) in three crosses, namely C1 − IS 14 × Sampada and C2 − I 14 × Mtu but the traits peduncle length, codeine and thebaine content showed in other three crosses as C1 − IS 14 × Sampada, C2 − I 14 × Mtu, C3 − Sampada × Sujata and C4 − CIM Ajay × Dfr 44 in order. The two type of interactions additive × additive and additive × dominance interactions (i, j,) exhibited by the C6 − SPS 49 × TS 1 for plant height and thebaine content, C5 − Sapna × Sanchita for peduncle length, codeine and narcotine content. The genetic basis of character expression indicated that the interacting crosses showing non-allelic interactions particularly duplicate epistasis in most of the crosses. While most of those without epistatic interactions exhibited superiority over parental mean. On the basis of study results the two specific cross combinations like Sampada × Sujata and CIMAP Ajay × Dfr 44 are selected to ensure tangible superiority for the most economic traits like high seed yield and poppy straw/capsule husk alkaloids including other contributing traits also like early flowering, capsule index for poppy crop improvement programme.

Papaver setigerum is an annual herb that is closely related to the opium poppy, P. somniferum. Genetic resources for P. setigerum are scarce. In the present study, we assembled the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of P. setigerum based on genome skimming data, and we conducted comparative cp genome analyses to study the evolutionary pattern in Papaveraceae. The cp genome of P. setigerum is 152,862 bp in length with a typical quadripartite structure. Comparative analyses revealed no gene rearrangement in the Papaveraceae family, although differences were evident in genome size, gene losses, as well as inverted repeats (IR) region expansion and contraction. The rps15 gene has been lost from the genomes of Meconopsis racemosa, Coreanomecon hylomeconoides, P. orientale, P. somniferum, and P. setigerum, and the ycf15 gene is found only in C. hylomeconoides. Moreover, 13 cpDNA markers, including psbA-trnH, rps16-trnQ, trnS-trnG, trnC-petN, trnE-trnT, trnL-trnF, trnF-ndhJ, petA-psbJ, ndhF-rpl32, rpl32-trnL, ccsA-ndhD, ndhE-ndhG, and rps15-ycf1, were identified with relatively high levels of variation within Papaver, which will be useful for species identification in this genus. Among those markers, psbA-trnH is the best one to distinguish P. somniferum and P. setigerum.

Background Papaver nudicaule belongs to the Papaveraceae family, which is planted as an annual herbaceous species generally for ornamental purpose. Papaver rhoeas in the same family has been reported to have various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant and analgesic effects. In contrast, little is known about the pharmacological activity of Papaver nudicaule. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of Papaver nudicaule extracts and the action mechanisms were investigated in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Methods To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of five cultivars of Papaver nudicaule with different flower color, samples were collected from their aerial parts at two growth stages (60 and 90 days) and their ethanol extracts were evaluated in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells by measuring nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production were also analyzed by RT-PCR and multiplex assays. Nuclear Factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways were examined using western blotting and luciferase reporter assays to reveal the action mechanism of Papaver nudicaule extracts in their anti-inflammatory activity. Results All of the Papaver nudicaule extracts were effective in reducing the LPS-induced NO, which is an important inflammatory mediator, and the extract of Papaver nudicaule with white flower collected at 90 days (NW90) was selected for further experiments because of the best effect on reducing the LPS-induced NO as well as no toxicity. NW90 lowered the LPS-induced PGE2 level and decreased the LPS-induced Nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). In addition, NW90 reduced the LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-6. Furthermore, NW90 inhibited the LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and STAT3. Conclusions These results indicate that NW90 may restrain inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB and STAT3, suggesting the potential therapeutic properties of Papaver nudicaule against inflammatory disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2497-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

