18 results on '"virosis"'
Search Results
2. CARACTERIZACIÓN DE PACIENTES CON COVID-19 GRAVE ATENDIDOS EN UN HOSPITAL DE REFERENCIA NACIONAL DEL PERÚ.
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Acosta, Giancarlo, Escobar, Gerson, Bernaola, Gissela, Alfaro, Johan, Taype, Waldo, Marcos, Carlos, and Amado, Jose
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In order to describe manifestations from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), sociodemographic variables such as, previous medical history, clinical and radiological manifestations, treatments and evolution of patients were evaluated. This took place from March 6th to 25th, 2020, in the "Edgardo Rebagliati Martins" National Hospital in Lima. Seventeen patients were registered: 76% were male, with an average age of 53.5 years (range 25-94); 23.5% had returned from abroad; 41.2% were referred from other health facilities; 41.2% were admitted to mechanical ventilation; 29.4% (5 patients) died. The risk factors detected were: advanced age, arterial hypertension and obesity. The main symptoms detected were: cough, fever and dyspnea. Frequent laboratory findings were: elevated C-reactive protein and lymphopenia. The predominant radiological presentation was bilateral interstitial lung infiltrate. A first experience in the management of patients diagnosed with severe COVID-19 in Peru is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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3. COVID-19: RESPUESTA INMUNE Y PERSPECTIVAS TERAPÉUTICAS.
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Lozada-Requena, Iván and Núñez Ponce, César
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Disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) is characterized by fever, cough, and affection of the lower respiratory tract. It is associated with age, comorbidities and a weakened immune system. Typically, lymphopenias have been evidenced in severe cases and an excessive production of inflammatory cytokines (cytokine storm), which would explain the role of the hyperinflammatory response in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Secondary inflammatory responses from virus reinfections may induce antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), a viremic phenomenon that may be an alternative mechanism of cellular infection and should be considered when designing vaccines or immunotherapies involving the stimulation of neutralizing antibodies or the use of monoclonal antibodies. Currently, no vaccines or treatments demonstrate safety and efficacy in patients with COVID-19. However, the results from phase III clinical trials which involve the application of an mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) nucleic acid vaccine and an antiviral drug (remdisivir), are yet to be concluded. For the time being, the best measure to prevent the spread of COVID-19 is by implementing social isolation, this measure has been adopted by several countries as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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4. To breastfeed or not to breastfeed? Lack of evidence on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in breastmilk of pregnant women with COVID-19.
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Martins-Filho, Paulo Ricardo, Santana Santos, Victor, and Santos Jr., Hudson P.
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COVID-19 , *SARS-CoV-2 , *PREGNANT women , *THIRD trimester of pregnancy , *SYMPTOMS - Abstract
A rapid systematic review was carried out to evaluate the current evidence related to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk from pregnant women with COVID-19. Eight studies analyzing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the breast milk of 24 pregnant women with COVID-19 during the third trimester of pregnancy were found. All patients had fever and/or symptoms of acute respiratory illness and chest computed tomography images indicative of COVID-19 pneumonia. Most pregnant women had cesarean delivery (91.7%) and two neonates had low birthweight (< 2 500 g). Biological samples collected immediately after birth from upper respiratory tract (throat or nasopharyngeal) of neonates and placental tissues showed negative results for the presence SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR test. No breast milk samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 and, to date, there is no evidence on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk of pregnant women with COVID-19. However, data are still limited and breastfeeding of women with COVID-19 remains a controversial issue. There are no restrictions on the use of milk from a human breast milk bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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5. Clinical trials on drug repositioning for COVID-19 treatment.
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Viveiros Rosa, Sandro G. and Santos, Wilson C.
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COVID-19 , *CLINICAL drug trials , *SARS-CoV-2 , *COVID-19 pandemic , *DEATH rate - Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) was informed on December 2019 about a coronavirus pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, Hubei province (China). Subsequently, on March 12, 2020, 125,048 cases and 4,614 deaths were reported. Coronavirus is an enveloped RNA virus, from the genus Betacoronavirus, that is distributed in birds, humans, and other mammals. WHO has named the novel coronavirus disease as COVID-19. More than 80 clinical trials have been launched to test coronavirus treatment, including some drug repurposing or repositioning for COVID-19. Hence, we performed a search in March 2020 of the clinicaltrials.gov database. The eligibility criteria for the retrieved studies were: contain a clinicaltrials.gov base identifier number; describe the number of participants and the period for the study; describe the participants' clinical conditions; and utilize interventions with medicines already studied or approved for any other disease in patients infected with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV). It is essential to emphasize that this article only captured trials listed in the clinicaltrials.gov database. We identified 24 clinical trials, involving more than 20 medicines, such as human immunoglobulin, interferons, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, favipiravir, lopinavir, ritonavir, oseltamivir, methylprednisolone, bevacizumab, and traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). Although drug repurposing has some limitations, repositioning clinical trials may represent an attractive strategy because they facilitate the discovery of new classes of medicines; they have lower costs and take less time to reach the market; and there are existing pharmaceutical supply chains for formulation and distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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6. Recommendations for a safety dental care management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Martins-Filho, Paulo Ricardo, de Gois-Santos, Vanessa Tavares, Souza Tavares, Carolina Santos, Magalhães de Melo, Elisama Gomes, do Nascimento-Júnior, Edmundo Marques, and Santana Santos, Victor
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SARS-CoV-2 , *DENTAL care , *PANDEMICS , *COVID-19 pandemic , *SARS virus - Abstract
As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted mainly through droplets, sneezes and aerosols, there is a high risk of transmission during dental procedures. This report describes measures that can be adopted by oral healthcare personnel to minimize the risk of cross-contamination in clinical practice during the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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7. COVID-19 and newborn health: systematic review.
