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Perforated plates have been widely used for various applications, especially within the FBC combustion chamber. Investigation of combustion temperature with modification of perforated plates in FBC fuel chambers using palm oil biomass fuel is still very little found in the publication. Modifying the perforated plate in the FBC chamber aims to investigate the effects of combustion temperature. Three types of fuels, PKS, OPM, and EFB, are used to analyze the level of combustion temperature produced from within the FBC fuel chamber. Test results showed that PKS fuel had a higher combustion temperature level for all points tested. Each measurement's PKS maximum combustion temperature is M-1 896℃, T-2 987℃, T-3 864℃, and M-4 762℃. PKS fuel burn times are longer than OPM and EFB (57 minutes, 28 minutes, and 40 minutes) of the same fuel weight (2.5 kg). The overall PKS -fueled thermal efficiency level is higher than OPM and EFB. Thus, PKS fuel has a high calorific value and a longer burning time, making it suitable for electricity generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid isopropyl ester is one of the derivative products from vegetable oils such as crude palm oil (CPO). Chemically, fatty acid isopropyl esters can be synthesized from oils or vegetable fats with isopropanol using inorganic catalysts. The purpose of this research was to intensify the process of synthesis of fatty acid isopropyl esters from CPO using microwaves. Research variables used were CPO to isopropanol molar ratios of 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 1:9, 1:11, and 1:13; reaction times of 1, 3, and 5 minutes; and KOH catalyst concentrations of 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.30 (%-w of CPO). The experimental result showed that the process variables affected the yield of fatty acid isopropyl esters. The highest yield obtained (80.5%) was found at molar ratio of CPO to isopropanol of 1:11, catalyst concentration of 0.2% (%-w of CPO), and reaction time of 5 minutes. With the same conditions, a 72.2% yield was obtained in 150 minutes using conventional transesterification. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed some specific functional groups in fatty acid isopropyl esters. In addition, viscosity, density, and acid number of fatty acid isopropyl esters produced conformed to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No. 7182-2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm kernel shell is a waste product of palm oil manufacturing and contains significant amounts of several chemical compounds including cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Pyrolysis of these compounds results in good quality liquid smoke. The aim of this research was to utilize this liquid smoke to preserve mackerel. The liquid smoke in this research was obtained by pyrolyzing oil palm kernel shell at temperatures ranging from 300-380°C. The resulting liquid smoke was then distilled at 200°C, and its chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The liquid smoke was then used to preserve mackerel at a variety of concentrations, including 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. The efficacy of preserving the mackerel using liquid smoke was assessed through TVB (total volatile base) analysis and organoleptic testing. TVB testing showed that mackerel remained fresh for up to 64 hours after being treated with 2% and 3% liquid smoke at a pyrolysis temperature of 380°C, with TVB values of 26.733 mgN and 24.974 mgN, respectively. The organoleptic testing showed that at a liquid smoke concentration of 3% and a pyrolysis temperature of 380°C, mackerel can remain fresh for up to 48 hours, with acceptable color and texture, and is suitable for consumption. Meanwhile, the non-preserved (control) mackerel had already deteriorated within 24 hours in terms of color, texture, and smell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the utilization of liquid smoke as a natural preservative in fish balls without reducing their nutrition and aesthetic value. The liquid smoke used in this research was obtained through pyrolysis of palm kernel shells at temperatures of 340, 360, and 380°C. The resulting liquid smoke was then purified using a two-stage distillation process at a temperature of 200°C in order to remove unwanted compounds. This grade-1 liquid smoke was then used to preserve fish balls. The parameters assessed to monitor the fish balls' preservation were total volatile bases (TVB), pH, and organoleptic test results. The results showed that the smallest TVB value of 12.66 mgN/100 g at 20 hours was obtained for fish balls preserved using liquid smoke pyrolysis at 380°C (3% concentration). The organoleptic test showed that 90% of respondents preferred the taste, aroma, and texture of the fish balls preserved using liquid smoke pyrolysis at a temperature of 340°C (2% concentration). The pH test showed that the fish balls preserved using liquid smoke possessed a pH above 6, meaning that they were in good condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm kernel shells are a waste product of the palm oil industry. They have a high content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, all of which can be converted through a pyrolysis process into liquid smoke that contains the oxidized organic compounds, ketones, aldehydes, phenols, and carboxylic acid groups with antimicrobial properties. The objective of this research is to study the potential use of grade 1 liquid smoke as organic mouthwash. This research considers liquid smoke's antimicrobial properties and focuses on analyzing its ability to inhibit the growth of streptococcus mutans living in the oral cavity. The liquid smoke used was produced by pyrolysis performed in temperatures of 340-420°C. In order to obtain grade 1 liquid smoke, distillation was subsequently carried out at 190°C. The ability of the produced liquid smoke to inhibit streptococcus mutans was then tested for its minimum inhibitory concentration and diameter of inhibitory region. Both minimum inhibitory concentration and diameter of inhibitory region tests were performed with a liquid smoke concentration of 0.005-0.1 mg/ml. Test results of the minimum inhibitory concentration showed that the liquid smoke possesses good antimicrobial properties against streptococcus mutans, while test results of the diameter of inhibitory region was medium at 6-9 mm. The highest diameter of inhibitory region was obtained from liquid smoke created from pyrolysis performed at 400oC and a concentrate of 0.1 mg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of baffled air flotation and a membrane system for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was studied. The POME was obtained from a palm oil factory in PTPN I Tanjong Seumantoh, Aceh, Indonesia. Operation variables and conditions, such as the hydraulic retention time and air flow rates, were varied to find the optimum process. The air flotation process is able to reduce the concentration of suspended solids and fats/ oils contained in the wastewater, which increases the performance of the membrane by reducing clogging. The results showed that this method was promising for POME treatment. The optimum organic removal efficiency of the air flotation pretreatment was obtained at HRT = 5 days and at an air flow rate of 11 L/min. The effluent was subsequently passed through an anaerobic membrane system to achieve the highest removal efficiency treatment. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), and fats/oils after passing through the membrane system were 97%, 93.9%, 99.8%, 94.5%, 96.2%, and 99.9%, respectively. The results also showed that the pH could be neutralized to 6.18, while a dissolved oxygen (DO) level of 1.60 mg/L could be achieved. A high quality of effluent was obtained, which met the standards for POME effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]