With this study, it is aimed to determine the effects of some abiotic factors on the exit of poppy root weevils (Ethelcus denticulatus Schrank) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from their overwintering area. Poppy root weevils is the most important harmful pest of poppy fields (Papaver somniferum L.) (Rhoedales; Papaveraceae). According to the findings, the first adults were seen on the soil on March 10, 2014. It has been observed that as the temperature of the air increases, the number of adults on the soil surface also increases. Thus, it was determined that the number of adults in square meters reached the highest level on April 21, 2014. After this date, it was determined that the number of wintering adults decreased gradually. While the first insect on the surface of the field was caught on March 09, 2015 in the second year. It was determined that the number of highest poppy root weevils caught on the soil surface and in the traps was on April 13, 2015. After this date, it was determined that both the trapped insects and their numbers in m2 decreased. There were significant (P£0.05) correlations between the poppy root weevil exit from their overwintering area and soil temperature (r=0.648, r2=0.461, n=84 P=0.000) and temperature (r=0.59, r2=0.277, n=84, P=0.004) whereas there was no significant correlation between it and soil moisture (r=0.310, r2=0.021, n=84, P=0.466), humidity (r=0.32, r2=0.108, n=84, P=0.87) and rain (r=0.38, r2=0.101, n=84, P=0.73).

Papaver bracteatum Lindl., Coll. Bot.: sub tab. 23. 1821. Lectotypus (designated by GOLDBLATT, 1974a: 285): [UNKNOWN]: cult. in the Chelsea Physic Garden, s.d., Anon. s.n. (K). = Papaver pollakii Kerner in Wiener Ill. Gart.- Zeitung 13: 272. 1888. Lectotypus (designated by GOLDBLATT, 1978: 775): [IRAN]: cult. in the Vienna Botanical Garden [raised from seed collected in northern Iran by Jakob Eduard Pollak], 1886, Anon. s.n. (WU-039731!). = Papaver lasiothrix Fedde in Engl., Pflanzenr. 40: 366. 1909. Lectotypus (designated by GOLDBLATT, 1974a: 285; second-step designated here): IRAN: ���in valle Lur montium Elburs occid. ad pagum Getschesar���, s.d., J. & A. Bornm��ller 6094 (W-1904-0001502!). For further synonyms see GOLDBLATT (1974a). Note. ��� According to a pencil note on WU 039731 referring to the acquisition number the type specimen of P. pollakii has been cultivated in the garden of Sch��nbrunn, the summer residence of Emperor Franz Joseph I on the western fringe of Vienna. A second-step lectotypification (in the sense of TURLAND et al., 2018) is necessary for P. lasiothrix because the herbarium in which J.A. Bornm��ller 6094 is kept has not been indicated in the original lectotypification (GOLDBLATT, 1974a: 285)., Published as part of Lack, H. Walter, 2019, The discovery and naming of Papaver orientale s. l. (Papaveraceae) with notes on its nomenclature and early cultivation, pp. 47-64 in Candollea 74 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.15553/c2019v741a7, http://zenodo.org/record/5724663, {"references":["GOLDBLATT, P. (1974 a). Biosystematic studies in Papaver section Oxytona. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 264 - 296.","GOLDBLATT, P. (1978). The identity of Papaver pollakii Kerner. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65: 775.","TURLAND, N. J., J. H. WIERSEMA, F. R. BARRIE, W. GREUTER, D. L. HAWKSWORTH, P. S. HERENDEEN, S. KNAPP, W. W. KUSBER, D. - Z. LI, K. MARHOLD, T. W. MAY, J. MCNEILL, A. M. MONRO, J. PRADO, M. J. PRICE & G. F. SMITH (2018). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Veg. 159."]}