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Duran, Pablo, Berman, Stephen, Niermeyer, Susan, Jaenisch, Thomas, Forster, Thais, de Leon, Rodolfo Gomez Ponce, De Mucio, Bremen, and Serruya, Suzanne
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COVID-19 , *INFANT health , *CORD blood , *META-analysis , *SARS-CoV-2 , *ASPHYXIA neonatorum , *KLEBSIELLA infections - Abstract
Objective. To describe perinatal and neonatal outcomes in newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Methods. A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed Central, LILACS, and Google Scholar using the keywords 'covid ' AND 'newborn' OR 'child' OR 'infant,' on 18 March 2020, and again on 17 April 2020. One researcher conducted the search and extracted data on demographics, maternal outcomes, diagnostic tests, imaging, and neonatal outcomes. Results. Of 256 publications identified, 20 met inclusion criteria and comprised neonatal outcome data for 222 newborns whose mothers were suspected or confirmed to be SARS-CoV-2 positive perinatally (17 studies) or of newborns referred to hospital with infection/pneumonia (3 studies). Most (12 studies) were case-series reports; all were from China, except three (Australia, Iran, and Spain). Of the 222 newborns, 13 were reported as positive for SARS-CoV-2; most of the studies reported no or mild symptoms and no adverse perinatal outcomes. Two papers among those from newborns who tested positive reported moderate or severe clinical characteristics. Five studies using data on umbilical cord blood, placenta, and/or amniotic fluid reported no positive results. Nine studies reported radiographic imaging, including 5 with images of pneumonia, increased lung marking, thickened texture, or high-density nodular shadow. Minor, non-specific changes in biochemical variables were reported. Studies that tested breast milk reported negative SARS-CoV-2 results. Conclusions. Given the paucity of studies at this time, vertical transmission cannot be confirmed or denied. Current literature does not support abstaining from breastfeeding nor separating mothers and newborns. Further evidence and data collection networks, particularly in the Americas, are needed for establishing definitive guidelines and recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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8. Comparing South Korea and Italy's healthcare systems and initiatives to combat COVID-19.
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Palaniappan, Ashwin, Dave, Udit, and Gosine, Brandon
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COVID-19 , *DEATH rate , *SARS virus , *EDUCATIONAL technology , *SOCIAL contact , *GRADUATE medical education - Abstract
Italy and South Korea have two distinctly different healthcare systems, causing them to respond to public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic in markedly different ways. Differences exist in medical education for both countries, allowing South Korean medical graduates to have a more holistic education in comparison to their Italian counterparts, who specialize in medical education earlier on. Additionally, there are fewer South Korean physicians per 1000 people in South Korea compared to Italian physicians per 1000 people in Italy. However, both countries have a national healthcare system with universal healthcare coverage. Despite this underlying similarity, the two countries addressed COVID-19 in nearly opposite manners. South Korea employed technology and the holistic education of its physician community, despite having a smaller proportion of physicians in society, to its advantage by implementing efficacious drive-through centers that test suspected individuals rapidly and with little to no contact with healthcare staff, decreasing the possibility of transmission of COVID-19. Conversely, Italy is presently considered the epicenter of the outbreak in Europe and has recorded the highest death toll of any country outside of mainland China. This is partially due to the reactionary nature of Italy's public health measures compared to South Korea's proactive response. The different healthcare responses of South Korea and Italy can inform decisions made by public health bodies in other countries, especially in countries across the Americas, which can selectively adopt policies that have worked in curtailing the spread of COVID-19 and learn from mistakes made by both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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9. COVID-19 pandemic in Panama: lessons of the unique risks and research opportunities for Latin America.
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Loaiza, Jose R., Kosagisharaf, Rao, Eskildsen, Gilberto A., Ortega-Barria, Eduardo, Miller, Matthew J., and Gittens, Rolando A.