Papaver pseudo-orientale (Fedde) Medw. in Izv. Kavkazk. Muz. 11: 204. 1918 [nom. illeg.] [non E.G. Camus] [nom. cons. prop.]. ��� Papaver bracteatum var. pseudo-orientale Fedde in Engl., Pflanzenr. 40: 365. 1910. ��� Papaver setiferum Goldblatt in Novon 21: 182. 2011 [nom. illeg.] [non P. setigerum DC.]. Lectoypus (designated by GOLDBLATT, 1974a: 292): Turkey: ��� Armenia turcica. Szandschak G��m��schkhane, Argyridagh���, 20.VI.1894, Sintenis 5989 (B [B 010 0294948]!; isolect-: BM [BM000551491]!, BP, BR [BR0000005281107]!, E [E00062052]!, FI [FI010083]!, G [G00341842, G00341843]!, K [K000653188]!, JE!, LD [LD1803363, LD1808290, LD1816097, LD1817410, LD1820162, LD1820226, LD1821153]!, P [P00738944, P00738946, P00738948, P02471236]!, S, WU) (Fig. 8). = Papaver intermedium A. DC. in M��m. Soc. Phys. Gen��ve 7: 301. 1836 [nom. illeg.] [non Becker]. Lectotypus (designated by GOLDBLATT, 1974a: 292): [UNKNOWN]: ���Jard. de Gen��ve��� [cult. in the Geneva Botanical Garden], 2.VI.1828, Anon. s.n. (G [G00341844]!)., Published as part of Lack, H. Walter, 2019, The discovery and naming of Papaver orientale s. l. (Papaveraceae) with notes on its nomenclature and early cultivation, pp. 47-64 in Candollea 74 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.15553/c2019v741a7, http://zenodo.org/record/5724663, {"references":["GOLDBLATT, P. (1974 a). Biosystematic studies in Papaver section Oxytona. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 264 - 296."]}

Papaver orientale L., Sp. Pl.: 508. 1753. Lectotypus (GOLDBLATT, 1974a: 288): SINE LOCO: Herb. LINN n�� 669/10 (Fig. 7). = Papaver monanthum Trautv. in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-P��tersbourg 10: 393. 1866. ��� Papaver orientale var. monanthum (Trautv.) Trautv. in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 4: 346. 1876. Lectotypus (designated by MICHEEV, 1993: 118): GEORGIA: ���Schambobell ��� Geb.���, 9.VII.1865, Radde 117 (LE image seen, Fiche 75/C 1 in GELTMAN, 1995b); isolecto-: LE image seen, Fiche 75/B 8 in GELTMAN, 1995b). = Papaver orientale var. paucifoliatum Trautv. in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 4: 346. 1876. ��� Papaver paucifoliatum (Trautv.) Fedde in Engl., Pflanzenr. 40: 366. 1909. Lectotypus (designated by GOLDBLATT, 1974a: 289): GEORGIA: ���ad lacum Tabizchuri���, 1875, Raddi 73 (L; isolecto-: LE image seen, Fiche 75/C 7 in GELTMAN, 1995b). For further synonyms see GOLDBLATT (1974a). Notes. ��� The isolectotype of the name P. orientale var. paucifoliatum Trautv. in LE has not been mentioned in the original lectotypification (GOLDBLATT, 1974a: 289). Although stated (MICHEEV, 1993), this name has not been lectotypified in Flora SSSR (POPOV, 1937) because the expression ��� type ��� or its equivalents have not been used in this treatment., Published as part of Lack, H. Walter, 2019, The discovery and naming of Papaver orientale s. l. (Papaveraceae) with notes on its nomenclature and early cultivation, pp. 47-64 in Candollea 74 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.15553/c2019v741a7, http://zenodo.org/record/5724663, {"references":["GOLDBLATT, P. (1974 a). Biosystematic studies in Papaver section Oxytona. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 264 - 296.","MICHEEV, A. D. (1993). Obsor vidov semejstva Papaveraceae flory Kavkasa. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningad) 78 (5): 115 - 124.","GELTMAN, D. V. (1995 b). The Caucasian Herbarium. Komarov Botanical Institute, St. Petersburg. IDC.","POPOV, M. G. (1937). Makovye - Papaveraceae B. Juss. In: SISKIN, B. K. (ed.), Flora SSSR 7: 573 - 717."]}