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COVID-19 pandemic , *SCIENTIFIC knowledge , *COVID-19 , *MIDDLE-income countries - Abstract
The Republic of Panama has the second most unequally distributed wealth in Central America, has recently entered the list of countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and has one of the largest testing rate per inhabitant in the region and consequently the highest incidence rate of COVID-19, making it an ideal location to discuss potential scenarios for assessing epidemic preparedness, and to outline research opportunities in the Region of the Americas. We address two timely important questions: What are the unique risks of COVID-19 in Panama that could help other countries in the Region be better prepared? And what kind of scientific knowledge can Panama contribute to the regional and global study of COVID-19? This paper provides suggestions about how the research community could support local health authorities plan for different scenarios and decrease public anxiety. It also presents basic scientific opportunities about emerging pandemic pathogens towards promoting global health from the perspective of a middle income country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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10. To breastfeed or not to breastfeed? Lack of evidence on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in breastmilk of pregnant women with COVID-19
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Hudson P. Santos, Paulo Ricardo Saquete Martins-Filho, and Victor Santana Santos
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medicine.medical_specialty ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Infecciones por coronavirus ,vírus da SARS ,Breastfeeding ,pneumonia, viral ,lcsh:Medicine ,pandemias ,lactancia materna ,Breast milk ,pandemics ,viroses ,coronavirus infection ,sars virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,030225 pediatrics ,Throat ,Infecções por coronavirus ,virus diseases ,medicine ,Current Topic ,030212 general & internal medicine ,virosis ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Pregnancy ,Obstetrics ,business.industry ,virus del SRAS ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,lcsh:R ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,medicine.disease ,Pneumonia ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,breast feeding ,business ,Respiratory tract ,aleitamento materno - Abstract
A rapid systematic review was carried out to evaluate the current evidence related to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk from pregnant women with COVID-19. Eight studies analyzing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the breast milk of 24 pregnant women with COVID-19 during the third trimester of pregnancy were found. All patients had fever and/or symptoms of acute respiratory illness and chest computed tomography images indicative of COVID-19 pneumonia. Most pregnant women had cesarean delivery (91.7%) and two neonates had low birthweight (2 500 g). Biological samples collected immediately after birth from upper respiratory tract (throat or nasopharyngeal) of neonates and placental tissues showed negative results for the presence SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR test. No breast milk samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 and, to date, there is no evidence on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk of pregnant women with COVID-19. However, data are still limited and breastfeeding of women with COVID-19 remains a controversial issue. There are no restrictions on the use of milk from a human breast milk bank.Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática rápida para evaluar la evidencia disponible sobre la presencia de SARS-CoV-2 en la leche materna de mujeres embarazadas afectadas con COVID-19. Se encontraron ocho estudios que analizaron la presencia de ARN de SARS-CoV-2 en la leche materna de 24 mujeres embarazadas con COVID-19 durante el tercer trimestre del embarazo. Todas las pacientes tenían fiebre o síntomas de enfermedad respiratoria aguda e imágenes de tomografía computarizada de tórax indicativas de neumonía por COVID-19. La mayoría de las mujeres embarazadas (91,7%) tuvieron un parto por cesárea y dos neonatos presentaron bajo peso al nacer (2 500 g). Las muestras biológicas recogidas inmediatamente después del parto de las vías respiratorias superiores (faringe o nasofaringe) de los neonatos y los tejidos placentarios mostraron resultados negativos para SARS-CoV-2 mediante RT-PCR. Ninguna muestra de leche materna fue positiva para SARS-CoV-2 y, hasta la fecha, no hay evidencia de la presencia de SARS-CoV-2 en la leche materna de las mujeres embarazadas con COVID-19. Sin embargo, los datos disponibles todavía son limitados y la lactancia materna en las mujeres con COVID-19 sigue siendo un tema controvertido. No hay restricciones para el uso de leche materna de banco.Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática rápida para avaliar as evidências atuais relacionadas à presença da SARS-CoV-2 no leite materno de mulheres grávidas com COVID-19. Foram encontrados oito estudos analisando a presença de RNA do SARS-CoV-2 no leite materno de 24 gestantes com COVID-19 durante o terceiro trimestre de gravidez. Todas as pacientes apresentavam febre ou sintomas de doença respiratória aguda e imagens de tomografia computadorizada do tórax indicativas de pneumonia pela COVID-19. A maioria das gestantes teve parto cesáreo (91,7%) e dois recém-nascidos tiveram baixo peso ao nascer (2 500 g). As amostras biológicas coletadas imediatamente após o nascimento do trato respiratório superior (faringe ou nasofaringe) de neonatos e tecidos placentários apresentaram resultados negativos para a presença do SARS-CoV-2 pelo teste RT-PCR. Nenhuma amostra de leite materno foi positiva para o SARS-CoV-2 e, até à data, não há evidências da presença do SARS-CoV-2 no leite materno de mulheres grávidas com COVID-19. No entanto, os dados ainda são limitados e a amamentação de mulheres com COVID-19 continua a ser uma questão controversa. Não há restrições ao uso de leite de um banco de leite materno humano.
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- 2020
11. Comparing South Korea and Italy’s healthcare systems and initiatives to combat COVID-19
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Udit Dave, Ashwin Palaniappan, and Brandon Gosine
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sistemas de saúde ,Mainland China ,Economic growth ,medicine.medical_specialty ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,020205 medical informatics ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,Infecciones por coronavirus ,media_common.quotation_subject ,sistemas de salud ,vírus da SARS ,pneumonia, viral ,lcsh:Medicine ,pandemias ,02 engineering and technology ,pandemics ,viroses ,coronavirus infection ,sars virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Political science ,Infecções por coronavirus ,Pandemic ,Health care ,virus diseases ,Current Topic ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,virosis ,media_common ,Holistic education ,business.industry ,virus del SRAS ,Public health ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,lcsh:R ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Reactionary ,Outbreak ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Test (assessment) ,business ,health systems - Abstract
Italy and South Korea have two distinctly different healthcare systems, causing them to respond to public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic in markedly different ways. Differences exist in medical education for both countries, allowing South Korean medical graduates to have a more holistic education in comparison to their Italian counterparts, who specialize in medical education earlier on. Additionally, there are fewer South Korean physicians per 1000 people in South Korea compared to Italian physicians per 1000 people in Italy. However, both countries have a national healthcare system with universal healthcare coverage. Despite this underlying similarity, the two countries addressed COVID-19 in nearly opposite manners. South Korea employed technology and the holistic education of its physician community, despite having a smaller proportion of physicians in society, to its advantage by implementing efficacious drive-through centers that test suspected individuals rapidly and with little to no contact with healthcare staff, decreasing the possibility of transmission of COVID-19. Conversely, Italy is presently considered the epicenter of the outbreak in Europe and has recorded the highest death toll of any country outside of mainland China. This is partially due to the reactionary nature of Italy's public health measures compared to South Korea's proactive response. The different healthcare responses of South Korea and Italy can inform decisions made by public health bodies in other countries, especially in countries across the Americas, which can selectively adopt policies that have worked in curtailing the spread of COVID-19 and learn from mistakes made by both countries.Italia y Corea del Sur tienen dos sistemas de atención sanitaria claramente diferentes, lo que hace que respondan a crisis de salud pública como la pandemia por COVID-19 de maneras marcadamente distintas. Existen diferencias en la educación médica de ambos países, lo que permite a los graduados de medicina de Corea del Sur tener una educación más holística en comparación con sus homólogos italianos, que siguen una especialización médica de manera más temprana. Además, en Corea del Sur hay menos médicos por cada 1 000 personas en comparación con Italia. Sin embargo, ambos países tienen un sistema nacional de salud con cobertura universal. A pesar de esta similitud subyacente, los dos países abordaron la COVID-19 de maneras casi opuestas. A pesar de contar con una proporción menor de médicos en la sociedad, Corea del Sur empleó la tecnología y la educación holística de su comunidad médica a su favor al implementar centros de examen de personas con sospecha de infección sin descender del automóvil, que permitían una atención rápida y con poco o ningún contacto con el personal de salud, lo que disminuyó la posibilidad de transmisión de la enfermedad. Por el contrario, Italia es considerada actualmente el epicentro del brote en Europa y ha registrado el mayor número de muertes que cualquier otro país fuera de la China continental. Esto se debe en parte a la naturaleza reactiva de las medidas de salud pública de Italia en comparación con la respuesta proactiva de Corea del Sur. Las diferentes respuestas sanitarias de Corea del Sur e Italia pueden orientar las decisiones que deben tomar los organismos de salud pública de otros países, especialmente en la Región de las Américas, que pueden adoptar selectivamente políticas que han funcionado para reducir la propagación de la COVID-19 y aprender de los errores cometidos por ambos países.A Itália e a Coreia do Sul têm dois sistemas de saúde distintos, o que os leva a responder a crises de saúde pública, como a pandemia COVID-19, de formas marcadamente diferentes. Existem diferenças na educação médica dos dois países, permitindo que os médicos sul-coreanos tenham uma educação mais holística em comparação com os seus homólogos italianos, que seguem uma especialização médica mais cedo. Além disso, há menos médicos por 1 000 pessoas na Coreia do Sul do que em Itália. No entanto, ambos os países têm um sistema nacional de saúde com cobertura de saúde universal. Apesar desta semelhança subjacente, os dois países abordaram a COVID-19 de maneiras quase opostas. Apesar de ter uma proporção menor de médicos na sociedade, a Coreia do Sul utilizou a tecnologia e a educação holística de sua comunidade médica a seu favor, implementando centros de rastreio para pessoas com suspeita de infecção sem sair do carro, o que permitiu cuidados imediatos e pouco ou nenhum contacto com o pessoal de saúde, diminuindo assim a possibilidade de transmissão da COVID-19. Por outro lado, a Itália é atualmente considerada o epicentro do surto na Europa e tem registrado o maior número de mortes de qualquer país fora da China continental. Isto deve-se em parte à natureza reactiva das medidas de saúde pública da Itália em comparação com a resposta pró-ativa da Coreia do Sul. As diferentes respostas de saúde da Coreia do Sul e da Itália podem informar as decisões das agências de saúde pública de outros países, especialmente da Região das Américas, que podem adoptar seletivamente políticas que tenham funcionado na redução da disseminação da COVID-19 e aprender com os erros cometidos por ambos os países.