Papaveraceae familyasının Glaucium genusunu dahil Glaucium flavum, genellikle sarı çiçekli olarak 500 m’den az yükseklikte su kenarlarındaki kumlarda ve erozyona uğramış kayalık alanlarda yetişmektedir. İçerdiği izokinolin alkaloitleri sebebiyle antitussif, nöroprotektif, antienflamatuar ve antibakteriyel etkileri mevcuttur. Üç farklı lokasyondan toplanan Glaucium flavum bitkisinin toprak üstü kısımları üzerinde Avrupa Farmakopesi’nde yer alan “kurutmada kayıp, total kül, sülfat külü ve hidroklorik asitte çözünmeyen kül” miktar tayinleri yapılmıştır. Bitkilerin alkaloit profili GC-MS yöntemi ile tespit edilmiştir. Bitki örneklerinin alkaloit ekstreleri üzerinde asetilkolinesteraz ve butirilkolinesteraz inhibitör aktiviteleri çalışılmıştır. Bitkilerin alkaloit profiline bakıldığında Şakran, İzmir’den toplanan Bulancak, Giresun kültürü olan bitkide glausin; Mordoğan, İzmir’den toplanan bitkide izokoridin; Karabiga, Çanakkale’den toplanan bitkide molekül ağırlığı 337 olan bir alkaloit major olarak bulunmuştur. Bitkilerden hazırlanan ekstrelerin hepsinde asetilkolinesteraz ve butirilkolinesteraz inhibitör aktivite potansiyeli tespit edilmiştir. Çalışılan bitkiler arasında en yüksek aktivite Karabiga, Çanakkale’den toplanan bitki ekstresinde gözlenmiştir. Asetilkolinesteraz inhibitör aktivite için en yüksek IC50 değeri 8,98 μg/mL iken, butirilkolinesteraz için en yüksek IC50 değeri 17,46 μg/mL’dir. Aynı bitkinin farklı lokasyonlardan toplanan örneklerinde alkaloit profili ve biyolojik aktivite açısından farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir., Glaucium flavum, species of Glaucium belonging to Papaveraceae family, grows mostly with yellow flowers in sand in waterside and rocky areas which suffered from erosion below 500 meters height. Due to the isoquinoline alkaloid it content, it has antitussive, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Herba of Glaucium flavum collected from three distinct locations were studied with “Loss on drying, total ash, sulfate ash and ash insoluble in HCl” in accordance with European Pharmacopoeia. Alkaloid profile of the plant is detected by GC-MS “(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry)” method. Inhibitory activities of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase were examined on alkaloid extracts of the plant samples. Glaucine was found to be major compound in the plant that was collected from Sakran, Izmir which is a Bulancak, Giresun culture form; isocorydine was major compound in the plant that was collected from Mordogan, Izmir; an alkaloid with a moleculer weight of 337 was found to be major compound in the plant that was collected from Karabiga, Canakkale. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity potentials were detected in all extracts obtained from the plants. The highest activity between the examined plants is found in the plant extract that was collected from Karabiga, Canakkale. For the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, the highest IC50 value is 8,98 μg/mL whereas the highest IC50 value is 17,46 μg/mL for the butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Difference of alkaloid profile and biological activity were detected between the samples of the plant that are collected from different locations.

There is a vast amount of fruit morphological diversity in terms of their texture, the number of carpels, if those carpels are fused or not and how fruits open to disperse the seeds. Arabidopsis thaliana, a model eudicot, has a dry bicarpellate silique, when the fruit matures, the two valves fall apart through the dehiscence zone leaving the seeds attached to the remaining medial tissue, called the replum. Proper replum development in A. thaliana is mediated by REPLUMLESS (RPL), a TALE Homeodomain protein. RPL represses the valve margin genetic program and the downstream dehiscence zone formation in the medial tissue of the siliques and RPL orthologs have conserved roles across the Brassicaceae eudicots. A RPL homolog, qSH1, has been studied in rice, a monocot, and plays a role in fruit shedding making it difficult to predict functional evolution of this gene lineage across angiosperms. Although RPL orthologs have been identified across all angiosperms, expression and functional analyses are scarce. In order to fill the phylogenetic gap between the Brassicaceae and monocots we have characterized the expression patterns of RPL homologs in two poppies with different fruit types, Bocconia frutescens with operculate valvate dehiscence and a persistent medial tissue, similar to a replum, and Papaver somniferum, a poppy with persistent medial tissue in between the multicarpellate gynoecia. We found that RPL homologs in Papaveraceae have broad expression patterns during plant development; in the shoot apical meristem, during flowering transition and in many floral organs, especially the carpels. These patterns are similar to those of RPL in A. thaliana. However, our results suggest that RPL does not have conserved roles in the maintenance of medial persistent tissues of fruits but may be involved with establishing the putative dehiscence zone in dry poppy fruits.