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- 2020
12. Panorama atual da influenza: O que sabemos até agora?
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Matheus Marques Martins Alexandre, Caio Manuel Caetano Adamian, Lucas de Menezes Galvão, Isadora Maria Praciano Lopes, Pedro Eduardo Andrade de Carvalho Gomes, Caroline Antunes de Almeida, Gdayllon Cavalcante Meneses, Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Júnior, Roberto da Justa Pires Neto, and Elizabeth de Francesco Daher
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Viral Diseases ,Pandemias ,Human flu ,Influenza humana ,Virosis ,Pandemics ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave ,Viroses ,Síndrome respiratorio agudo severo ,Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Over the last years much research has been carried out, especially after the influenza pandemic in 2009. It is known that many strains of influenza virus are widely spread in the global population causing seasonal outbreaks every year. Influenza leads to flu-like symptoms, which present favorable prognosis, since most patients completely recover from it within two to five days. Many new antiviral drugs have been developed in the last few years, but since the infection generally presents a mild course, symptom-based care is often enough. Influenza virus can undergo mutations through some mechanisms, like antigenic drift and antigenic shift. Alongside with its high infectivity such mechanisms probably have worked together to keep influenza infection viable through the years, despite all new drugs and preventive measures. This review aimed to bring the most relevant data about influenza obtained in the past years, including some historical aspects, pathophysiology, clinical findings, and diagnostic and therapeutic approach. En los últimos años se han llevado a cabo muchas investigaciones, especialmente después de la pandemia de Influenza en 2009. Se sabe que muchas cepas del virus de la Influenza están ampliamente diseminadas en la población mundial provocando brotes estacionales cada año. La Influenza provoca síntomas similares a los de la gripe, que presentan un pronóstico favorable, ya que la mayoría de los pacientes se recuperan completamente de la misma en un plazo de dos a cinco días. En los últimos años se han desarrollado muchos medicamentos antivirales nuevos, pero dado que la infección generalmente presenta un curso leve, la atención basada en los síntomas suele ser suficiente. El virus de la Influenza puede sufrir mutaciones a través de algunos mecanismos, como la deriva antigénica y el cambio antigénico. Junto con su alta infectividad, estos mecanismos probablemente han trabajado juntos para mantener viable la infección por influenza a lo largo de los años, a pesar de todos los nuevos medicamentos y medidas preventivas. Esta revisión buscó reunir los datos más relevantes sobre la influenza obtenidos en los últimos años, incluidos algunos aspectos históricos, fisiopatología, hallazgos clínicos y abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico. Nos últimos anos, muitas pesquisas foram realizadas, especialmente após a pandemia de Influenza em 2009. Sabe-se que muitas cepas do vírus da Influenza estão amplamente disseminadas na população mundial, causando surtos sazonais a cada ano. A Influenza causa sintomas semelhantes aos da gripe, que têm um prognóstico favorável, já que a maioria dos pacientes se recupera totalmente da gripe em dois a cinco dias. Muitos novos medicamentos antivirais foram desenvolvidos nos últimos anos, mas como a infecção geralmente segue um curso leve, o tratamento baseado em sintomas geralmente é suficiente. O vírus Influenza pode sofrer mutações por meio de alguns mecanismos, como deriva antigênica e deslocamento antigênico. Junto com sua alta infectividade, esses mecanismos provavelmente atuam juntos para manter a infecção por influenza viável ao longo dos anos, apesar de todos os novos medicamentos e medidas preventivas. Esta revisão objetivou reunir os dados mais relevantes sobre influenza obtidos nos últimos anos, incluindo alguns aspectos históricos, fisiopatologia, achados clínicos e abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica.
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- 2022
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13. Análisis del proceso inflamatorio en Covid -19
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Vera Tapias, David Jair, Lopez Molina, Camilo Jose, Orozco Montaño, Daniela, and Navarro, Elkin
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Vacunas ,Vaccines ,Anticuerpos ,Infecciones por coronavirus ,Viral pneumonia ,Linfocitos ,COVID-19 ,Citocinas ,Coronavirus infections ,Antibodies ,Neumonía viral ,Síndrome respiratorio agudo grave ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome ,Virosis ,Cytokines ,Lymphocytes ,Pandemics ,Pandemias - Abstract
La pandemia de COVID-19 nos ha llevado a muchos a quedarnos en casa, donde mantenemos menos interacciones sociales y hacemos menos ejercicio. Esto puede tener consecuencias negativas para la salud física y mental. A continuación ofrecemos recomendaciones para que usted y su familia se mantengan sanos en casa durante este periodo de confinamiento. La enfermedad causada por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) se caracteriza por presentar fiebre y tos, afectar el tracto respiratorio inferior y estar asociada con la edad, comorbilidades y un sistema inmune debilitado. Típicamente se ha evidenciado linfopenias en los casos graves y una desmedida producción de citocinas inflamatorias (tormenta de citocinas), lo que explicaría el rol de la respuesta hiperinflamatoria en la patogénesis de la COVID-19. Las respuestas inflamatorias secundarias por reinfecciones del virus podrían inducir el aumento o la mejora dependiente de anticuerpos (ADE, por sus siglas en inglés), un fenómeno virémico que podría ser un mecanismo alternativo de infección celular y que se deberá tener en cuenta cuando se diseñen vacunas o inmunoterapias que involucren el estímulo de anticuerpos neutralizantes o el uso de anticuerpos monoclonales. Actualmente no existen vacunas ni tratamientos que demuestren seguridad y eficacia en pacientes con COVID-19; sin embargo, se espera la conclusión de los resultados de la aplicación de una vacuna de ácidos nucleicos ARNm (mensajero del ácido ribonucleico) y de un fármaco antiviral (remdisivir) que se encuentran en ensayos clínicos fase III. Por el momento la mejor medida para evitar la propagación de la infección es el aislamiento social exhaustivo y viene siendo adoptado por varios países según recomendación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). The COVID-19 pandemic has led many of us to stay at home, where we have fewer social interactions and exercise less. This can have negative consequences for physical and mental health. Here are some tips to help you and your family stay healthy at home during this period of confinement. The disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) is characterized by fever and cough, affecting the lower respiratory tract and being associated with age, comorbidities and a weakened immune system. Lymphopenias has typically been evidenced in severe cases and excessive production of inflammatory cytokines (cytokine storm), which would explain the role of the hyperinflammatory response in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Secondary inflammatory responses due to virus reinfections could induce antibody-dependent enhancement or enhancement (ADE), a viremic phenomenon that could be an alternative mechanism of cellular infection and that should be taken into account when designing vaccines or immunotherapies that involve the stimulation of neutralizing antibodies or the use of monoclonal antibodies. Currently there are no vaccines or treatments that demonstrate safety and efficacy in patients with COVID-19; however, the results of the application of an mRNA nucleic acid vaccine (ribonucleic acid messenger) and an antiviral drug (remdisivir), which are in phase III clinical trials, are awaited. At the moment, the best measure to prevent the spread of the infection is exhaustive social isolation and it has been adopted by several countries according to the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO).
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- 2020
14. COVID-19 and newborn health: systematic review
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Thais A. Forster, Stephen Berman, Pablo Durán, Suzanne Serruya, Bremen De Mucio, Susan Niermeyer, Rodolfo Gómez Ponce de León, and Thomas Jaenisch
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Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Amniotic fluid ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Radiographic imaging ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,Infecciones por coronavirus ,vírus da SARS ,Breastfeeding ,lcsh:Medicine ,SARS virus ,pandemias ,Review ,Breast milk ,pandemics ,Umbilical cord ,viroses ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,virus diseases ,Infecções por coronavirus ,Coronavirus infection ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,virosis ,transmisión vertical de enfermedad infecciosa ,doenças e anormalidades congênitas, hereditárias e neonatais ,enfermedades y anomalías neonatales congénitas y hereditarias ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,business.industry ,Transmission (medicine) ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,virus del SRAS ,lcsh:R ,infectious disease transmission, vertical ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,medicine.disease ,Pneumonia ,transmissão vertical de doença infecciosa ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,business ,congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities - Abstract
To describe perinatal and neonatal outcomes in newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2.A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed Central, LILACS, and Google Scholar using the keywords 'covid ' AND 'newborn' OR 'child' OR 'infant,' on 18 March 2020, and again on 17 April 2020. One researcher conducted the search and extracted data on demographics, maternal outcomes, diagnostic tests, imaging, and neonatal outcomes.Of 256 publications identified, 20 met inclusion criteria and comprised neonatal outcome data for 222 newborns whose mothers were suspected or confirmed to be SARS-CoV-2 positive perinatally (17 studies) or of newborns referred to hospital with infection/pneumonia (3 studies). Most (12 studies) were case-series reports; all were from China, except three (Australia, Iran, and Spain). Of the 222 newborns, 13 were reported as positive for SARS-CoV-2; most of the studies reported no or mild symptoms and no adverse perinatal outcomes. Two papers among those from newborns who tested positive reported moderate or severe clinical characteristics. Five studies using data on umbilical cord blood, placenta, and/or amniotic fluid reported no positive results. Nine studies reported radiographic imaging, including 5 with images of pneumonia, increased lung marking, thickened texture, or high-density nodular shadow. Minor, non-specific changes in biochemical variables were reported. Studies that tested breast milk reported negative SARS-CoV-2 results.Given the paucity of studies at this time, vertical transmission cannot be confirmed or denied. Current literature does not support abstaining from breastfeeding nor separating mothers and newborns. Further evidence and data collection networks, particularly in the Americas, are needed for establishing definitive guidelines and recommendations.Describir los resultados perinatales y neonatales de los recién nacidos expuestos al SARS-CoV-2.Se realizó una revisión sistemática con búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed Central, LILACS, y Google Scholar usando las palabras clave ‘covid’ Y ‘newborn’ O ‘child’ O ‘infant’, el 18 de marzo de 2020, y de nuevo el 17 de abril de 2020. Un investigador llevó a cabo la búsqueda y extrajo datos sobre demografía, resultados maternos, pruebas de diagnóstico, imágenes y resultados neonatales.De las 256 publicaciones identificadas, 20 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y comprendían datos de resultados neonatales de 222 recién nacidos cuyas madres eran casos sospechosos o positivos confirmados de SARS-CoV-2 en el período perinatal (17 estudios) o bien recién nacidos internados en el hospital con infección/neumonía (3 estudios). La mayoría (12 estudios) eran informes de series de casos; todos procedían de China, excepto tres (de Australia, España e Irán). De los 222 recién nacidos, 13 tenían resultados positivos para SARS-CoV-2; en la mayoría de los estudios se informó que los recién nacidos eran asintomáticos o tenían síntomas leves y que no se habían producido resultados perinatales adversos. Entre los estudios con recién nacidos positivos, en dos se informaron características clínicas moderadas o graves. En cinco estudios se analizó la sangre del cordón umbilical, la placenta o el líquido amniótico y no se informaron resultados positivos. En nueve estudios se reportaron imágenes radiográficas, entre ellos cinco con imágenes de neumonía, aumento de la trama pulmonar, textura engrosada u opacidades nodulares de alta densidad. Se informaron alteraciones menores e inespecíficas de los parámetros bioquímicos. En los estudios en que se analizó la leche materna se informaron resultados negativos para el SARS-CoV-2.Dada la escasez de estudios, en este momento no es posible confirmar ni descartar la transmisión vertical. La bibliografía actual no apoya la abstención de la lactancia materna ni la separación de los recién nacidos de sus madres. Se necesitan más evidencia y redes de recolección de datos, en