Poppies are well-known plants in the family Papaveraceae that are rich in alkaloids. This family contains 61 species, and in this study we sequenced the transcriptomes of four species&rsquo, (Papaver rhoeas, Papaver nudicaule, Papaver fauriei, and Papaver somniferum) leaves. These transcripts were systematically assessed for the expression of secondary metabolite biosynthesis (SMB) genes and cytochromes, and their expression profiles were assessed for use in bioinformatics analyses. This study contributed 265 Gb (13 libraries with three biological replicates) of leaf transcriptome data from three Papaver plant developmental stages. Sequenced transcripts were assembled into 815 Mb of contigs, including 226 Mb of full-length transcripts. The transcripts for 53 KEGG pathways, 55 cytochrome superfamilies, and benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis (BIA) were identified and compared to four other alkaloid-rich genomes. Additionally, 22 different alkaloids and their relative expression profiles in three developmental stages of Papaver species were assessed by targeted metabolomics using LC-QTOF-MS/MS. Collectively, the results are given in co-occurrence heat-maps to help researchers obtain an overview of the transcripts and their differential expression in the Papaver development life cycle, particularly in leaves. Moreover, this dataset will be a valuable resource to derive hypotheses to mitigate an array of Papaver developmental and secondary metabolite biosynthesis issues in the future.

To get a better understanding of their taxonomic importance, we examined morphological, leaf epidermal and seed micromorphological characters of 19 taxa of annual Papaver L. belonging to the sections Papaver, Carinatae Fedde and Rhoeadium Spach. Among the studied taxa, the pattern of the coat of the seed testa cells and seed epidermal cell showed large variation. The granulate type of testa sculpturing was most common, but other types were represented by one or two species. In contrast, most of the taxa have broadly similar leaf epidermal characteristics. We conclude that variation in seed characters are significant for the taxonomy at the specific and generic levels, whereas leaf epidermis morphology, with few exceptions, is mostly only useful for separation of taxa within species. Based on the results, P. lacerum Popov is regarded as a synonym of P. commutatum Fisch. & C. A. Mey, while P. piptostigma Bienert ex Fedde, P. halophilum (Fedde) Cullen and P. tubuliferum Fedde are regarded as synonyms of P. macrostomum Boiss. et Huet ex Boiss. var. macrostomum. Further, Papaver gaubae Cullen & Rech. f. and P. bipinnatum C. A. Mey. are included into the synonymy list of P. glaucum Boiss. et Hausskn. and P. arenarium M.-Bieb., respectively. In contrast, Papaver chelidoniifolium Fisch. & C. A. Mey. var. pinnatum Tavakkoli & Assadi from Gilan province is described as a new variety, and P. rhoeas L. var. strigosum Boenn. and var. glabrum Fedde and P. commutatum subsp. euxinum Kadereit are introduced as new records to Iran. The evolutionary and phylogenetic implications of the observed variation in seed characteristics are also discussed.

The active constituents of Korean Papaver rhoeas bee pollen conferring neuraminidase inhibitory activities (H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1) were investigated. Six flavonoids and one alkaloid were isolated and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data. These included kaempferol-3-sophoroside (1), kaempferol-3-neohesperidoside (2), kaempferol-3-sambubioside (3), kaempferol-3-glucoside (4), quercetin-3-sophoroside (5), luteolin (6), and chelianthifoline (7). All compounds showed neuraminidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values ranging from 10.7 to 151.1 µM. The most potent neuraminidase inhibitor was luteolin, which was the dominant content in the ethyl acetate fraction. All tested compounds displayed noncompetitive inhibition of H3N2 neuraminidase. Furthermore, compounds 1-7 all reduced the severity of virally induced cytopathic effects as determined by the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell-based assay showing antiviral activity with IC50 values ranging from 10.7 to 33.4 µM (zanamivir: 58.3 µM). The active compounds were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the total amount of compounds 1-7 made up about 0.592 g/100 g bee pollen, contributing a rich resource of a natural antiviral product.