particular en la Región de las América, para establecer directrices y recomendaciones definitivas.Descrever os resultados perinatais e neonatais dos recém-nascidos expostos à SARS-CoV-2.Uma revisão sistemática com pesquisa bibliográfica em PubMed Central, LILACS e Google Scholar foi realizada utilizando as palavras-chave ‘covid’ E (‘newborn’ OU ‘child’ OU ‘infant’) em 18 de março de 2020, e novamente em 17 de abril de 2020 por um pesquisador. Foram analisados dados sobre demografia, resultados maternos, testes de diagnóstico, técnicas de imagem e resultados neonatais.Das 256 publicações identificadas, 20 preenchiam os critérios de inclusão e incluíam dados de resultados neonatais de 222 recém-nascidos cujas mães eram suspeitas ou positivas para a SARS-CoV-2 no período perinatal (17 estudos) ou recém-nascidos internados no hospital com infecção/pneumonia (3 estudos). A maioria (12 estudos) eram relatos de séries de casos; todos, exceto três (Austrália, Irão e Espanha), eram provenientes da China. Dos 222 recém-nascidos, 13 eram positivos para SARS-CoV-2; a maioria dos estudos relatou que os recém-nascidos eram assintomáticos ou tinham sintomas leves e que não foram observados resultados perinatais adversos. Entre os estudos com recém-nascidos positivos, dois descreviam características clínicas moderadas ou graves. O sangue do cordão umbilical, a placenta ou o líquido amniótico foram analisados em cinco estudos, não tendo sido relatados resultados positivos. Imagens radiográficas foram descritas em nove estudos, incluindo cinco com imagens de pneumonia, aumento da trama pulmonar, espessamento da textura ou opacidades nodulares de alta densidade. Foram relatadas alterações menores e não específicas dos parâmetros bioquímicos. Estudos que analisaram leite materno mostraram resultados negativos para SARS-CoV-2.Dada a escassez de estudos, neste momento a transmissão vertical não pode ser confirmada ou excluída. A literatura atual não apoia a abstenção da amamentação ou a separação dos recém-nascidos das suas mães. São necessárias mais provas e mais dados, especialmente na Região das Américas, para estabelecer orientações e recomendações definitivas.
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- 2020
15. COVID-19 pandemic in Panama: lessons of the unique risks and research opportunities for Latin America
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Matthew J. Miller, Gilberto A. Eskildsen, Eduardo Ortega-Barria, Jose R. Loaiza, Kosagisharaf Rao, and Rolando A. Gittens
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Economic growth ,Sociology of scientific knowledge ,Latin Americans ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,Infecciones por coronavirus ,030231 tropical medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,SARS virus ,pandemias ,pandemics ,The Republic ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Political science ,Pandemic ,virus diseases ,Global health ,Current Topic ,Coronavirus infection ,030212 general & internal medicine ,virosis ,Panama ,research ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,virus del SRAS ,lcsh:R ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Research opportunities ,investigación ,Preparedness ,Americas ,Américas - Abstract
The Republic of Panama has the second most unequally distributed wealth in Central America, has recently entered the list of countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and has one of the largest testing rate per inhabitant in the region and consequently the highest incidence rate of COVID-19, making it an ideal location to discuss potential scenarios for assessing epidemic preparedness, and to outline research opportunities in the Region of the Americas. We address two timely important questions: What are the unique risks of COVID-19 in Panama that could help other countries in the Region be better prepared? And what kind of scientific knowledge can Panama contribute to the regional and global study of COVID-19? This paper provides suggestions about how the research community could support local health authorities plan for different scenarios and decrease public anxiety. It also presents basic scientific opportunities about emerging pandemic pathogens towards promoting global health from the perspective of a middle income country.La República de Panamá es el segundo país de Centroamérica con la distribución más desigual de la riqueza, ha resultado afectado recientemente por la pandemia de COVID-19 y tiene una de las mayores tasas de pruebas diagnósticas por habitante de la región y, por consiguiente, la mayor tasa de incidencia de COVID-19. Estos aspectos la convierten en un lugar ideal para examinar posibles escenarios de evaluación de la preparación para la epidemia y para plantear oportunidades de investigación en la Región de las Américas. Se abordan dos preguntas importantes y oportunas: ¿Cuáles son los riesgos singulares de la COVID-19 en Panamá que podrían ayudar a otros países de la Región a estar mejor preparados? y ¿Qué tipo de conocimiento científico puede aportar Panamá al estudio regional y mundial de la COVID-19? En este artículo se presentan sugerencias sobre la forma en que la comunidad de investigadores podría apoyar a las autoridades sanitarias locales a planificar medidas ante diferentes escenarios y disminuir la ansiedad de la población. También se presentan oportunidades científicas básicas sobre patógenos pandémicos emergentes para promover la salud mundial desde la perspectiva de un país de ingresos medios.
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- 2020
16. Recommendations for a safety dental care management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
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Victor Santana Santos, Edmundo Marques do Nascimento-Júnior, Elisama Gomes Magalhães de Melo, Paulo Ricardo Saquete Martins-Filho, Vanessa Tavares de Gois-Santos, and Carolina Santos Souza Tavares
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medicine.medical_specialty ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,viruses ,Infecciones por coronavirus ,vírus da SARS ,MEDLINE ,pneumonia, viral ,lcsh:Medicine ,Logo ,Context (language use) ,SARS virus ,pandemias ,asistencia odontológica ,030501 epidemiology ,pandemics ,Brief Communication ,viroses ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Political science ,Pandemic ,virus diseases ,Infecções por coronavirus ,medicine ,Coronavirus infection ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,virosis ,License ,Notice ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public health ,virus del SRAS ,lcsh:R ,fungi ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,assistência odontológica ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,030206 dentistry ,Public relations ,respiratory system ,Work (electrical) ,dental care ,0305 other medical science ,business - Abstract
As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted mainly through droplets, sneezes and aerosols, there is a high risk of transmission during dental procedures. This report describes measures that can be adopted by oral healthcare personnel to minimize the risk of cross-contamination in clinical practice during the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Dado que el SARS-CoV-2, causante de síndrome respiratorio agudo severo, se transmite principalmente por medio de gotitas, estornudos y aerosoles, existe un alto riesgo de transmisión durante los procedimientos dentales. En este informe se describen las medidas que puede adoptar el personal de salud bucodental para reducir al mínimo el riesgo de contaminación cruzada en la práctica clínica durante la actual pandemia por SARS-CoV-2.Como o SARS-CoV-2, que causa síndrome respiratória aguda grave, é transmitido principalmente por gotículas, espirros e aerossóis, há um alto risco de transmissão durante os procedimentos odontológicos. Este relatório descreve os passos que podem ser tomados pelo pessoal de saúde oral para minimizar o risco de contaminação cruzada na prática clínica durante a actual pandemia do SARS-CoV-2.
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- 2020
17. Clinical trials on drug repositioning for COVID-19 treatment
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Sandro G. Viveiros Rosa and Wilson C. Santos
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Oseltamivir ,medicine.medical_specialty ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,infecciones por coronavirus ,pneumonia, viral ,lcsh:Medicine ,Reposicionamiento de medicamentos ,pandemias ,drug repositioning ,pandemics ,Favipiravir ,Brief Communication ,medicine.disease_cause ,ensaios clínicos como assunto ,ensayos clínicos como asunto ,viroses ,coronavirus infection ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,virus diseases ,Pandemic ,pneumonia viral ,medicine ,virosis ,Intensive care medicine ,Coronavirus ,030505 public health ,clinical trials as topic ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,lcsh:R ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Lopinavir ,neumonía viral ,Clinical trial ,Drug repositioning ,chemistry ,Reposicionamento de medicamentos ,Ritonavir ,0305 other medical science ,business ,infecções por coronavirus ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) was informed on December 2019 about a coronavirus pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, Hubei province (China). Subsequently, on March 12, 2020, 125,048 cases and 4,614 deaths were reported. Coronavirus is an enveloped RNA virus, from the genusBetacoronavirus, that is distributed in birds, humans, and other mammals. WHO has named the novel coronavirus disease as COVID-19. More than 80 clinical trials have been launched to test coronavirus treatment, including some drug repurposing or repositioning for COVID-19. Hence, we performed a search in March 2020 of the clinicaltrials.gov database. The eligibility criteria for the retrieved studies were: contain a clinicaltrials.gov base identifier number; describe the number of participants and the period for the study; describe the participants’ clinical conditions; and utilize interventions with medicines already studied or approved for any other disease in patients infected with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV). It is essential to emphasize that this article only captured trials listed in the clinicaltrials.gov database. We identified 24 clinical trials, involving more than 20 medicines, such as human immunoglobulin, interferons, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, favipiravir, lopinavir, ritonavir, oseltamivir, methylprednisolone, bevacizumab, and traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). Although drug repurposing has some limitations, repositioning clinical trials may represent an attractive strategy because they facilitate the discovery of new classes of medicines; they have lower costs and take less time to reach the market; and there are existing pharmaceutical supply chains for formulation and distribution.
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- 2020
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18. ¿Cuál es el origen del SARS-CoV2?
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Torres-López, Javier
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Every time a pandemic occurs, dozens of theories emerge to attribute the origin of the event to different facts. The COVID-19 pandemic that has hit virtually all the globe, has been no exception. What is known so far about the origin of the virus that causes COVID-19? The first investigations on the origin of this disease have determined that it is a new type of virus, the origin of which is most likely zoonotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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